Deck 12: Health and Stress

Question 1

Dr. Paul holds the view that the health and illness of people are influenced by all the forces in the environment, personal habits and experiences, and the individual's life history and genetics. Her view would be most consistent with

A) the biopsychosocial model
B) the psychoanalytic perspective.
C) social learning theory.
D) environmental psychology.

Answer 1

the biopsychosocial model

Question 2

The rapidity with which the organism can respond to the fight or flight response makes it

A) a learned response.
B) a total reflex.
C) dangerous to others.
D) adaptive

Answer 2

adaptive

Question 3

Which of the following sets of factors of illness and health does the biopsychosocial model emphasize?

A) Psychological, genetic, and sociological
B) Psychological and genetic
C) Biological, psychological, and social
D) Sociological and biomedical

Answer 3

Biological, psychological, and social

Question 4

A stressor is

A) always a negative force life.
B) a stimulus or event that places a demand on an organism for adaptation or readjustment
C) a hormone that triggers the fight-or-flight syndrome.
D) an exercise program designed tocrease a person's ability to cope with stress.

Question 5

The biopsychosocial model emphasizes

A) the social rather the biological.
B) illness rather than wellness.
C) the biological rather than the sociological.
D) health and wellness

Question 6

The sympathetic nervous system controls the

A) soma-sensory response.
B) fight-or-flight response
C) aggression- or-social response.
D) reflexive escape response.

Question 7

Fight-or-flight response is to ________ as general adaptation syndrome is to ________.

A) chronic stress; acute stress
B) involuntary; voluntary
C) unhealthy; healthy
D) immediate stress; long-term stress

Question 8

Benjamin has selected a career in which he will study the habits of people when they become ill. He is especially interested in how they can be taught to follow instructions from their physician and speed the recovery from illness. Benjamin is most likely planning to become

A) a sports psychologist.
B) a biopsychosocialist.
C) a health psychologist
D) a forensic psychologist.

Question 9

Which of the following is not one of the stages of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Alarm
B) Recovery
C) Resistance
D) Exhaustion

Question 10

Which of the following was associated with the general adaptation syndrome?

A) David Holmes
B) Hans Selye
C) Walter Cannon
D) Richard Lazarus

Question 11

Which of the following is not one of the three stages of Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

A) Exhaustion
B) Resistance
C) Response
D) Alarm

Question 12

What is the term for stimuli or events that place a demand on an organism for adaptation or readjustment?

A) Stressors
B) Strain
C) Tension
D) Stress

Question 13

Which of the following is the physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges the individual and requires some form of adaptation or adjustment?

A) Tension
B) Psychological alignment
C) Strain
D) Stress

Question 14

What is the field of psychology that is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill?

A) General psychology
B) Forensic psychology
C) Health psychology
D) Human factors psychology

Question 15

Who was the first to describe the fight-or-flight syndrome?

A) David Holmes
B) Richard Lazarus
C) Hans Selye
D) Walter Cannon

Question 16

The biomedical model focuses on ________; the biopsychosocial model focuses on ________.

A) health and illness; health and illness
B) illness; health and illness
C) health and illness; illness
D) illness; illness

Question 17

Which of the following is not true of the fight-or-flight response?

A) It helps the organism respond rapidly to threats.
B) It can be potentially damaging if maintained too long.
C) It was first described by Walter Cannon.
D) It is most useful as a response to long-term rather than short-term threats

Question 18

Selye calls the predictable sequence of reactions which organisms show in response to stressors the

A) nonspecific stress response.
B) general adaptation syndrome
C) general stress response.
D) fight-or-flight response.

Question 19

The biomedical model emphasizes

A) growth rather than illness.
B) psychosocial factors of illness.
C) psychology rather than biology.
D) illness rather than health

Question 20

Walter Cannon is to ________ as Hans Selye is to ________.

A) the biological model; the psychological model
B) general adaptation syndrome; the fight-or-flight response
C) the psychological model; the biological model
D) the fight-or-flight response; general adaptation syndrome

Question 21

Which of the following researchers is associated with the cognitive theory of stress?

A) Hans Selye
B) Walter Cannon
C) David Holmes
D) Richard Lazarus

Question 22

Joe has been under stress for so long that he feels physiologically drained and depleted. Joe is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Alarm
B) Fatigue
C) Resistance
D) Exhaustion

Question 23

In the cognitive model of stress, the primary appraisal deals with

A) determining the original impact of the stressor on the person.
B) assessing the outcome of the stress response.
C) trying to find the cause of the stress first, order to understand its effect.
D) evaluating the meaning and significance of a situation

Question 24

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is marked by intense physiological efforts to adapt to the stressor?

A) The exhaustion stage
B) The alarm stage
C) The adaptation stage
D) The resistance stage

Question 25

Which of the following is not a stage in the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Readjustment
B) Resistance
C) Alarm
D) Exhaustion

Question 26

Ramona has just accepted a marriage proposal that will eventually involve a move to a new city. She realizes that this will bring with it some new experiences, but most importantly, she is delighted to be getting married. Lazarus would say Ramona is engaged in

A) secondary appraisal.
B) primary appraisal
C) exhaustion.
D) alarm.

Question 27

The major criticism of Selye's theory is that it

A) completely ignored the impact of positive events that produce stress.
B) does not consider how a person perceives and evaluates the stressor
C) held little hope for finding a way to deal with stress.
D) places too much emphasis on the cognitive aspect of stress.

Question 28

For younger people, the most likely form of stress is ________; for older people it is ________.

A) challenges; losses and threats
B) losses and threats; challenges
C) losses and threats; losses and threats
D) challenges; challenges

Question 29

Omar has just been notified that flood waters will enter his house in several hours. He is emotionally aroused and the defensive forces of his body are prepared for fight or flight. Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is he in?

A) Readjustment
B) Exhaustion
C) Alarm
D) Resistance

Question 30

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with eustress?

A) Taking a vacation
B) A challenge at work
C) Impending danger from a natural disaster
D) The loss of a loved one

Question 31

According to the cognitive theory of stress, it is not the stressor that causes the stress, but

A) the way theformation is processed.
B) the memory of the previous encounter with the stressor.
C) the body's reaction to the stressor.
D) the person's perception of the stressor

Question 32

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is marked by the depletion of all the energy stores of the body?

A) The resistance stage
B) The alarm stage
C) The exhaustion stage
D) The adaptation stage

Question 33

Susceptibility to illness increases during what stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Terminal
B) Resistance
C) Alarm
D) Exhaustion

Question 34

Eustress is to ________ stress as distress is to ________ stress.

A) neutral; negative
B) unpleasant; damaging
C) good; damaging
D) neutral; unpleasant

Question 35

Ramona has just accepted a marriage proposal that will eventually involve a move to another city. She realizes that this will bring with it some new experiences, but more importantly, she is delighted to be getting married. Ramona interprets this stressor as predominantly a

A) loss.
B) challenge
C) threat.
D) threat of harm.

Question 36

According to Selye, which of the following would be least likely to be a stressor?

A) Losing a job
B) Reading a book
C) Going on a vacation
D) Getting married

Question 37

Hannah has been exposed to a stressor for quite a while. Although her physiological arousal is lower than it was previously, she is still using above-normal bodily resources in order to cope effectively. Hannah is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Readjustment
B) Resistance
C) Alarm
D) Exhaustion

Question 38

Positive emotions usually accompany an appraisal that involves

A) loss.
B) physicaljury.
C) threat.
D) challenge

Question 39

According to Lazarus, Selye's general adaptation syndrome addressed how the body copes with ________ stress and his own (Lazarus) model addresses how we cope with ________ stress.

A) physiological; psychological
B) everyday; catastrophic
C) catastrophic; everyday
D) psychological; physiological

Question 40

In a primary appraisal, an event may be judged as negative if it is seen as

A) involving damage to someone else.
B) an opportunity to grow or to gain.
C) within the person's ability to manage.
D) involving a potential harm or loss

Question 41

Allison has just started a new job, and she notes what must be done and what is required to meet these expectations of her employer. She determines what she will need to succeed in the job. Lazarus would call the attention she gives to identifying the skills she needs in her new job

A) primary adjustment.
B) secondary appraisal
C) primary appraisal.
D) secondary adjustment.

Question 42

Research has indicated that control over the cause of stress reduces stress

A) to the extent that the stress is predictable.
B) only if the control is exercised.
C) even if the control is not exercised
D) to the extent that the control is real.

Question 43

Research cited in the text book, suggests that members of a minority group in a majority culture may experience racial stress by

A) being one of the few or only members of a particular race a particular setting
B) exposure to stimulus promoting full racial harmony.
C) being the majority any given situation.
D) being with members of their own racial group.

Question 44

Victims of catastrophic events typically do not

A) feel a compulsive need to retell the event.
B) have nightmares about the event.
C) initially seem disoriented and emotionally numb.
D) have a panic reaction during the catastrophe

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of an approach-approach conflict?

A) Duncan cannot decide whether to stay home and relax this summer or work to earn money for college.
B) Josh has to choose between a chocolate or vanilla ice cream cone
C) Stefan has to decide whether to eat some awful spinach order to get some delicious apple pie.
D) Jessica has to decide whether to spend all of her savings on a Wayne Gretzky hockey card.

Question 46

As victims of catastrophic stress begin to recover, the shock initially experienced is replaced with

A) severe depression.
B) hallucinations.
C) complete loss of self-control.
D) generalized anxiety

Question 47

Whenever we are required to select an alternative that has both desirable and undesirable features, the conflict is called

A) a double approach-avoidance conflict.
B) an avoidance-avoidance conflict.
C) an approach-approach conflict.
D) an approach-avoidance conflict

Question 48

What has research shown to be most related to increased stress?

A) Predictability and control over the stressor
B) Predictability of the stressor
C) Unpredictability of the stressor
D) Unpredictability and lack of control over the stressor

Question 49

Whenever we are required to choose between two desirable alternatives, the conflict is called

A) an approach-avoidance conflict.
B) an approach-approach conflict
C) a double approach-avoidance conflict.
D) an avoidance-avoidance conflict.

Question 50

Whenever we are required to choose among equally undesirable alternatives, the conflict is called

A) an approach-avoidance conflict.
B) an avoidance-avoidance conflict
C) a double approach-avoidance conflict.
D) an approach-approach conflict.

Question 51

Rita wants desperately to join her friends this spring in Mexico, but she has been saving every available penny for graduate school and hates to rob her savings account. What kind of conflict does she have?

A) Approach-approach
B) Ambivalent-frustration
C) Approach-avoidance
D) Avoidance-avoidance

Question 52

In the cognitive model of stress, the considerations of options and evaluation of available coping resources is called

A) primary appraisal.
B) the physiological stressor.
C) secondary appraisal
D) the psychological stressor.

Question 53

Which of the following is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict?

A) Raoul cannot decide whether to go out or stay home and study for his test.
B) Helene has to decide whether to have a big wedding or a small one.
C) Johann cannot decide whether to go to the ball game or to the movies.
D) Krista must decide whether to stay an awful marriage or go through a traumatic divorce

Question 54

Which of the following is an example of an approach-avoidance conflict?

A) Boris cannot decide whether to mow the yard or wash his car.
B) Shefali cannot decide whether to eat dessert or stay on her diet and lose weight
C) Dana does not know whether to study for her math examination or for her English examination.
D) Joelle likes psychology and sociology and cannot decide which one she should choose as a major.

Question 55

A common initial reaction to a catastrophic event is for a person to be

A) composed enough to help others.
B) highly emotional.
C) dazed, stunned and emotionally numb
D a state of panic.

Question 56

Matt has just been told the only summer job he applied for has been given to someone else. He's panicking now because he doesn't know how he will get enough money to return to college in the fall. He starts to consider what he could do, and how to calm down. Lazarus would say he is engaged in a

A) secondary appraisal
B) the resistance stage.
C) primary appraisal.
D) tertiary appraisal.

Question 57

Allison has just started a new job. She has become very aware of all the expectations people have for her, and she feels somewhat threatened. According to Lazarus, what process has Allison gone through in sizing up her new job?

A) Secondary appraisal
B) Primary appraisal
C) Primary adjustment
D) Secondary adjustment

Question 58

Enzio cannot decide whether to go out or stay home and study for his test. What kind of conflict does he have?

A) Approach-avoidance conflict
B) Ambivalence-ambivalence conflict
C) Approach-approach conflict
D) Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Question 59

In one study giving residents of nursing homes more control over their lives

A) improved their health but did not affect their death rate.
B) reduced the death rate
C) did not affect the death rate.
Dcreased the death rate.

Question 60

During secondary appraisal, we

A) evaluate our coping resources and consider options dealing with the stressor
B) determine whether an eventvolves loss, threat or challenge.
C) determine whether an event is positive, neutral or negative.
D) determine whether an event causes a physiological or psychological stress.

Question 61

Kevin, a combat veteran in the Gulf War, began having nightmares and flashbacks of frightening experiences in battle. Kevin suffers from

A) post-traumatic stress disorder
B) somatoform disorder.
C) phobic disorder.
D) conversion disorder.

Question 62

If you use a combination of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping, you probably are

A) unable to face problems directly.
B) afraid to face your emotions.
C) not coping correctly.
D) a well-functioning person

Question 63

Omarrah is afraid of not passing her final exam. To cope with the stress, she has worked out a study timetable, arranged a quiet study area and is making sure she has all the class notes. What type of coping is she using?

A) Time-focused
B) Emotion-focused
C) Problem-focused
D) Course-focused

Question 64

According to the text, problem-focused coping is defined as

A) a response aimed at reducing, modifying or eliminating the source of stress
B) a response aimed at reducing the distress caused by the stressor.
C) a response aimed at adapting to the new level of distress caused by the stressor.
D) a response aimed at resisting, repressing or ignoring the source of stress.

Question 65

Which of the following is an example of problem-focused coping?

A) Getting a second job
B) Crying
C) Humour
D) Religious faith

Question 66

Hernando has survived the torture and murder of the rest of his family and many of his friends by a paramilitary group. Hernando is likely to experience

A) relief for having survived.
B) stress similar to people who survive natural disasters.
C) guilt for having survived
D) avoidance-avoidance conflict.

Question 67

Coping which is aimed at reducing, modifying or eliminating a source of stress is called ________ coping; that aimed at reducing emotional distress is called ________ coping.

A) secondary; primary
B) problem-focused; emotion-focused
C) emotion-focused; problem-focused
D) primary; secondary

Question 68

Which of the following should you not do if faced with the need to cope with a traumatic event?

A) Isolate yourself
B) Break the problem downto small goals and tasks.
C) Begin to act right away.
D) Find ways to help others.

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of emotion-focused coping?

A) Taking a moment to reflect on your spiritual beliefs
B) Practicing your responses for anterview on the following day
C) Arranging your desk so you can find the tools you need
D) Writing a letter to your Member of Parliament

Question 70

Which of the following would be the best advice to give someone who is trying to cope with a very stressful, yet changeable situation?

A) Use primarily problem-focused coping along with some emotion-focused coping
B) Use only problem-focused coping.
C) Use only emotion-focused coping.
D) Use primarily emotion-focused coping along with some problem-focused coping.

Question 71

According to the text, emotion-focused coping is defined as

A) a response aimed at resisting, repressing or ignoring the source of stress.
B) a response aimed at coping by focusing on the emotions of others.
C) a response aimed at reducing the emotional distress caused by the stressor
D) a response aimed at reducing, modifying or eliminating the source of stress.

Question 72

To cope effectively with a source of stress, you should consider all of the following except

A) isolate yourself from others
B) find ways to help others.
C) break the problem downto smaller goals or tasks.
D) seek support from family members or friends.

Question 73

Which of the following is not true of people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder?

A) They have nightmares and flashbacks.
B) They startle easily.
C) Their symptoms are not readily apparent
D) They are anxious.

Question 74

Who among the following is likely to experience the most serious case of post-traumatic stress disorder?

A) Peter, who was beaten by jailmates while he was being held for a minor violation
B) Dave, who witnessed a man being murdered on the street
C) Derrick, who was held hostage by a thief a grocery store
D) Pedro, who witnessed his family being tortured and killed by a military death squad

Question 75

Which of the following is true of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?

A) Only negative life changes are considered stressful.
B) Life changes that require the most adaptation are assigned the highest number of stress points
C) The scale is consistent with the cognitive theory of stress.
D) Thedividual's perceptions of the stressfulness of the life change is considered assigning stress points.

Question 76

Which of the following is an example of emotion-focused coping?

A) Making a pro and con list
B) Getting a second job
C) Religious faith
D) Seeking expert advice

Question 77

Marvin is afraid of getting his first full-time job. The coping skills he uses are aimed at improving his interview style by practicing daily. What type of coping is he using?

A) Both problem- and emotion-focused
B) Problem-focused
C) Neither problem- nor emotion-focused
D) Emotion-focused

Question 78

A prolonged and severe stress reaction characterized by anxiety, withdrawal from others and reliving the stressful event is called

A) the resistance stage.
B) catastrophic stress syndrome.
C) generalized anxiety stress disorder.
D) post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 79

Ali, a survivor of the fall of a town in Bosnia, has begun to have nightmares, flashbacks and anxiety attacks. Ali is most likely suffering from

A) external locus of control.
B) catastrophic stress.
C) post-traumatic stress disorder
D) secondary appraisal.

Question 80

A prolonged and severe stress reaction to a catastrophic event is called

A) the alarm stage.
B) catastrophic stress syndrome.
C) post-traumatic stress disorder
D) panic stress disorder.