Deck 14: Periodic Patterns in the Main Group Elements: Bonding, Structure, and Reactivity

Question 1

Bromine will form compounds with each of the other elements in Period 4 of the periodic table. How does the type of bonding in the compounds change as one moves from potassium bromide to selenium bromide?

A) ionic to polar covalent
B) polar covalent to ionic
C) polar covalent to non-polar covalent
D) coordinate covalent to polar covalent
E) none of the above

Answer 1

ionic to polar covalent

Question 2

Which of the following elements has the lowest electronegativity?

A) Al
B) S
C) Mg
D) In
E) Ba

Answer 2

Ba

Question 3

What are the products of the reaction of potassium hydride and water? KH(s) + H₂O(l) 

A) K(s) + H₂(g) + OH^-(aq)
B) K(s) + H₂(g) + O₂(g)
C) KOH(s) + O₂(g)
D) K⁺(aq) + H₂(g) + O₂(g)
E) K⁺(aq) + H₂(g) + OH^-(aq)

Answer 3

K⁺(aq) + H₂(g) + OH^-(aq)

Question 4

Which of the following oxides will give the most basic solution when dissolved in water?

A) SO₂
B) CO₂
C) K₂O
D) P₄O₁₀
E) SO₃

Question 5

Which of the following oxides will give the most acidic solution when dissolved in water?

A) MgO
B) Al₂O₃
C) Cl₂O
D) SrO
E) H₂O₂

Question 6

Which of the following pairs of elements will form the longest single bond?

A) C, F
B) C, N
C) C, S
D) C, O
E) C, H

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the effective nuclear charge, Z_eff, is correct?

A) Z_eff increases with the size of the atom.
B) Z_eff decreases across a period and increases down a group.
C) Z_eff increases across a period and is relatively constant down a group.
D) Z_eff increases as the value of the principal quantum number increases.
E) Z_eff is greater for hydrogen than for any other element.

Question 8

Select the element with the highest first ionization energy.

A) Mg
B) Ca
C) Ba
D) Ra
E) K

Question 9

Which one of the following elements is likely to exhibit the most violent and rapid reaction with water?

A) Na
B) Rb
C) Mg
D) Sr
E) Cl₂

Question 10

Select the element with the lowest first ionization energy.

A) Se
B) S
C) Sn
D) Sr
E) H

Question 11

What are the products of the following reaction of strontium hydride and water? SrH₂(s) + H₂O(l) 

A) Sr²⁺(aq) + H₂(g) + O₂(g)
B) Sr²⁺(aq) + H₂(g) + OH^-(aq)
C) Sr(s) + H₂(g) + OH^-(aq)
D) Sr(s) + H₃O⁺(aq)
E) none of the above

Question 12

The atomic radius of sodium is 186 pm and of chlorine is 100 pm. The ionic radius for Na⁺ is 102 pm and for Cl^- is 181 pm. In going from Na to Cl in Period 3, why does the atomic radius decrease while the ionic radius increases?

A) The inner electrons in the sodium cation shield its valence electrons more effectively than the inner electrons in the chloride anion do.
B) The inner electrons shield the valence electrons more effectively in the chlorine atom than in the chloride anion.
C) The outermost electrons in chloride experience a smaller effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do.
D) The outermost electrons in chloride experience a larger effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do.
E) Monatomic ions are bigger than the atoms from which they are formed.

Question 13

Which of the following will have the highest boiling point?

A) O₂
B) Cl₂
C) Br₂
D) I₂
E) Xe

Question 14

Which of the following ions and atoms has the greatest radius?

A) Se^2-
B) Br^-
C) Rb⁺
D) Sr²⁺
E) Kr

Question 15

The smallest ionization energies are found in the ____________ ___________ region of the periodic table.

A) upper right
B) upper left
C) lower right
D) lower left
E) transition element (d-block)

Question 16

Hydrogen forms metallic (interstitial) hydrides with the d and f transition elements. Which of the following statements is correct?

A) These substances have distinct stoichiometric formulas like ionic hydrides.
B) Hydrogen forms bonds with the metals by donating its electron to the valence band of the metal.
C) Hydrogen molecules and atoms occupy holes within the crystal structure of the metal.
D) These substances are useful catalysts.
E) These hydrides are stabilized by hydrogen bonding forces.

Question 17

Although the periodic table is organized according to the atomic numbers of the elements, chemists are more interested in the arrangement of the electrons for their studies. Which of the following statements about the electron configurations and their quantum numbers is correct?

A) The size of an atom is associated with the angular momentum quantum number.
B) The valence electrons of atoms in a particular group have the same principal and angular momentum quantum numbers.
C) The valence electrons of atoms in a particular group have the same angular momentum quantum number but have different principal quantum numbers.
D) Quantum numbers for the electrons tell us little about the relative energies of the electrons.
E) None of the above statements is correct.

Question 18

Which of the following pure substances will not participate in hydrogen bonding?

A) CH₃NH₂
B) CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₃
C) CH₃CH₂OH
D) HF
E) H₂O₂

Question 19

The largest electronegativities are found in the _____________ ____________ region of the periodic table.

A) upper left
B) upper right
C) lower left
D) lower right
E) transition element (d-block)

Question 20

Which of the following atoms has the smallest volume?

A) Ba
B) Cs
C) Sr
D) Rb
E) I

Question 21

In which of the following ways is lithium different from the other alkali metals?

A) Its salts are much more soluble in water than those of the other alkali metals.
B) It has an unusually high density.
C) It forms molecular compounds with the hydrocarbon groups of organic halides.
D) Its ionization energy is lower than expected.
E) It does not react with water at room temperature.

Question 22

Which element forms compounds, e.g., Teflon, which are used as coatings for other substances?

A) boron
B) beryllium
C) fluorine
D) nitrogen
E) sodium

Question 23

Which one of the following trends occurs as one moves down the group 1A (1) elements from Li to Cs?

A) metallic character decreases
B) electronegativity increases
C) melting point increases
D) first ionization energy increases
E) chemical reactivity increases

Question 24

Which element forms compounds which are involved in smog and acid rain?

A) carbon
B) fluorine
C) chlorine
D) boron
E) nitrogen

Question 25

Which of the following substances is produced when lithium metal reacts with oxygen gas?

A) hydrogen gas
B) lithium peroxide
C) an acidic oxide
D) a basic oxide
E) lithium hydroxide

Question 26

Predict the products for the following set of reactants. Li(s) + CH₃Cl(g) 

A) CH₃CH₃(g) + LiCl(s)
B) CH₄(g) + LiCl(s)
C) CH₃Li(s) + LiCl(s)
D) CH₃Li(s) + Cl₂(g)
E) CH₂Li(s) + HCl(g)

Question 27

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. BaO(s) + CO₂(g) 

A) BaCO₃(s)
B) Ba(s) + CO(g) + O₂(g)
C) BaO₂(s) + CO(g)
D) Ba₂CO₃(s)
E) BaC₂(s) + O₂(g)

Question 28

The elements from Groups 1A(1) and 2A(2) are

A) strong acids.
B) strong bases.
C) amphoteric.
D) strong oxidizing agents.
E) strong reducing agents.

Question 29

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. Sr(s) + H₂O(l) 

A) SrO(s) + H₂(g)
B) Sr²⁺(aq) + H₂(g) + O₂(g)
C) Sr²⁺(aq) + H₃O⁺(aq)
D) Sr(OH)₂(s) + H₂(g)
E) SrH₂(s) + O₂(g)

Question 30

Which of the alkali metals has the highest melting point?

A) Li
B) Na
C) K
D) Rb
E) Cs

Question 31

Unlike the remainder of the Group 1A(1) elements, lithium forms many salts that have some covalent bond character. What is a reason for this behavior?

A) The high first ionization energy of lithium makes sharing the electron easier than transferring it.
B) The high charge density on the lithium cation deforms nearby polarizable electron clouds.
C) The atomic radius of lithium enables it to share its valence electron effectively.
D) Since lithium has only 1 electron in its 2s orbital, it can accept an electron from another element.
E) Lithium's electronegativity is more like that of a non-metal than a metal.

Question 32

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. CaO(s) + H₂O(l) 

A) Ca²⁺(aq) + OH^-(aq) + H₂(g)
B) Ca²⁺(aq) + H₂(g) + O₂(g)
C) Ca²⁺(aq) + H₃O⁺(aq)
D) Ca(OH)₂(s)
E) CaH₂(s) + O₂(g)

Question 33

Predict the products for the following set of reactants. K₂O(s) + H₂O(l) 

A) K⁺(aq) + OH^-(aq) + H₂(g)
B) K⁺(aq) + OH^-(aq)
C) K⁺(aq) + H₂(g) + O₂(g)
D) KH(s) + O₂(g)
E) K⁺(aq) + OH^-(aq) + H₂O₂(aq)

Question 34

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. Mg(s) + Cl₂(g) 

A) MgCl(s)
B) MgCl₂(s)
C) MgCl(l)
D) MgCl₂(l)
E) MgCl₂(aq)

Question 35

Which of the following bonds should have the greatest ionic character?

A) O-F
B) N-F
C) C-F
D) B-F
E) Cl-F

Question 36

Which element forms compounds which are used to treat individuals suffering from manic-depressive disorders?

A) fluorine
B) lithium
C) boron
D) beryllium
E) arsenic

Question 37

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. MgCO₃(s) + heat 

A) Mg(s) + CO(g)
B) Mg(s) + CO₂(g)
C) MgO(s) + CO(g)
D) MgO(s) + CO₂(g)
E) no reaction

Question 38

Predict the product(s) for the reaction of the following set of reactants. Ca(s) + H₂(g) 

A) CaH(s)
B) CaH₂(s)
C) Ca₂H₃(s)
D) Ca₃H₂(s)
E) none of the above

Question 39

Most of the alkali metal salts are soluble in water while many alkaline earth salts have very low solubilities. Why is this so?

A) The alkali metal cations are smaller than the alkaline earth cations and are more easily hydrated.
B) The alkali metals have lower ionization energies than alkaline earth elements.
C) The alkaline earth salts have much greater lattice energies than the alkali metal salts.
D) The alkaline earth metals have greater heats of atomization than the alkali metals.
E) Alkaline earth cations have very low heats of hydration.

Question 40

Predict the products for the following set of reactants. Li(s) + H₂O(l) 

A) Li⁺(aq) + H₂(g) + O₂(g)
B) Li⁺(aq) + H₂(g) + OH^-(aq)
C) LiH(s) + O₂(g)
D) Li⁺(aq) + H₂O₂(aq)
E) LiOH(aq) + H₂O₂(aq)

Question 41

Boron has 3 valence electrons. Which of the following processes is involved in boron's achieving a complete outer shell?

A) formation of a B³⁺ cation
B) formation of bridge bonds
C) formation of -bonds using its d-orbitals
D) formation of -bonds using sp³-orbitals
E) none of the above

Question 42

When elements from a group exhibit more than one oxidation state,

A) the higher oxidation state is more important as one goes down a group.
B) the lower oxidation state is more important as one goes down a group.
C) both oxidation states are equally important throughout the group.
D) the oxidation state will be affected by the elements on either side of it in the period.
E) None of the above conclusions is true.

Question 43

Magnesium oxide, MgO, is an important industrial material. Which of the following is one of its uses?

A) antacid
B) catalysts
C) toothpaste abrasive
D) construction material
E) furnace bricks

Question 44

Certain Period 2 elements exhibit behaviors similar to Period 3 elements immediately below and to the right. One of the interesting diagonal relationships occurs between boron and silicon. Which of the following is one of their similarities?

A) Both exhibit electrical properties of a conductor.
B) The oxoanions of both elements occur in extended ionic networks.
C) Both elements form compounds (boranes and silanes) that are good oxidizing agents.
D) Boric acid and silicic acid occur in layers with widespread hydrogen bonding.
E) Both elements are unusually soft solids.

Question 45

Which of the following elements exists in allotropic forms?

A) silicon
B) germanium
C) tin
D) lead
E) xenon

Question 46

Silicon carbide is an important industrial chemical. Which of the following statements about silicon carbide is true?

A) It will react with water to form acetylene.
B) It is used in preparation of glass which can be used at high temperature.
C) It is the hardest known substance.
D) It is a naturally occurring mineral source of silicon.
E) It can be doped to form a high temperature semiconductor.

Question 47

The basic character of the binary oxides X_mO_n

A) is greatest when X has a low atomic number.
B) is greatest when X is a nonmetal.
C) increases as the oxidation number of X increases.
D) increases as the oxidation number of X decreases.
E) is unaffected by the oxidation number of X.

Question 48

The polymers containing silicon differ from polymers of carbon in which of the following ways?

A) Silicon-based polymers are larger molecules than carbon-based polymers.
B) Silicon-based polymers generally have a repeating silicon-oxygen link while carbon-based polymers can have carbon-carbon links.
C) Silicon-based polymers generally have inorganic elements attached to the chain while carbon-based polymers generally have organic groups attached.
D) Silicon-based polymers tend to be rigid while carbon-based polymers are generally flexible.
E) Silicon forms stronger bonds than carbon.

Question 49

One important feature of the chemistry of carbon is

A) its large radius that allows other atoms to fit easily around it.
B) its low electronegativity that allows it to ionize easily.
C) its amphoteric behavior.
D) its ability to form multiple bonds with hydrogen.
E) its ability to catenate.

Question 50

Which of the following pairs of elements exhibit similar physical and chemical behaviors ("diagonal relationships")?

A) H and Be
B) Na and Be
C) Be and Al
D) B and Mg
E) Li and Al

Question 51

Silicon halides have stronger bonds than corresponding carbon halides. Which of the following is a possible explanation of this phenomenon?

A) The larger silicon atoms permit better overlap of its atomic orbitals with those of the halogens than the smaller carbons atoms do.
B) The large electronegativity difference between silicon and the halogens makes their bonds stronger than those of carbon.
C) Silicon has the ability to form a partial double bond with a halogen through the overlap of its d-orbital with a p-orbital of the halogen.
D) Silicon has a larger effective nuclear charge than carbon which allows it to bond more strongly to the more negative halogens than carbon.
E) Carbon-halogen bonds are unusually weak.

Question 52

Which of the following hydroxides will be the most basic?

A) B(OH)₃
B) Al(OH)₃
C) Ga(OH)₃
D) In(OH)₃
E) TlOH

Question 53

Which of the following oxides will be the most acidic?

A) Al₂O₃
B) Ga₂O₃
C) In₂O₃
D) Tl₂O₃
E) None of these oxides is acidic.

Question 54

Tin reacts to form several organic compounds. Which of the following is a use for organotin compounds?

A) They are starting materials for polymers.
B) They can be used as fungicides.
C) They can be used to prepare semiconductors.
D) They can be used as solvents for reactions involving polar organic compounds.
E) They are used as protective coatings to prevent corrosion of metals.

Question 55

Thallium can form two oxides, Tl₂O and Tl₂O₃. Which will be the more basic substance?

A) Tl₂O
B) Tl₂O₃
C) They have the same strength as bases.
D) Neither compound has any acidic or basic properties.
E) More information is needed to make an accurate prediction.

Question 56

Certain Period 2 elements exhibit behaviors similar to Period 3 elements immediately below and to the right. One of these interesting diagonal relationships occurs between lithium and magnesium. Which of the following is one of their similarities?

A) They both form insoluble carbonate salts.
B) Both elements are important in treating manic-depression.
C) Their first ionization energies are almost equal.
D) Their densities are very similar.
E) They both form organic compounds with polar covalent bonds from the metal to hydrocarbon group.

Question 57

According to the phase diagram of carbon, what pressure and temperature conditions, if any, are needed in order for diamond to be the stable phase?

A) low pressure, low temperature
B) low pressure, high temperature
C) high pressure, low temperature
D) high pressure, high temperature
E) Actually, diamond is not stable under any conditions.

Question 58

Certain Period 2 elements exhibit behaviors similar to Period 3 elements immediately below and to the right. One of these interesting diagonal relationships occurs between beryllium and aluminum. Which of the following is one of their differences?

A) Some aluminum compounds and all beryllium compounds show significant covalent character in the gas phase.
B) Beryllium forms bridge bonds in its hydrides while aluminum does not.
C) Both form oxides that are impervious to reaction with water.
D) The cations for both strongly polarize nearby electron clouds.
E) Beryllium occurs in nature as the uncombined element, whereas aluminum does not.

Question 59

Predict the products for the reaction of the following set of reactants. (CH₃)₃Ga(g) + AsH₃(g) 

A) (CH₃)₃As(g) + GaH₃(g)
B) CH₄(g) + GaAs(s)
C) CH₃CH₃(g) + GaAs(s)
D) CH₄(g) + H₂GaAs(s)
E) CH₃H(g) + GaAs(s)

Question 60

The most basic oxides contain elements from the ________________ ____________ region of the periodic table.

A) upper right
B) upper left
C) lower right
D) lower left
E) transition element (d-block)

Question 61

Nitric acid, HNO₃

A) is a strong reducing agent.
B) is a weak oxidizing agent.
C) does not react with copper metal.
D) may react with copper metal to produce NO gas.
E) reacts with metal hydroxides to produce nitrite salts.

Question 62

Hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂, is

A) used in the production of polymers.
B) used as a drying agent.
C) colored liquid with a low boiling point.
D) an acid.
E) an explosive.

Question 63

Which of the following formulas does not represent a stable compound?

A) N₂O
B) NO
C) NO₂
D) NO₃
E) N₂O₄

Question 64

The strongest elemental oxidizing agents are found in the _________ _________ region of the periodic table while the strongest reducing agents are found in the ________ ________ region of the periodic table.

A) upper left, lower right
B) upper right, lower left
C) lower left, upper right
D) lower right, upper left
E) transition element, main group

Question 65

Which of the following oxides is most basic?

A) As₂O₃
B) P₄O₁₀
C) Sb₂O₃
D) Sb₂O₅
E) NO₂

Question 66

The halogens are

A) strong oxidizing agents.
B) strong reducing agents.
C) strong acids.
D) strong bases.
E) amphoteric.

Question 67

Which of the following would you predict to have the greatest thermal stability?

A) AsAt₃
B) AsI₃
C) AsBr₃
D) AsCl₃
E) AsF₃

Question 68

Predict the products for the following set of reactants. PCl₃(l) + H₂O(l) 

A) H₃PO₃(aq) + HCl(aq)
B) H₃PO₄(aq) + Cl₂(g)
C) PH₃(g) + HCl(aq) + O₂(g)
D) P₂O₅(s) + HCl(aq)
E) PCl₅(l) + PH₃(g) + O₂(g)

Question 69

The nitrate anion is

A) a strong acid.
B) a strong base.
C) amphoteric.
D) a strong reducing agent.
E) a strong oxidizing agent.

Question 70

Sodium tripolyphosphate is useful

A) as a starting material in the synthesis of organic phosphorus compounds.
B) as a water-softening agent.
C) as an emulsifier in making of processed cheese.
D) as a radiator corrosion inhibitor.
E) as a fertilizer.

Question 71

What is the stable form of the element sulfur, at room temperature?

A) atomic sulfur
B) S₂
C) S₄
D) S₆
E) S₈

Question 72

Sulfur hexafluoride, SF₆, is

A) a reactive gas that decomposes when exposed to moisture.
B) a reactive gas used to fluorinate organic compounds.
C) an inert gas that is used as an electrical insulator.
D) a reactant in the process of manufacturing non-stick coatings.
E) used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.

Question 73

Predict the products for the following set of reactants. Ca₃As₂(s) + H₂O(l) 

A) As³⁺(aq) + Ca(OH)₂(aq)
B) As(OH)₃(s) + Ca²⁺(aq) + H₂(g)
C) As(OH)₃(s) + Ca(OH)₂(aq)
D) AsH₃(g) + Ca(OH)₂(aq)
E) CaH₂(aq) + As₂O₃(aq)

Question 74

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the properties of nitrogen and oxygen?

A) Both oxygen and nitrogen form anions easily.
B) Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent while nitrogen is a strong reducing agent.
C) Nitrogen uses more oxidation states in its compounds than oxygen does.
D) Nitrogen is more reactive than oxygen.
E) Nitrogen does not form naturally-occurring compounds, but oxygen does.

Question 75

Dinitrogen monoxide, N₂O, is

A) a brown poisonous gas that is one of the chemicals involved in the production of photochemical smog.
B) a colorless gas used in the production of nitric acid.
C) a colorless gas used as a propellant in canned whipped cream.
D) a colorless gas that disproportionates into nitrogen and oxygen.
E) none of the above.

Question 76

Which of the following has the most allotropes?

A) carbon
B) sulfur
C) oxygen
D) selenium
E) nitrogen

Question 77

What is the highest oxidation state of chlorine in any of its compounds?

A) -1
B) 0
C) +1
D) +3
E) +7

Question 78

The chemical that ranks first in production among all industrial chemicals is

A) NH₃, ammonia.
B) H₃PO₄, phosphoric acid.
C) NaOH, sodium hydroxide.
D) Na₂CO₃, sodium carbonate.
E) H₂SO₄, sulfuric acid.

Question 79

Predict the products formed from the following set of reactants. FeSe(s) + HCl(aq) 

A) Se(s) + FeCl₂(aq)
B) SeCl₂(s) + Fe(s) + H₂(g)
C) FeH₂(s) + SeCl₂(l)
D) H₂Se(g) + Fe(s) + Cl₂(g)
E) H₂Se(g) + FeCl₂(aq)

Question 80

Predict the products for the following set of reactants. Bi(s) + Cl₂(g) 

A) BiCl
B) BiCl₂
C) BiCl₃
D) BiCl₄
E) BiCl₅