Deck 2: Biology and Behaviour

Question 1

Which of the following is not a function of glial cells?

A) Guiding specialized neurons to their correct location during brain development
B) Storing and releasing neurotransmitters
C) Nourishing the neurons
D) Removing waste products,cluding dead neurons, from the brain

Answer 1

Storing and releasing neurotransmitters

Question 2

What happens when a neuron is sufficiently stimulated by incoming signals from other neurons that ion channels open and positive ions move into a neuron.

A) The cell goesto refraction.
B) An action potential occurs
C) The polarization of the cellcreases.
D) Transmitter substances are synthesized.

Answer 2

An action potential occurs

Question 3

The part of the neuron that transmits signals to another neuron is called the

A) myelin.
B) cell body.
C) dendrites.
D) axon

Answer 3

axon

Question 4

The function of the dendrites is to

A) support the cell bodies.
B) send the neural impulse to the next neuron.
C) act as the primary receivers of signals from other neurons
D) feed the remainder of the neurons the brain.

Question 5

The sudden reversal of the electrical potential within a neuron is called

A) a nerve impulse.
B) a refraction.
C) a neural discharge.
D) an action potential

Question 6

Professor Bennett is studying how neurons communicate with each other. Which of the following areas would most likely be of greatest interest to him?

A) The cell body
B) The sodium pump
C) The synapse
D) The mitochondria

Question 7

The electrochemical process that produces an action potential is best described as

A) a change that occurs as a result of neuroelectrical stimulation.
B) the creation of chemical transmitters by electrical energy.
C) an exchange of positive and negative ions through the cell membrane
D) a molecular chain reaction.

Question 8

The specialized cell that transmits signals throughout the nervous system is the

A) neuron
B) glial cell.
C) myelin.
D) neurotransmitter.

Question 9

All of our thoughts, feelings and behaviour can ultimately be traced to the activity of the

A) neurons
B) ganglia.
C) genes.
D) nerve fibres.

Question 10

The fluid-filled gap between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron is called the

A) axon terminal.
B) synaptic cleft
C) reuptake site.
D) neural gap.

Question 11

If a neuron only fires at full strength how is it possible for us to perceive the difference between a weak stimulus and a strong stimulus?

A) It is the number of neurons firing that determines this
B) The brain must determine from other factors how strong or weak a stimulus is.
C) Memory of past similar stimuli determines this.
D) We still don't know this. It is being researched.

Question 12

All of the following functions have been associated with glial cells EXCEPT?

A) They hold neurons together.
B) They help remove waste from the brain.
C) They aid thehibition of emotional memories
D) They help transmit pain sensations

Question 13

Each neuron potentially connects

A) physically with dozens of neurons.
B) with one or two other neurons.
C) with thousands of other neurons
D) physically with a few axons.

Question 14

A typical neuron might have more than one:

A) nucleus.
B) cell body.
C) axon.
D) dendrite

Question 15

Receiving information is to transmitting information as

A) dendrite is to axon
B) synapse is to axon.
C) cell body is to dendrite.
D) axon is to dendrite.

Question 16

The "resting potential" refers to

A) action potential.
B) synaptic potential.
C) the state during which a neuron contains more negatively charged particlesside the cell than outside the cell
D) the state during which a neuron contains more positively charged particlesside the cell than outside the cell.

Question 17

When the cell membrane of a neuron changes its permeability, allowing more positively charged ions to flow into the cell and other ions to flow out, the neuron has been induced to create a(an)

A) transmission potential.
B) resting potential.
C) synaptic potential.
D) action potential

Question 18

Where are the receptor sites for neurotransmitters located on the neuron?

A) The myelin sheath
B) The clefts
C) The dendrites and cell body
D) The synaptic vesicles

Question 19

When a neuron is at rest, the inside of the cell

A) has no charge.
B) has a slight positive charge relative to the outside.
C) has a charge identical to the outside.
D) has a slight negative charge relative to the outside

Question 20

Action potentials operate according to the "all-or-none law" because

A) all the axon terminals must be refraction or the neuron does not fire.
B) neurons either fire at full strength or not at all
C) all the dendrites must be activated before a neuron fires.
D) all the neurons a nerve fire or none of them fire.

Question 21

A deficiency in ________ would be associated with movement, pleasure, learning, attention, and reinforcement.

A) dopamine
B) endorphin
C) acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine

Question 22

The myelin sheath ________ the neural impulse.

A) terminates
B) starts up
C) slows down
D) speeds up

Question 23

How can synaptic vesicles continue to pour out their neurotransmitters, and yet still have a ready supply of neurotransmitters to respond to continuing stimulation?

A) Through the process of reuptake, they absorb some of the neurotransmitter left the gap between the axon and the dendrite
B) Other nearby cells donate a portion of neurotransmitter to the vesicle need, through a process called, "synaptic transfer."
C) The vesicles never fire completely, always holding a little amount of neurotransmitter back.
D) The cells re-energize with every firing.

Question 24

Neurotransmitter substances can have either of two effects:

A) continuous or discrete.
B) global or analytical.
C) excitatory orhibitory
D) positive or negative.

Question 25

Which of the following has, among other effects, an excitatory effect on skeletal muscle fibres and an inhibitory effect on the muscles of the heart?

A) Serotonin
B) Endorphins
C) Norepinephrine
D) Acetylcholine

Question 26

The process by which neurotransmitter molecules are taken back into the axon terminal is called:

A) reuptake
B) reabsorption.
C) synaptic cleft.
Dhibitory action.

Question 27

Endorphins, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin are all examples of

A) neuropeptides.
B) hormones.
C) neuromodulators.
D) neurotransmitters

Question 28

Professor Momar is interested in studying what takes place when a neuron communicates with another neuron. Which of the following will he LEAST LIKELY study?

A) Neurotransmitters
B) mitochondria
C) Reuptake
D) Action potential

Question 29

The chemicals stored in neurons that excite or inhibit other neurons are called

A) neurotransmitters
B) vesicles.
C) somas.
Dhibitors.

Question 30

At receptor sites a certain neurotransmitter may compete for the same receptor with

A) glial cells.
B) another neurotransmitter of a different shape
C) viruses.
D) amino acids.

Question 31

When a neuron fires, neurotransmitters are released from the synaptic vesicles in the ________ into the synaptic cleft.

A) receptor
B) dendrite
C) cell body
D) axon

Question 32

Chemicals released by neurons that reduce the likelihood that neuron cells will fire are referred to as

A) excitatory.
B) receptors.
C) receivers.
D) inhibitory

Question 33

The interaction between a neurotransmitter and a receptor is controlled by their mutual ________ on each other.

A) influence
B) attraction
C) chemical structure
D) charge

Question 34

The insulation around a neuron's axon that has an effect on the speed of the action potential is called the

A) axonalsulation
B) myelin sheath
C) fattysulation.
D) Nodes of Ranvier.

Question 35

Receptor sites on the receiving neuron

A) receive any available neurotransmitter molecules.
B) can only befluenced by neurotransmitters from a single neuron.
C) receive only neurotransmitter molecules of a specific shape
D) are located only on the dendrites.

Question 36

All of the following are monoamines EXCEPT

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) GABA
D) NE

Question 37

Just before they release their neurotransmitters, synaptic vesicles are located

A) throughout the neuron's structure.
B) in the cell body's nucleus.
C) in the synapses.
D) within the axon terminal

Question 38

The function of synaptic vesicles is to

A) store neurotransmitters
B) produce potassium ions.
C) deactivate action potentials.
D) produce sodium ions.

Question 39

Chemicals released by neurons that increase the likelihood that neuron cells will fire are referred to as

A) inhibitory.
B) excitatory
C) receptors.
D) receivers.

Question 40

The white, fatty coating wrapped around some axons is called

A) an effective potential enhancer.
B) a myelin sheath
C) the axon band.
D) a mylarsulator.

Question 41

The brain produces its own opiate like substances known as

A) heroins.
B) morphemes.
C) endorphins
D) monoamines.

Question 42

The brainstem includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) medulla
B) pons.
C) reticular formation.
D) cerebellum

Question 43

Electrodes are implanted into the brain of a monkey. If the monkey is behaving aggressively, stimulation of the electrodes causes the monkey to stop. In which of the following areas is the electrode most likely implanted?

A) Cerebellum
B) Occipital lobe
C) Hippocampus
D) Hypothalamus

Question 44

What connects the brain with the peripheral nervous system?

A) The reticular formation
B) The autonomic nervous system
C) The spinal cord
D) The brainstem

Question 45

The main functions of the ________ are to execute smooth, skilled movements and to regulate muscle tone and posture.

A) pons
B) medulla
C) cerebellum
D) hypothalamus

Question 46

The central nervous system consists of the

A) brain and spinal cord
B) autonomic system and the somatic system.
C) forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
D) afferent system and efferent system.

Question 47

Damage to the cerebellum is likely to disrupt which of the following?

A) Thinking
B) Homeostasis
C) Sleeping
D) Playing basketball

Question 48

Which sense does not use the thalamus to relay information within the brain?

A) Touch
B) Hearing
C) Smell
D) Vision

Question 49

Which of the following is not a function of the spinal cord?

A) It controls the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles
B) It carries sensoryformation to the brain.
C) It allows reflexive behaviour to occur.
D) It carriesformation from the brain to the muscles and glands.

Question 50

The relay station for information flowing into and out of the higher brain centres is the

A) hypothalamus.
B) reticular activating system.
C) thalamus
D) hippocampus.

Question 51

Damage to your cerebellum might affect your ability to

A) become sexually aroused.
B) dance
C) digest food.
D) sleep.

Question 52

The reticular formation is to alertness as the cerebellum is to ________.

A) skilled movements
B) blood pressure
C) sleep
D) attention

Question 53

The thalamus is believed to work with the pons and the reticular formation to

A) allow us to move a straight line.
B) regulate sleep cycles
C) offset thefluence of the brainstem.
D) determine body temperature.

Question 54

________ is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

A) Serotonin
B) Norepinephrine
C) Acetylcholine
D) GABA

Question 55

Skilled gymnasts and divers can perform smooth and expertly coordinated muscular movements thanks largely to their

A) occipital lobes.
B) amygdala.
C) medulla.
D) cerebellum

Question 56

The central nervous system includes

A) the brain only.
B) the spinal cord only.
C) the entire nervous system except the brain and the spinal cord.
D) both the brain and the spinal cord

Question 57

The cerebellum mainly regulates

A) digestive activities.
B) metabolic activities.
C) thinking activities.
D) motor activities

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT associated with mood or emotional state in humans?

A) Norepinephrine
B) Gamma-aminobutyric acid
C) Acetylcholine
D) Serotonin

Question 59

Both ________ and ________ have been associated with positive moods, while deficiencies in both have been associated with depression.

A) endorphins; serotonin
B) glutamate; acetylcholine
C) norepinephrine; serotonin
D) serotonin; acetylcholine

Question 60

________ is to the control of anxiety as ________ is (are) to pain.

A) Serotonin; glutamate
B) Norepinephrine; epinephrine
C) L-dopa; GABA
D) GABA; endorphins

Question 61

According to the text, the primary site(s) for language comprehension and production, problem solving and the use of logic is (are) the

A) thalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C) cerebrum and its cortex
D) limbic system.

Question 62

What is the largest structure of the human brain, consisting of two cerebral hemispheres and covered by the cerebral cortex?

A) The brainstem
B) The cerebellum
C) The corpus callosum
D) The cerebrum

Question 63

Lori and Reba are conjoined twins who share a portion of their frontal lobe. Researchers studying the twins have found that Lori and Reba

A) are completely different every way.
B) share the same personality.
C) have different thoughts and dreams
D) have identicaltellectual abilities.

Question 64

Which of the following is not part of the brain stem?

A) Pons
B) Hypothalamus
C) Medulla
D) Reticular formation

Question 65

Which of the following is not controlled by the medulla?

A) Blood pressure
B) Heart rate
C) Arousal
D) Breathing

Question 66

Which of the following brain structures influences attention and arousal?

A) Reticular formation
B) Medulla
C) Thalamus
D) Spinal cord

Question 67

The area of the brain that consists of the medulla, pons and reticular formation is known as the:

A) cerebral cortex.
B) midbrain.
C) brainstem
D) limbic system.

Question 68

The brain structure that controls heart rate, breathing and blood pressure is the

A) medulla
B) cerebellum.
C) thalamus.
D) reticular formation.

Question 69

The bridge-like structure at the top of the medulla is called the

A) brainstem.
B) cerebellum.
C) pons
D) reticular formation.

Question 70

Which of the following is composed of several brain structures, including the hippocampus and the amygdala?

A) Limbic system
B) Reticular system
C) Peripheral system
D) Brainstem

Question 71

The medulla and pons are located in the

A) thalamus.
B) midbrain.
C) brainstem
D) corpus callosum.

Question 72

The hippocampus plays a central role in

A) hunger.
B) speech.
C) emotions.
D) memory

Question 73

The structure which controls arousal and attention and screens sensory messages entering the brain is the

A) reticular formation
B) pons.
C) amygdala.
D) hippocampus.

Question 74

Linda can sleep through a thunderstorm but wakes up at the slightest cry of her baby, thanks to her

A) reticular formation
B) pons.
C) medulla.
D) thalamus.

Question 75

Laura has been involved in a serious accident, and as a result she cannot form new memories about people or concepts. Which of the following areas was most likely damaged?

A) Cerebellum
B) Hypothalamus
C) Frontal lobes
D) Hippocampus

Question 76

The area of the brain just above the spinal cord is called the

A) brain bulb.
B) amygdala.
C) corpus callosum.
D) brainstem

Question 77

The amygdala and the hippocampus are two structures that are part of the

A) cerebral cortex.
B) somatic system.
C) brainstem.
D) limbic system

Question 78

The hypothalamus regulates all of the following except

A) sexual behaviour.
B) coordinated movement
C) hunger and thirst.
Dternal body temperature.

Question 79

What structure is responsible for emotional expression, some memory functions and motivation?

A) pons
B) cerebellum
C) brainstem
D) limbic system

Question 80

Which of the following is not a role of the hypothalamus?

A) Regulation of foodtake
B) Coordination of body movements
C) Regulation of thirst
D) Regulation of sexual behaviour