Deck 8: Water and the Minerals

Question 1

Osteopenia refers to

A) achievement of peak bone mass.
B) improved bone density.
C) moderate loss of bone density.
D) the final stage of osteoporosis.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Complications of dehydration such as mental confusion and seizures are more concerning in children than the elderly.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

What percentage of total body weight is comprised of water?

A) 10-20%
B) 25-40%
C) 50-70%
D) 75-85%

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world.

Question 5

The percentage of body weight made up of water is greater in adults than in infants.

Question 6

Condensation reactions are those

A) that require water in order to break a chemical bond.
B) that produce water when chemical bonds are formed.
C) that release water from inside cells into the intercellular fluid.
D) that require water when chemical bonds are formed.

Question 7

Together, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D interact with the _____, _____, and _____ to raise blood calcium levels.

A) bones, kidneys, parathyroid glands
B) kidneys, intestine, bones
C) kidneys, pancreas, bones
D) bones, teeth, liver

Question 8

Low blood pressure stimulates the release of _____ from the adrenal glands.

A) water
B) antidiuretic hormone
C) vasopressin
D) aldosterone

Question 9

Fluid located between cells is specifically called

A) intravascular fluid.
B) intracellular fluid.
C) extracellular fluid.
D) intercellular fluid.

Question 10

Calcium is an important mineral for the sole reason that it is incorporated into bones and teeth.

Question 11

Only women are susceptible to age-related bone loss.

Question 12

Osteoblasts are cells that

A) break down old bone.
B) release calcium from bone into the blood.
C) form new bone.
D) produce parathyroid hormone.

Question 13

Mild iron deficiency during pregnancy poses no risk for the mother or the infant.

Question 14

The majority of fluid in the body is located

A) in the blood.
B) inside cells.
C) outside cells.
D) in tissues.

Question 15

Goiter results from iodine deficiency.

Question 16

Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone help to regulate fluid balance through identical mechanisms.

Question 17

Calcium homeostasis is maintained by all of the following hormones except:

A) vitamin
B) calcitonin.
C) thyroid hormone.
D)
D) parathyroid hormone.

Question 18

Antidiuretic hormone is released from the _____ in response to low blood volume.

A) pituitary gland
B) adrenal gland
C) kidney

Question 19

The majority of bodily fluid is located outside of cells.

Question 20

Iodine is essential for proper growth and development, but zinc is not.

Question 21

Evaporative cooling is a mechanism

A) that is effective only in humid environments.
B) for maintaining appropriate body temperature.
C) that increases during dehydration.
D) that requires no water replacement.

Question 22

In osmosis,

A) water moves across a membrane in response to different solute concentrations.
B) solutes moves across a membrane in response to different water concentrations.
C) electrolytes move across a membrane in response to different water concentrations.
D) membranes become more permeable to water.

Question 23

Under normal circumstances, a person's iron status is regulated by

A) changing how much iron is absorbed.
B) changing how much iron is excreted.
C) changing how much iron is synthesized.
D) changing how much iron is consumed.

Question 24

Hereditary hemochromatosis is caused by a genetic defect that results in

A) insufficient iron excretion.
B) insufficient storage of iron.
C) excessive iron absorption.
D) excessive desire for iron-rich foods.

Question 25

Copper is transported in the blood by the protein

A) transferrin.
B) ferritin.
C) ceruloplasmin.
D) superoxide dismutase.

Question 26

Phosphorus is enormously important in supporting all of the following functions except:

A) bone health.
B) osmosis.
C) lipid transport.
D) cell membrane integrity.

Question 27

Foods that are low in sodium and rich in potassium include

A) processed meats.
B) fresh fruits.
C) potato chips.
D) pickled vegetables.

Question 28

Renin is released by the _____ in response to _____ blood pressure.

A) adrenal glands, high
B) adrenal glands, low
C) kidneys, low
D) kidneys, high

Question 29

Metallothionine is a protein produced in intestinal cells that plays an important role in regulating _____ absorption.

A) iron
B) selenium
C) zinc
D) magnesium

Question 30

Low blood potassium concentrations can result in the condition called

A) hypokalemia.
B) hypoglycemia.
C) hyponatremia.
D) hypotensinogen.

Question 31

A primary role for iron in the human body is to

A) become incorporated in to bone.
B) regulate cell membrane permeability.
C) transport oxygen in the blood.
D) become incorporated into connective tissue.

Question 32

The majority of magnesium in the body is found in

A) the brain.
B) cell membranes.
C) the blood.
D) the bones.

Question 33

Dehydration results in

A) higher blood volume and lower blood pressure.
B) higher blood volume and higher blood pressure.
C) lower blood volume and higher blood pressure.
D) lower blood volume and lower blood pressure.

Question 34

In response to renin,

A) angiotensin II is converted to angiotensin I.
B) aldosterone cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I.
C) angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone.
D) aldosterone stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete angiotensin II.

Question 35

The iron transport protein in the blood that delivers iron to cells is

A) transferrin.
B) ferritin.
C) hemoglobin.
D) myoglobin.

Question 36

A mineral that is thought to improve insulin function is

A) selenium.
B) molybdenum.
C) magnesium.
D) chromium.

Question 37

Severe iron deficiency results in anemia. The red blood cells produced in iron-deficiency anemia are described as

A) microcytic and hyperchromic.
B) microcytic and hypochromic.
C) macrocytic and hypochromic.
D) macrocytic and hyperchromic.

Question 38

The combined activities of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone result in

A) reduced blood volume.
B) no change in blood volume.
C) increased blood volume.
D) reduced blood pressure.

Question 39

Aldosterone helps to increase blood volume by

A) increasing potassium retention by the kidneys.
B) reducing potassium retention by the kidneys.
C) increasing sodium retention by the kidneys.
D) reducing sodium retention by the kidneys.

Question 40

An example of a hydrolysis reaction is

A) the synthesis of glycogen from single glucose units.
B) the synthesis of proteins from amino acids.
C) the removal of fatty acids from the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride molecule.
D) the movement of water across a membrane in response to solute concentration differences.

Question 41

Women of child-bearing years are more susceptible to iron deficiency than men of similar ages mainly because of

A) menstrual blood losses.
B) reduced iron intake overall.
C) poorer iron absorption.
D) impaired regulation of iron absorption.

Question 42

In some people, increasing salt intake is associated with _____ because the high-salt diet induces _____ blood volume.

A) hypotension, decreased
B) hyponatremia, increased
C) hypertension, increased
D) hypertension, decreased

Question 43

Blood ferritin levels are specifically reflective of

A) iron transport in the blood.
B) the rate of iron absorption in the intestine.
C) the ability of iron to be incorporated into proteins.
D) the amount of iron stored in the body.

Question 44

Along with dietary and genetic factors, certain lifestyle factors increase the risk of osteoporosis. These include all of the following except:

A) smoking.
B) chronic alcohol consumption.
C) weight-bearing exercise.
D) the use of certain medications that can negatively impact bone health.

Question 45

Minerals that are components of antioxidant enzymes include all of the following except:

A) manganese.
B) copper.
C) zinc.
D) molybdenum.

Question 46

One difference in the way the human body regulates iron and copper status is that

A) unlike iron, copper is always absorbed at a high rate even when copper stores are high.
B) excess iron is excreted while excess copper is not.
C) excess copper is excreted while excess iron is not.
D) iron toxicity can result in liver damage, whereas copper toxicity does not.

Question 47

Comparing dietary heme iron to non-heme iron, the following statement is true:

A) Non-heme iron is more readily absorbed than heme iron.
B) Non-heme iron is found primarily in animal products while heme iron is found primarily in plant-based foods.
C) Vitamin C enhances heme iron absorption but has no effect on non-heme iron absorption.
D) Non-heme iron is found primarily in plant-based foods while heme iron is found primarily in animal products.

Question 48

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone play opposite roles in calcium homeostasis such that

A) calcitonin increases-and parathyroid hormone decreases-blood calcium levels.
B) calcitonin decreases-and parathyroid hormone increases-blood calcium levels.
C) calcitonin is secreted when blood calcium levels are low and parathyroid hormone is secreted when blood calcium levels are high.
D) calcitonin increases calcium absorption in the intestines and parathyroid hormone decreases calcium absorption in the intestines.

Question 49

Stimulation that results in an influx of sodium ions into a cell coupled with the movement of potassium ions out of the cell explains the role of electrolytes in

A) muscle contraction.
B) nerve impulse transmission.
C) osmosis.
D) muscle relaxation.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about hydroxyapatite is false?

A) It is a reservoir for calcium in the body.
B) It regulates bone remodeling.
C) It is broken down by osteoclasts.
D) It is synthesized by osteoblasts.

Question 51

An athlete is most at risk for hyponatremia if

A) he or she sweats excessively and drinks excessive amounts of water.
B) he or she sweats excessively and drinks sports drinks containing glucose and sodium.
C) he or she consumes a diet adequate in sodium and competes in events lasting 1 minute or less.

Question 52

The A main function of iodine is to serve as a component of the _____ hormones that regulate energy metabolism, growth, and development.

A) thyroid
B) parathyroid
C) glucose regulating
D) calcium regulating

Question 53

The fortification of salt with iodine in the United States has dramatically reduced the incidence of

A) anemia.
B) osteoporosis.
C) goiter.
D) hemochromatosis.

Question 54

The mineral content of a given food is influenced by all of the following except:

A) soil mineral content.
B) source of the food (animal or plant).
C) processing of the food.
D) vitamin content of the food.

Question 55

Aging in women results in a gradual loss of bone mass for several reasons, including

A) poor vitamin D production.
B) poor calcium absorption.
C) increased estrogen production.
D) All of the above
E) A and B