Deck 10: Social Psychology

Question 1

Attributions try to

A) counter the importance of first impressions.
B) account for our actions ambiguous situations.
C) explain to others what it is we are doing.
D) explain behaviour

Answer 1

explain behaviour

Question 2

The fundamental attribution error tells us that when we see Victor spill his water in a restaurant, we are most likely to conclude that it is because

A) the waitress put the glass an unusual place.
B) Victor was helping his friend Yusuf read his menu.
C) Victor is clumsy
D) the glasses the restaurant uses are too tall.

Answer 2

Victor is clumsy

Question 3

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the primacy effect?

A) The primacy effect continues tofluence later impressions by becoming the framework through which otherformation is accepted or disregarded
B) The primacy effect only affectsitial impressions and has no bearing on laterformation that is gathered.
C) The primacy effect is a very small effect on impression formation.
D) Once the primacy effect exists, people become mostterestedformation that isconsistent with thisitial impression.

Answer 3

The primacy effect continues tofluence later impressions by becoming the framework through which otherformation is accepted or disregarded

Question 4

The critical aspect of first impressions is that they

A) are permanent.
B) are lessfluential than we thought.
C) disappear quickly.
D) act as filters for laterformation

Question 5

Our overall impression or judgment of another person is influenced more by the first information we receive about the person than by information that comes later. This phenomenon is called the

A) person-perception effect.
B) naive-subject effect.
C) primacy effect
D) first-person effect.

Question 6

Geneva may be making the fundamental attribution error when she says that Pauline failed the test because

A) Pauline has poor study habits
B) the test was very difficult.
C) Pauline's textbook was stolen.
D) Pauline's roommate was too busy to help her study for the test.

Question 7

Horace just received the Gurlman Award for Creativity. It was a very tough competition, during which he thought he would not win. During his acceptance speech he stressed how his hard work, special skills, and intelligence made him the winner. He did not thank the design or manufacturing teams who worked on the project with him. What kind of attribution error did Horace probably make during his speech?

A) Actor-observer bias
B) Self-serving bias
C) Ambitious attribution error
D) Fundamental attribution error

Question 8

When you write an accurate letter of recommendation for a friend, which of the following would be most helpful?

A) Begin and end the letter with negative aspects and positives the middle.
B) List the most positive aspects first and place any negatives farther down the letter
C) List any negatives first and then end with the most positive strengths.
D) The order which positive and negative aspects are mentioned is not important.

Question 9

The self-serving bias is a tendency to

A) interpret others' behaviour positive, flattering terms.
B) give greater weight to others' motives than our own.
C) maketernal attributions about others' behaviour.
D) attribute our successes toternal causes and our failures to external ones

Question 10

When we attribute someone's behaviour to a personal trait, motive or attitude, we are making

A) an external attribution.
B) a situational attribution.
C) a dispositional attribution
D) anaccurate attribution.

Question 11

When we attribute our own or another's behaviour to some external factor rather than to an internal cause, we are making a

A) dispositional attribution.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) situational attribution
D) false attribution.

Question 12

First impressions of others are more positive when one's mood is

A) happy
B) bored.
C) anxious.
D) depressed.

Question 13

Which of the following is a situational (external) attribution?

A) Uri had the accident because he is a poor driver.
B) Velda had the accident because she is careless.
C) Poppy had the accident because it was foggy
D) Raymond had the accident because he has poor vision.

Question 14

Which of the following is an accurate description of the fundamental attribution error?

A) When weterpret our own behaviour, we do not assign sufficient weight toternal factors.
B) When weterpret another person's behaviour, we do not assign sufficient weight toternal factors but assign too much weight to the situational factors.
C) When weterpret another person's behaviour, we do not assign sufficient weight to situational factors but assign too much weight to the dispositional factors
D) When weterpret our own behaviour, we do not assign sufficient weight to situational factors.

Question 15

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to

A) overestimate the role of traits and underestimate the role of situations causing the behaviour of others
B) overestimate the role of situations causing our own behaviour.
C) overestimate the role of situations and underestimate the role of traits causing the behaviour of others.
D) give ourselves more credit for our success than we really deserve.

Question 16

Social psychology is the area in psychology that focuses on

A) human growth and development through across the lifespan.
B) the Influence of other people on our emotions, thoughts and behaviour
C) inner psychological conflicts which determine our personality.
D) the study of emotion and motivation.

Question 17

Jeff thinks older workers are slow and less reliable. As section manager in the factory, he gives Gus (a man in his early 60s) all the routine, less important and boring jobs. Gus resents the work assignments he is given and has little motivation to get things done quickly or very well. Jeff sees Gus's slow work habits and tells his friends that Gus proves his belief about older workers is correct. Jeff has engaged in a

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) primacy effect.
C) situational attribution.
D) self-serving bias.

Question 18

Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for the fundamental attribution error?

A) We do not know how people behaved other situations the past
B) We too often give other people the benefit of the doubt.
C) We are easily distracted by the situation which events occur.
D) We suffer from low self-esteem and a tendency to self-criticize.

Question 19

You see an attractive person at a party and go over to introduce yourself. The person smiles briefly and nervously, says "Excuse me," and leaves. Which of the following is a dispositional attribution for this behaviour?

A) The other person is shy
B) You were not attractive to the other person, so the person left.
C) The other person was just about to leave anyway when you came over.
D) Someone had just called out to the other person to come to another part of the room.

Question 20

Why do we overemphasize dispositional causes and underemphasize situational causes when we explain the behaviour of other people?

A) We always want to appear moreternally driven than others.
B) We succumb to the false consensus effect.
C) We assume a consistency other people's behaviour
D) It allows us to shift blame to other people.

Question 21

Bridget rates a new song as only fair the first time she hears it. According to the mere-exposure effect, as the song is played more and more on the radio, she will begin to rate the song as

A) better than she originally rated it
B) the same as she originally rated it.
C) worse than she originally rated it.
D) something that can make her turn the radio off.

Question 22

When others ________ us, we are more likely to ________ them.

A) ignore; flatter
B) dislike; flatter
C) flatter; distrust
D) like; like

Question 23

Which of the following biases seems to stem from a desire to protect our self-esteem and look good in the eyes of others?

A) Priming
B) False consensus
C) Fundamental attribution
D) Self-serving

Question 24

Mandy just found out she did not win this year's Management Award for Excellence. She immediately blames the poor conditions she has to work in and the fact that the rest of her team are incompetent. Mandy has probably just engaged in

A) an honest appraisal of the situation.
B) an impression management.
C) a stress-reduction technique.
D) a self-serving bias

Question 25

In which of the following situations was proximity likely to have been an important factor?

A) Carlotta wants to find a job Vancouver because she grew up there.
B) Marisa married the young man who lived next door
C) Anita loaned Janine some money because Janine is her cousin.
D) Alfred joined the Canadian Armed Forces after graduation.

Question 26

Why is it that proximity is related to friendship formation?

A) We usually avoid attributing negative traits to people who are close at hand.
B) We are more likely to make contact with persons who are close at hand
C) We are usually similar to people who are close at hand.
D) We tend to perceive people who are close at hand as physically attractive.

Question 27

If our initial reaction to a person is highly negative, and frequent exposure makes us feel even more negatively toward the person, such feelings would be explained as

A) not related to the mere-exposure effect.
B) the effects of proximity.
C) the mere-exposure effect.
D) an exception to the mere-exposure effect

Question 28

A theorist's suggestion that Shefali and Samir will more than likely marry each other, because they live within a ten kilometre distance from each other, even though they do not know each other at this time, is which of the following theories of attraction?

A) Similarity
B) Primacy effect
C) Proximity
D) Attractiveness

Question 29

When people have one trait or quality that we either admire or dislike very much, we often assume that they also have other admirable or negative traits. This describes a phenomenon known as

A) the proximity effect.
B) the mere-exposure effect.
C) the halo effect
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 30

Generally, the more often we are exposed to a stimulus, the more we

A) like the stimulus
B) ignore the stimulus.
C) try to avoid the stimulus.
D) dislike the stimulus.

Question 31

Research has shown that liking for others tends to increase as they become more familiar. This is the reason why ________ is an important variable in interpersonal attraction.

A) Equity
B) Proximity
C) Socioeconomic class
D) Similarity

Question 32

The mere-exposure effect is less effective with persons who

A) are sociable.
B) aretelligent.
C) are ambitious.
D) value privacy

Question 33

"Halo effect" refers to

A) thefluence of similarity on our attraction to other people, within our circle of friends.
B) when one trait or quality we really like appears someone, we are more likely to assume they have other traits that we like
C) being perceived as good and never, ever being seen a negative way.
D) good people being perceived as more worthy of our attention than bad people.

Question 34

Physical attractiveness has the greatest impact on judgments of

A) intellectual competence.
B) sociability
C) integrity.
D) concern for others.

Question 35

Taking personal credit for our successes and blaming our failures on external or situational causes describes the

A) self-serving bias
B) false consensus effect.
C) availability heuristic.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 36

Being attractive probably has the greatest advantage for

A) men.
B) children.
C) infants.
D) women

Question 37

Which of the following statements has received greatest support from research on interpersonal attraction?

A) Opposites attract.
B) Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
C) Familiarity breeds contempt.
D) Birds of a feather flock together

Question 38

Which of the following is best supported by research on interpersonal attraction?

A) Similarities between people is more important relationship formation
B) Proximity is the number one reason for people being attracted to each other.
C) The matching hypothesis suggests opposites attract.
D) Complimentary needs are the most critical factors relationship formation.

Question 39

Researchers have found that physical beauty in a culture could be defined as

A) unchanging from culture to culture.
B) rare physical qualities within the culture.
C) the mathematical average of facial features the culture
D) features preferred by the persons power within the culture.

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of the mere-exposure effect?

A) After being together a storm shelter for several hours during a tornado, Ross and Rachel became romantically attracted to each other.
B) Liane assumes that because Boyd is handsome, he must be popular and sociable.
C) Alain and Carole are going together and are both very attractive.
D) Brian sees Suzanne at the library often and begins to like her

Question 41

Usually people are attracted to others who are

A) opposites of them.
B) either similar or opposite.
C) intellectually similar but physically dissimilar.
D) similar to them

Question 42

To get subjects to continue increasing the level of shock in the Milgram study, the experimenters

A) stated, "You have no choice, you must go on."
B) told the subjects that the other person wasn't really being shocked.
C) threatened to shock the subjects for failure to comply.
D) threatened not to pay the subjects if they didn'tcrease the level of shock.

Question 43

Similarity in needs and in personality seems to be related to

A) both marital choice and marital success
B) marital success.
C) neither marital choice nor marital success.
D) marital choice.

Question 44

According to research discussed in the text concerning mate selection in 33 countries, men are more concerned than women in their potential mate's

A) pleasing disposition.
B) beauty
C) character.
D) emotional stability.

Question 45

According to research discussed in the text concerning mate selection in 33 countries, women are more concerned than men about their potential mate's

A) good looks.
B) pleasing disposition.
C) good health.
D) resources

Question 46

Of the following factors, which is generally not important in determining whether someone will conform?

A) The sex of the persons beingfluenced
B) The number offluencing persons who endorse a particular view
C) The status of the persons beingfluenced
D) Whether there is another dissenting opinion

Question 47

Which of the following is not one of the values on which men and women across cultures agree when it comes to mate selection?

A) Mutual attraction/love
B) Proper social status
C) Dependable character
D) Pleasing disposition

Question 48

Asch's and Milgram's experiments indicate that we are

A) heavilyfluenced by what others do
B) unable to say no to authority.
C) alldependent and able to take a stand against authority.
D) not like those who commit atrocities.

Question 49

When we change or adopt a behaviour or an attitude to be more consistent with the attitudes or behaviours of others around us, we demonstrate

A) conformity
B) compliance.
C) assertiveness.
D) obedience.

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of the matching hypothesis?

A) Alain and Carole are going together and are both very attractive physically
B) Liane assumes that because Boyd is handsome, he must be popular and sociable.
C) Brian sees Suzanne at the library often and begins to like her.
D) After spending several hours together stuck an elevator, Ross and Rachel begin dating.

Question 51

When people are presented with information regarding the number of attitudes they share in common with another person, they tend to like this other person best when the person shares

A) most of their views
B) virtually none of their views.
C) about a third of their views.
D) about half of their views.

Question 52

When a person performs an action simply because an authority figure has given an order, the term that describes the behaviour is

A) compliance.
B) obedience
C) conformity.
D) foot-in-the-door.

Question 53

Conformity occurs when

A) we have spouses, lovers, or friends who are about equal social assets such as physical attractiveness.
B) we change attitudes or behaviour to be consistent with the attitudes and behaviour of other people
C) we put forth less effort when working with others on a common task than when working alone.
D) we act accordance with the wishes, the suggestions, or the direct requests of another person.

Question 54

What percentage of the subjects in Milgram's original obedience experiment administered what they thought was the maximum 450-volt shock?

A) 85 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 65 percent
D) 45 percent

Question 55

What percentage of the subjects in the original Asch study never conformed to the majority's unanimous, incorrect response?

A) 25 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 33 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 56

The matching hypothesis suggests

A) that opposites attract.
B) a talkative person may seek a quiet mate who prefers to listen.
C) we are likely to end up with someone similar to ourselves attractiveness and other assets
D) couples mismatched on attractiveness and other assets have relationships as long-lasting as other couples.

Question 57

Which of the following is true with regard to the effect of similarity on liking?

A) We like people whose attitudes and beliefs are similar to our own, but dislike people whose personalities are similar to ours.
B) We generally do not like people who are similar to us.
C) We like people whose personalities are similar to our own, but dislike people whose attitudes and beliefs are similar to ours.
D) We generally like people who are similar to us

Question 58

Social norms are obeyed by ________ people ________ of the time.

A) important; most
B) most; most
C) all; most
D) some; all

Question 59

The real subjects in Milgram's classic study were given the role of

A) experimenter.
B) teacher
C) learner.
D) shock generator.

Question 60

Which of the following correctly states who is more likely to conform?

A) Low-statusdividuals more than high-statusdividuals
B) High-statusdividuals more than low-statusdividuals
C) Women more than men
D) Strangers more than companions

Question 61

A strategy to gain compliance by making a very attractive initial offer to get a person to agree to an action and then making the terms less favourable is the

A) door-in-the-face technique.
B) obedience technique.
C) low-ball technique
D) foot-in-the-door technique.

Question 62

Any effect on performance, whether positive or negative, that can be attributed to the presence of others is defined as

A) social loafing.
B) compliance.
C) social facilitation
D) group polarization.

Question 63

Based on Milgram's studies of obedience, it can be concluded that

A) the tendency to obey the commands of authority figures is strong
B) most people readily disobey commands made by authority figures.
C) while men generally obey authority figures, women do not.
D) while women generally obey authority figures, men do not.

Question 64

Social facilitation occurs when

A) we arevolved helping others with their tasks.
B) our behaviour is affected by the presence of others
C) people come to the assistance of someone need.
D) we arrange for various members of our community to come together and dialogue.

Question 65

When the foot-in-the-door approach is used to induce compliance, the subject is first presented with a ________ request, which is followed by ________ request.

A) small; a larger
B) large; another large
C) small; another small
D) large; a smaller

Question 66

Which strategy would involve trying to gain compliance by making a large request that you know will be refused before coming back with a more reasonable request?

A) obedience technique
B) ingratiation technique
C) foot-in-the-door technique
D) door-in-the-face technique

Question 67

After Sasha agreed to baby-sit for her next-door neighbours, she was informed that their three nephews would be there, too. This is an example of the:

A) that's-not-all-folks technique.
B) foot-in-the-door technique.
C) low-ball technique
D) door-in-the-face technique.

Question 68

A student wanted to be granted an extension for her term paper. She asked the professor to read over a rough draft of her introduction. After he had done so, she asked him for the extension. She is attempting to use the

A) low-ball technique.
B) the successful student technique.
C) the foot-in-the-door technique
D) the door-in-the-face technique.

Question 69

The door-in-the-face technique for getting compliance suggests that you should start by

A) asking for more than you expect to get
B) asking for less than you expect to get.
C) making the person feel that you are doing them a favour.
D) making the person feel too generous to refuse you.

Question 70

Maria agreed to sign a letter supporting an increase in taxes for road construction and later agreed to make 100 phone calls urging people to vote for the measure; this is an example of the

A) foot-in-the-door technique
B) that's-not-all-folks technique.
C) low-ball technique.
D) door-in-the-face technique.

Question 71

Which of the following refers to the technique for compliance that tells us that getting a person to sign a petition is the first step in getting the person to commit time or money for the passage of some legislation?

A) Foot-in-the-door technique
B) oaks-grow-from-acorns technique
C) door-in-the-face technique
D) planting-the-seed technique

Question 72

Dan refused an initial phone request for a $24.00 donation to send four needy children to the circus, but he did agree to a second request to give $6.00. This is an example of the

A) that's-not-all-folks technique.
B) low-ball technique.
C) foot-in-the-door technique.
D) door-in-the-face technique

Question 73

Which of the following statements regarding the effects of social facilitation is most supported by the research evidence?

A) Performance improves on all tasks.
B) Performance worsens on all tasks.
C) Performance improves on difficult tasks and worsens on easy tasks.
D) Performance improves on easy tasks and worsens on difficult tasks

Question 74

Contracts that offer deals appearing "too good to be true" often are just that. However, many people sign them, only to read the fine print after the fact. In so doing, they discover additional charges or limitations to their service or product that were not made clear at the time of the sale. This is an example of

A) door-in-the-face technique
B) foot-in-the-door technique
C) low-ball technique
D) hidden clause technique

Question 75

When you must write a letter requesting a charitable donation, it is more likely that the request will be granted if you end the letter with

A) "Even a dollar will go a long way."
B) "It's your bestterest to help us."
C) "Won't you please help us?"
D) "You really must make this donation."

Question 76

Lucy wants to stay out until midnight on Saturday night. The door-in-the-face technique suggests that she should

A) begin by telling her parents that she and her friends have special plans for Saturday night.
B) tell her parents that all her friends have permission to stay out until midnight.
C) act like it is not really important to her to stay out until midnight on Saturday.
D) begin by asking her parents for permission to stay out until 2:00 a.m

Question 77

The influence of passive spectators on our performance is called

A) uninvolvedfluence.
B) audience effect
C) crowd effect.
D) watchers effect.

Question 78

You are a subject in an experiment identical to the original Milgram studies of obedience. If you behaved like most of Milgram's subjects, which of the following would decrease your level of obedience to the experimenter's commands?

A) You see someone else who obediently follows the experimenter's commands.
B) You are told that the experimenter accepts full responsibility for the welfare of the person receiving the shock.
C) You are the presence of other subjects who refuse to follow the experimenter's orders
D) The request for obedience starts with smallitial requests that graduallycrease.

Question 79

The foot-in-the-door technique involves

A) first gaining a favourable response to a small request, then a favourable response to a larger request
B) continuing to push your request for compliance after the target person has declined to comply.
C) first having a request turned down and then asking for something less and having the smaller request accepted.
D) starting with a very attractive offer to gain compliance and then deliver less.

Question 80

Which best describes the effects of the presence of others on performance?

A) Performance on easy tasks is usually impaired.
B) Performance usually improves on tasks on which we are unskilled or on difficult tasks.
C) Performance improves on all tasks.
D) Performance is usually impaired on tasks at which we are unskilled or on difficult tasks