Deck 7: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Question 1

According to Stephen Kosslyn, images are constructed

A) all at once.
B) one part at a time
C) in the same way we see reality.
D) differently for the different senses.

Answer 1

one part at a time

Question 2

The formation of concepts involves the development of the best or clearest examples of such categories, called

A) heuristics.
B) anomalies.
C) prototypes
D) syllogisms.

Answer 2

prototypes

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about imagery?

A) Tactile imagery is more common than auditory imagery.
B) Subjects were able to answer questions faster when imaging small objects than large objects.
C) Our imaging system seems to work much the same way as our perceptual system
D) Our images are generally as vivid as the real thing.

Answer 3

Our imaging system seems to work much the same way as our perceptual system

Question 4

Which of the following is least useful as a prototype of the category "bird"?

A) robin
B) penguin
C) blue jay
D) cardinal

Question 5

Which of the following is not a concept?

A) Your year of birth
B) A vegetable
C) Things that fly
D) A household pet

Question 6

Three-year-old Carrie, points to a truck and proudly announces that it is a car. Her mother corrects her by saying, "No Carrie, that is a truck." This is an example of

A) reinforcement learning action.
B) a simple mistake by a child, with little connection to language development.
C) negativestances of the concept car
D) anappropriate correction of language.

Question 7

When we think generally about a group of related items-for example, realizing that Mustang, Nova, Maverick, Firebird, and Jaguar are all cars-we are using

A) heuristics.
B) algorithms.
C) propositions.
D) concepts

Question 8

Shepard and Metzler tested subjects by showing them a series of pictured geometric shapes. Then they showed them a set of pictures containing the same shapes, rotated into different positions, and shapes they had never seen before. The researchers found that

A) the more the objects had to be rotated imagery, the longer it took the subjects to decide if the picture matched the original shape
B) the more objects needed to be manipulated, the more the subjects could not do the experiment, revealing that images have a limited range of motion.
C) the longer it took to rotate the object imagery, the quicker the subjects correctly dismissed shapes they had not seen before.
D) None of the subjects were able to correctly identify objects whose picture showed them a position of rotation more than 145 degrees from their original orientation.

Question 9

Mental categories that people use to classify events and objects with respect to common properties are called

A) syllogisms.
B) logogens.
C) concepts
D) propositions.

Question 10

The most common mental imagery is

A) visual
B) tactile.
C) gustatory.
D) auditory.

Question 11

People classify events and objects into concepts according to their

A) physical dimensions.
B) common attributes
C) phonetic similarity.
D) arbitrary differences.

Question 12

Which of the following approaches suggests that we form concepts in an active and orderly way as opposed to a random or haphazard format?

A) The positive and negativestance approach
B) The prototype approach
C) The systematic or formal approach
D) The exemplar approach

Question 13

The best and most familiar examples of concepts are called

A) prototypes
B) algorithms.
C) heuristics.
D) syllogisms.

Question 14

Mental frameworks for categorizing diverse items as belonging together are called

A) analogies.
B) concepts
C) heuristics.
D) syllogisms.

Question 15

A prototype is the most ________ example of a concept.

A) common
B) recent
C) unusual
D) abstract

Question 16

A label which represents a class or group of objects, people, or events that share common characteristics or attributes is called

A) a positivestance.
B) a prototype.
C) an image.
D) a concept

Question 17

Studies with split brain patients and normal people suggest that two types of processes are used in the formation of visual images. First,

A) we retrieve stored memories
B) create the image.
C) arrange or assemble parts of the image.
D) access emotional memories of the image.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a prototype of the furniture concept?

A) Chair
B) Sofa
C) Hammock
D) Recliner

Question 19

Which among the following would best serve as a prototype of a vehicle?

A) Truck
B) Unicycle
C) Moped
D) Race car

Question 20

Which of the following approaches suggests that we form concepts by selecting an example that embodies the most common characteristics and most typical features of the concept?

A) The prototype approach
B) The positive and negativestance approach
C) The exemplar approach
D) The systematic or formal approach

Question 21

Rules of thumb based on past experiences that are used to solve problems are referred to as

A) trial-and-error methods.
B) positive test strategies.
C) algorithms.
D) heuristics

Question 22

Psychologists define ________ as the process of considering alternatives and choosing among them.

A) hermeneutics
B) systemic cognition
C) problem solving
D) decision making

Question 23

Which of the following problem-solving strategies will usually take the longest time to arrive at an answer?

A) Algorithms
B) Means-ends analysis
C) Heuristics
D) Trial-and-error

Question 24

Suppose you cannot find your psychology text. You generate a list of places you may have left it and then search them. Your problem-solving strategy is

A) a positive test strategy.
B) a heuristic
C) an algorithm.
D) trial-and-error.

Question 25

During a discussion of environmental psychology, Jeff is asked to think about a house. If Jeff imagines his own home, he is using which of the following approaches to concept formation?

A) The positive and negativestance approach
B) The systematic approach
C) The formal approach
D) The exemplar approach

Question 26

Rules or formulas for particular problems that will eventually yield a solution are called

A) positive test strategy.
B) algorithms
C) heuristics.
D) prototypes.

Question 27

The major disadvantage of using heuristics to solve problems is that

A) no solution is guaranteed
B) theyvolve so much effort.
C) they are time consuming andefficient.
D) several solutions may be found.

Question 28

________ is the notion that focusing on a single factor magnifies the importance of that factor relative to oth­ers that are relevant to a decision.

A) Focusing
B) Framing
C) Ancoring
D) Distracting

Question 29

Efficiency is to certainty of success as

A) trial-and-error is to prototype.
B) prototype is to trial-and-error.
C) algorithm is to heuristic.
D) heuristic is to algorithm

Question 30

Which of the following are examples of a heuristic?

A) Using a formula, such as math problems
B) Trying one solution after another
C) Exploring every possible solution
D) Working backward and means-end analysis

Question 31

Which problem-solving method offers a promising way to attack a problem and arrive at a solution, although it does not guarantee success?

A) Algorithms
B) Trial and error
C) Mental set
D) Heuristics

Question 32

Which of the following approaches suggests that concepts are represented by individual instances that we have stored in memory from our own experience?

A) The prototype approach
B) The systematic or formal approach
C) The positive and negativestance approach
D) The exemplar approach

Question 33

________ refers to the way in which information is presented to people involved in decision making. Information can be presented in such a way that it changes the focus of the decision making process.

A) Framing
B) Prejudicing
C) Ancoring
D) Systematic presentation

Question 34

Some psychologists suggest that humans use ________ decision making processes which involves examining all possible alternatives and then choosing the one that is most beneficial.

A) heuristic
B) systemic
C) representational
D) elimination by aspects

Question 35

In which of the following approaches to problem-solving do you try various different responses, until, perhaps, one will work?

A) Trial-and-error
B) Heuristic
C) Analogy
D) Algorithm

Question 36

May Yin is systematically ordering factors involved in a decision from most to least important. She is most likely involved in

A) heuristics
B) Systemic decision making.
C) Ancoring
D) elimination by aspects

Question 37

Some psychologists suggest that humans use ________ decision making processes which involves examining all possible alternatives and then choosing the one that is most beneficial.

A) heuristic
B) systemic
C) representational
D) elimination by aspects

Question 38

Which of the following is not a problem-solving technique?

A) Trial-and-error
B) Algorithms
C) Escalation of commitment
D) Heuristics

Question 39

Danielle cannot remember the name of the Mexican restaurant where she is supposed to meet Willard. Which of the following is a heuristic problem-solving strategy for locating the right restaurant?

A) About the time they were supposed to meet, she should get a car and drive about the city hoping to catch sight of Willard's car.
B) She should assume Willard will choose a restaurant nearest his home, and call these Mexican restaurants first to check on whether he made a reservation
C) She should ask a Ouija board for the name of the restaurant.
D) She should call all Mexican restaurants alphabetical order until she locates the one with Willard's reservation.

Question 40

Which of the following, if properly applied, is guaranteed to result in a solution to a problem?

A) Applying prior knowledge
B) A heuristic
C) Trial and error
D) An algorithm

Question 41

When you are solving a problem, if you divide the problem into subproblems and solve these one at a time, approaching the goal step by step, you are employing

A) an analogy.
B) a mental set.
C) a means-end analysis
D) an algorithm.

Question 42

Which of the following is likely to reduce our ability to solve new problems?

A) Analogies
B) Functional fixedness
C) Means-ends analysis
D) Algorithms

Question 43

A person who has never used a paper clip for anything other than clipping papers might be accused of

A) cognitive rigidity.
B) functional fixedness
C) object permanence.
D) conventional cognition.

Question 44

Which of the following is likely to reduce our ability to solve new problems?

A) Analogies
B) Algorithms
C) Mental set
D) Means-end analysis

Question 45

The inability to see that an object can have a use other than its usual or stated use is called

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) psychological set.
C) functional fixedness
D) perceptual rigidity.

Question 46

If we have accidentally stumbled on a solution to a problem in the past, even if it is not particularly elegant, we may be prone to

A) solution prejudice.
B) conformational bias.
C) functional bias.
D) mental set

Question 47

John needs a paperweight to keep open a book from which he is making notes. He does not own a paperweight. There is small red building-brick keeping his door open that would be perfect as a weight, but when John looks at it, he doesn't think of it as a paperweight. In this case, John has fallen prey to

A) item compensation.
B) a very bad heuristic.
C) algorithmic failure.
D) functional fixedness

Question 48

John needs a paperweight to keep open a book from which he is making notes. He does not own a paperweight. There is small red building-brick keeping his door open that would be perfect as a weight, but when John looks at it, he doesn't think of it as a paperweight. In this case, John has fallen prey to

A) item compensation.
B) a very bad heuristic.
C) algorithmic failure.
D) functional fixedness

Question 49

Once we've solved a problem a particular way, we tend to stick to this strategy even when more efficient approaches exist. This is known as

A) means-end analysis.
B) functional fixedness.
C) mental set
D) metacognition.

Question 50

The fact that Bernice takes the same crowded road to work every day merely because she has always taken that road and even though a less clogged route is available is due to her

A) mental set
B) conformational bias.
C) functional fixedness.
D) metacognition.

Question 51

The fact that we fail to see a new or novel function of an object we have used previously is called

A) positive test strategy.
B) conformational bias.
C) means-ends fixity.
D) functional fixedness

Question 52

A strategy for solving a problem by dividing it into parts then trying to solve each part in turn is called

A) algorithms.
B) trial-and-error.
C) linear reasoning.
D) means-ends analysis

Question 53

The use of a strategy that has worked in the past to solve a problem, but is actually inefficient or inappropriate for current use, is called:

A) cognitiveflexibility.
B) mental set
C) in numeracy.
D) functional fixedness.

Question 54

The inability to see that an object can have a use other than its usual or stated use is called

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) psychological set.
C) functional fixedness
D) perceptual rigidity.

Question 55

When Dobrila uses a dime as a screwdriver she is overcoming

A) belief perseverance.
B) functional fixedness
C) positive test strategy.
D) conformational bias.

Question 56

Gilbert has just raked up all the fallen leaves into a pile, and now puzzles about how to move them into the far corner of the yard. It does not occur to him to pile them all into a canvas tarpaulin and drag them into the corner because he thinks of the tarpaulin as a cover for something, not a carrier. Gilbert is a victim of

A) functional fixedness
B) prototypical thinking.
C) a mental set.
D) the base rate fallacy.

Question 57

Once we have hit upon a solution that works for several problems, we often fail to perceive more direct solutions to similar problems. This phenomenon refers to

A) mental set
B) metacognition.
C) functional fixedness.
D) conformational bias.

Question 58

Claudia uses a trash bag with holes for her head and arms to keep from getting wet. She does not have the problem of

A) functional fixedness
B) perceptual rigidity.
C) mental set.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 59

Completing a term paper by first picking a specific topic, then searching for information, followed by reading and understanding the information, and finally writing the paper is an example of which of the following problem-solving techniques?

A) Prototypes
B) Exemplars
C) Algorithms
D) Means-ends analysis

Question 60

The fact that we fail to see a new or novel function of an object we have used previously is called

A) positive test strategy.
B) conformational bias.
C) means-ends fixity.
D) functional fixedness

Question 61

The smallest units of sound in a spoken language are known as

A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) morphemes.
D) phonemes

Question 62

A person who has never used a paper clip for anything other than clipping papers might be accused of

A) cognitive rigidity.
B) functional fixedness
C) object permanence.
D) conventional cognition.

Question 63

The fact that Bernice takes the same crowded road to work every day merely because she has always taken that road and even though a less clogged route is available is due to her

A) mental set
B) conformational bias.
C) functional fixedness.
D) metacognition.

Question 64

Once we've solved a problem a particular way, we tend to stick to this strategy even when more efficient approaches exist. This is known as

A) means-end analysis.
B) functional fixedness.
C) mental set
D) metacognition.

Question 65

Which of the following is likely to reduce our ability to solve new problems?

A) Analogies
B) Functional fixedness
C) Means-ends analysis
D) Algorithms

Question 66

The smallest units of meaning in language are known as:

A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) phonemes.
D) morphemes

Question 67

Mental set is the opposite of

A) perceptual set.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) functional fixedness.
D) creativity

Question 68

Which of the following is likely to reduce our ability to solve new problems?

A) Analogies
B) Algorithms
C) Mental set
D) Means-end analysis

Question 69

The use of a strategy that has worked in the past to solve a problem, but is actually inefficient or inappropriate for current use, is called:

A) cognitiveflexibility.
B) mental set
C) in numeracy.
D) functional fixedness.

Question 70

When Dobrila uses a dime as a screwdriver she is overcoming

A) belief perseverance.
B) functional fixedness
C) positive test strategy.
D) conformational bias.

Question 71

The Remote Associates Test is used to measure

A) creativity
B) problem-solving ability.
C) imaging ability.
D) concept formation.

Question 72

The process of developing original, novel and appropriate responses to a problem is called

A) creativity
B) brainstorming.
C) directed thinking.
D) convergent thinking.

Question 73

Gilbert has just raked up all the fallen leaves into a pile, and now puzzles about how to move them into the far corner of the yard. It does not occur to him to pile them all into a canvas tarpaulin and drag them into the corner because he thinks of the tarpaulin as a cover for something, not a carrier. Gilbert is a victim of

A) functional fixedness
B) prototypical thinking.
C) a mental set.
D) the base rate fallacy.

Question 74

A few single-letter words can be both

A) morphemes and syntax.
B) semantics and syntax.
C) phonemes and morphemes
D) phonemes and syntax.

Question 75

The study of how language is acquired, produced and used, as well as how the sounds and symbols of language are translated into meaning, is known as

A) psycholinguistics
B) morphology.
C) phonetics.
D) semantics.

Question 76

The aspect of grammar that specifies the rules for arranging and combining words is known as

A) morphology.
B) phonology.
C) semantics.
D) syntax

Question 77

The meaning derived from words, sentences, and other units of language is known as

A) syntax.
B) phonology.
C) semantics
D) morphology.

Question 78

Claudia uses a trash bag with holes for her head and arms to keep from getting wet. She does not have the problem of

A) functional fixedness
B) perceptual rigidity.
C) mental set.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 79

Once we have hit upon a solution that works for several problems, we often fail to perceive more direct solutions to similar problems. This phenomenon refers to

A) mental set
B) metacognition.
C) functional fixedness.
D) conformational bias.

Question 80

The type of thinking that involves creativity and exploring new options and unconventional solutions is called

A) convergent thinking.
B) divergent thinking
C) academic thinking.
D) metacognitive thinking.