Deck 9: Developmental Stages and Tasks

Question 1

What is "triple bookkeeping" in Erikson's theory?

A) Comprehending the person's life on the levels of body, ego, and society
B) Conceptualizing human conflict in terms of the forces of id, ego, and superego
C) Taking into consideration the person, environment, and their interaction in the prediction of behavior
D) Constructing a life story that embodies traits, motives, and values

Answer 1

Comprehending the person's life on the levels of body, ego, and society

Question 2

In Loevinger's theory of development, the ego of late childhood and early adolescence may best be described as

A) Conformist
B) Impulsive
C) Conscientious
D) Interindividual

Answer 2

Conformist

Question 3

Erikson views childhood events as

A) Prime causes of adult personality
B) Unrelated to adult development except in cases of neurosis
C) Reconstructed in adulthood
D) Adding up to comprise ego identity

Answer 3

Reconstructed in adulthood

Question 4

In studies of self-recognition, an infant is placed in front of a mirror after a parent has secretly applied lipstick or some other mark to the infant's nose. Infants younger than 15 months of age are likely to respond by

A) Touching their own noses
B) Pointing at their noses in the mirror
C) Refusing to look at themselves in the mirror
D) Showing little if any interest in the mirror

Question 5

According to object relations theorists like Margaret Mahler, the fundamental drive or motive of human behavior and experience is a drive toward

A) Sexual expression
B) Aggressive destruction
C) Overcoming inferiority
D) Interpersonal relatedness

Question 6

Research suggests that personal goals developed in middle adulthood years tend to focus on

A) Self-maintenance
B) Identity search
C) Intimate social relationships
D) Generativity

Question 7

In Loevinger's scheme of ego development, the modal most common) stage among American adults is

A) Conformist
B) Conscientious/conformist
C) Conscientious
D) Autonomous

Question 8

When the individual comes to understand that he or she cannot live up to all of the standards of the self-defining group, he or she is ready to make the transition into which of the following stages of ego development?

A) Autonomous
B) Conscientious/conformist
C) Conformist
D) Impulsive

Question 9

Ego development is positively associated with which of the following personality traits?

A) Extraversion
B) Neuroticism
C) Openness to experience
D) Conscientiousness

Question 10

Josselson's longitudinal studies of women suggest that those who as college students ignored the challenges of identity formation tended in midlife to

A) Have a large number of regrets
B) Develop strong convictions about life
C) Have delayed identity crises
D) Express higher levels of warmth and care for others

Question 11

In Loevinger's theory of development, the ego of early and middle childhood may best be described as

A) Conformist
B) Impulsive
C) Conscientious
D) Interindividual

Question 12

Each of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is a product of the

A) Unfolding of a genetic program
B) Negotiation between person and society
C) Conflict between instinct and social constraints
D) Shaping of the environment

Question 13

In Erikson's analysis of the identity struggles of Martin Luther, Luther's "fit in the choir" represents his

A) Acceptance of his father's view of his identity
B) Rejection of all the tenets of the Catholic Church
C) Expression of despair over his inability to establish a coherent identity
D) Celebration of a newfound identity as leader of the Protestant Reformation

Question 14

Psychological disorders for people high in ego development tend to take the form of

A) Internalizing disorders like depression
B) Externalzing disorders like sociopathy
C) Neurotic disorders like hysteria
D) Psychotic disorders like schizophrenia

Question 15

Concerning Loevinger's stages of ego development, all of the following are true except

A) Higher stages are more differentiated and integrated
B) The ego is one's overall framework of meaning
C) With development, the person becomes more and more committed to society's goals
D) Loevinger proposes a developmental typology for adults

Question 16

Which of the following is not true concerning Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development?

A) A person cannot progress to the next stage until he or she has successfully resolved the prior stage
B) Problems in early stages are likely to affect later stages in negative ways
C) Each stage may be seen as a chapter in a generic life story of the human being living in society
D) Development is a matter of the ebbing and flowing of stage-related issues over the lifespan

Question 17

According to Kohut's developmental view, a healthy mirroring relationship provides the child with a sense of

A) Virtue
B) Generosity
C) Strength
D) Trust

Question 18

The relation between ego development and intelligence is

A) Strongly positive
B) Modestly positive
C) Zero
D) Modestly negative

Question 19

Loevinger's stages of ego development are measured via

A) A self-report questionnaire
B) The Thematic Apperception Test
C) A sentence-completion test
D) Behavioral observation under standard conditions

Question 20

In terms of the developmental order of emergence, the first psychosocial issue in the human life cycle is

A) Autonomy
B) Initiative
C) Trust
D) Identity

Question 21

Which of the following identity statuses is associated with autonomous moral decision making, high achievement motivation, and perception of parents in ambivalent terms?

A) Identity achievement
B) Moratorium
C) Foreclosure
D) Identity diffusion

Question 22

Which of the following identity statuses is associated with high levels of anxiety combined with being rated by others as especially friendly, sensitive, and warm?

A) Identity achievement
B) Moratorium
C) Foreclosure
D) Identity diffusion

Question 23

Compared to parents scoring low on generativity measures, those scoring high

A) Tend to employ authoritative methods of child rearing
B) Are more likely to send their children to private schools
C) Stress religion and political activism in raising their children
D) Engage in more smiling and eye contact with their infants

Question 24

During which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development is the person most involved in learning to use the tools and adopt the roles of society?

A) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) Initiative vs. guilt
C) Industry vs. inferiority
D) Identity vs. role confusion

Question 25

Which of the following best describes the relation between the individual person and the collective society in the formation of identity?

A) Society provides resources for identity formation
B) The person must transcend society in order to find a true identity
C) The person must eventually conform to society in order to establish a mature identity
D) Society works against the full expression of one's own identity

Question 26

The major virtue attained during Erikson's last stage of the human life cycle is

A) Fidelity
B) Love
C) Care
D) Wisdom

Question 27

Which of the following personality types among women is associated with the lowest levels of ego development?

A) Individuated
B) Conflicted
C) Traditional
D) Moratorium

Question 28

Which of the following statements about research on generativity is not true?

A) Midlife adults tend to have more generative life goals and commitments than young adults
B) Adults scoring high on self-report measures of generativity tend to be more actively involved in political and religious issues
C) Parents tend to score higher than nonparents on generativity
D) People scoring high in generativity report higher levels of life satisfaction and happiness

Question 29

Generativity combines desires for

A) Agency and communion
B) Material well-being and social well-being
C) Altruism and empathy
D) Cognitive stimulation and emotional fulfillment

Question 30

Why does the advent of formal operational thinking in adolescence help usher in the identity stage?

A) It enables the adolescent to categorize and classify the world in a more adequate way
B) It enables the adolescent to solve practical problems with greater speed and accuracy
C) It enables the adolescent to engage in inductive reasoning
D) It enables the adolescent to think systematically about hypotheticals

Question 31

As theories of human development, Loevinger's model of the ego tends to emphasize ____whereas Erikson's psychosocial stages tend to emphasize ____.

A) Self, other
B) Subjectivity, objectivity
C) Coping, adaptation
D) Structure, content

Question 32

What is a "negative identity?"

A) An image of self that one does not like
B) A person who represents what one does not want to be
C) An identity that fails to provide life with unity and purpose
D) A person whose identity is the opposite of one's own

Question 33

The major psychosocial question of Erikson's third stage of development-initiative vs. guilt-is:

A) How can I be powerful?
B) How can I be good?
C) How can I be independent?
D) How can I be secure?

Question 34

Persons showing identity diffusion tend to show which of the following patterns of relating to other people?

A) Withdrawal
B) Cooperation
C) Dominance
D) Ambivalence

Question 35

According to Erikson, a prerequisite for healthy and productive generativity is

A) A minimum of anxiety
B) Meaning in life
C) A belief in humankind
D) Self-confidence

Question 36

Which of the following is not a question directly related to the problem of formulating an identity?

A) Is there a real "me" behind the various roles I play?
B) What might life have been like if I had been born a girl instead of a boy?
C) Should I go into business or become a doctor?
D) How friendly am I?

Question 37

A person is in which of the following identity statuses when he or she has adopted childhood viewpoints for identity and failed to explore new options?

A) Identity achievement
B) Moratorium
C) Foreclosure
D) Identity diffusion

Question 38

In Erikson's stage of ego integrity vs. despair, the person

A) Accepts or rejects the past
B) Seeks to promote the next generation
C) Constructs a life story to provide life with unity and purpose
D) Devotes him- or herself to a higher cause

Question 39

According to Erikson, 4- and 5-year-old children show marked gender differences in many areas of play, such that boys tend to adopt a more mode whereas girls are more

A) Powerful, intimate
B) Phallic, anal
C) Independent, social
D) Intrusive, inclusive

Question 40

Research suggests that high intimacy status is associated with

A) High identity status
B) Low identity status
C) High generativity
D) Low generativity