Deck 1: Introducing Biological Psychology

Question 1

Monism is defined as a philosophical view that considers

A) mind to be the product of neural activity.
B) mind and body to be separate entities.
C) the senses as the source of knowledge.
D) reality to exist when it enters the thinking of an observer.

Answer 1

mind to be the product of neural activity.

Question 2

The Egyptian author of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus understood that

A) the ventricles are not the source of behavior.
B) epilepsy is a brain disturbance.
C) most nervous system damage is permanent.
D) information about sensation and movement is carried by separate nerves.

Answer 2

most nervous system damage is permanent.

Question 3

The Egyptian author of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus provided accurate descriptions of the

A) peripheral nervous system.
B) meninges and cortical convolutions.
C) lobes of the cortex.
D) cells of the nervous system.

Answer 3

meninges and cortical convolutions.

Question 4

A researcher has found differences between homosexual and heterosexual men in a specific area of the brain.One reason to be cautious in interpreting this finding as proof that this area causes homosexual behavior is that

A) the researcher does not have complete confidence in his research.
B) the technology to examine the brain through autopsy is not well developed.
C) behavior may influence the brain as much as the brain influences behavior.
D) MEG recordings have to be done to confirm these findings.

Question 5

What mistaken notion about the nervous system persisted from ancient times up through the work of some Renaissance thinkers?

A) The ventricles play a major role in the transmission of messages in the brain.
B) The heart is the organ of intellect.
C) Damage to the brain is easily repaired.
D) The muscular tremors that characterize epilepsy do not originate in the brain.

Question 6

Which of the following thinkers correctly identified the brain as the source of intelligence?

A) Aristotle
B) Herophilus
C) Hippocrates
D) the author of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

Question 7

Your roommate is convinced that we only use 10 percent of our brains.Which of the following statements would be best to use to persuade her that this is not true?

A) Brain scans indicate that although the entire brain is not active at the same time,each part has an important role to play.
B) It is not reasonable to use an organ so infrequently when it requires so many resources.
C) In the course of evolution,it is unlikely that we would evolve an organ unless its use provided us with some advantages.
D) All of the above.

Question 8

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between biology and behavior?

A) Biology determines behavior.
B) Behavior determines biology.
C) Biology influences behavior and behavior influences biology.
D) As the complexity of organisms evolved,biology had an increasing influence on behavior.

Question 9

The Egyptian author of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus understood that

A) paralysis of the body is the result of nervous system damage.
B) the brain is the source of intelligence.
C) functions can be localized in the brain.
D) the brain is made up of separate cells.

Question 10

Biological psychology is best defined as the

A) study of the mind.
B) science of brain and behavior.
C) study of behavior and mental processes.
D) branch of psychology that studies the biological foundations of behavior,emotions,and mental processes.

Question 11

Which of the following thinkers believed that fluids transmit information in the nervous system?

A) Aristotle and Herophilus
B) Galen and the author of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
C) Descartes,Aristotle,and Hippocrates
D) Herophilus,Galen,and Descartes

Question 12

Watching a favorite sports team lose

A) has no influence on a man's biology.
B) may increase a man's testosterone levels.
C) may decrease a man's testosterone levels.
D) may increase a man's aggressiveness.

Question 13

The process of trepanation

A) always killed the patient.
B) may have been done to "release evil spirits."
C) appears to have been performed after a person died.
D) was first used during the sixteenth century in Europe.

Question 14

You are a licensed clinical counselor.A 35-year-old woman comes to you who has always been very optimistic and cheerful,but suddenly is extremely depressed.There has been no change in her life circumstances,and she is aware of nothing that could be causing this depression.Given what you have learned so far,what is the first thing you might suggest to her?

A) She should see her doctor for a complete physical,and perhaps even see a neurologist to rule out any underlying physical problem.
B) She probably has some deep underlying resentment of her parents that she needs to admit to before she will be able to get better.
C) The whole family should come in for therapy,as there is obviously something going on somewhere that is not obvious.
D) She should see a psychiatrist and get medication for the depression first and foremost,then talk therapy will probably be able to help her.

Question 15

Who correctly identified epilepsy as a condition of the brain?

A) Galen
B) Aristotle
C) Herophilus
D) Hippocrates

Question 16

Descartes' mind-body dualism is defined as a philosophical view that considers

A) mind to be the product of neural activity.
B) mind and body to be separate entities.
C) reality to exist only when perceived by an observer.
D) the senses as the source of knowledge.

Question 17

Which of the follow provide(s)evidence for early,accurate understanding of the function of the human brain?

A) phrenology
B) Egyptian mummification
C) the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus and the writings of Hippocrates
D) trepanation and the writings of Aristotle

Question 18

Trepanation is a(an)

A) ancient practice of drilling holes in a person's skull.
B) type of mummification.
C) postmortem ritual.
D) technique involving the analysis of the bumps on the skull.

Question 19

Given what you've learned in this course so far,it is important for you to learn about the brain if you want to be a counselor and not a researcher because you need to

A) be able to diagnose mental illness when you talk to people.
B) be able to recognize the possibility of some kind of physical condition behind what appears to be psychological.
C) be able to prescribe medications correctly for your clients.
D) know as much as a neuroscientist.

Question 20

During the process of mummification,early Egyptians discarded the

A) heart.
B) brain.
C) lungs.
D) stomach.

Question 21

The effects of electrical stimulation of the nervous system were observed by

A) Descartes.
B) Galvani and du Bois-Reymond.
C) Golgi and Cajal.
D) van Leeuwenhoek.

Question 22

Localization of function in the brain became established in large part due to the work of

A) Descartes.
B) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
C) Broca,Fritsch,and Hitzig.
D) Hughlings Jackson.

Question 23

According to Descartes,the mind

A) is the product of neural activity.
B) exists in both human and non-human animals.
C) forms an indivisible whole with the body.
D) is not a physical entity that can be studied.

Question 24

The notion of neural communication via fluids was abandoned in response to the work of

A) Galvani and du Bois-Reymond.
B) Galvani and van Leeuwenhoek.
C) Golgi and Cajal.
D) Bell and Magendie.

Question 25

Anton van Leeuwenhoek advanced brain science by

A) demonstrating that neurons communicate via electricity.
B) demonstrating that sensory and motor information travel along separate pathways.
C) inventing the light microscope.
D) proposing the Neuron Doctrine.

Question 26

The term "synapse," meaning the point of communication between two neurons,was first used by

A) Charles Sherrington.
B) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
C) John Hughlings Jackson.
D) Otto Loewi.

Question 27

Which of the following made the Neuron Doctrine possible?

A) the light microscope and the use of stains in histology
B) the ability to apply electricity through wires
C) fewer restrictions on animal research
D) fewer restrictions on human dissection

Question 28

Phrenology is a

A) technique for staining neural tissue.
B) misguided attempt to correlate personality with bumps in the skull.
C) method for imaging brain activity.
D) method for fixing neural tissue.

Question 29

According to Descartes,

A) only humans are capable of reason.
B) only non-human animals are capable of reason.
C) both human and non-human animals are capable of reason.
D) both human and non-human animals have a mind.

Question 30

Gall and Spurzheim are responsible for

A) the Neuron Doctrine.
B) establishing the electrical nature of neural communication.
C) demonstrating that sensory and motor information uses separate pathways.
D) phrenology.

Question 31

Your former roommate's personality has changed a great deal since an accident injured his frontal cortex.This observation offers support for the _________ view of the mind-body connection.

A) phrenologistic
B) monistic
C) socialization
D) dualistic

Question 32

The Neuron Doctrine pertains to the

A) use of electricity by neurons in communication.
B) localization of language to the left hemisphere.
C) separate pathways used for processing sensory and motor information
D) nervous system as a collection of separate cells.

Question 33

Dr.Jones argues that higher levels of the brain inhibit aggressive impulses originating in lower levels of the brain.It is likely that Dr.Jones has been most directly influenced in her thinking by the work of

A) Santiago Ramón y Cajal
B) John Hughlings Jackson.
C) Franz Josef Gall.
D) Luigi Galvani.

Question 34

Although phrenology is mostly wrong,what did phrenologists get right about the nervous system?

A) The ventricles play a major role in the transmission of messages in the brain.
B) Sensation and movement have separate pathways.
C) Neurons communicate using electrical signals.
D) Some functions can be localized in the brain.

Question 35

The work of Fritz and Hitzig provided further evidence for the

A) Neuron Doctrine.
B) accuracy phenomenon.
C) localization of some functions in the brain.
D) Bell-Magendie law.

Question 36

We know today that Santiago Ramón y Cajal's Neuron Doctrine is true,but what theory competed with the Neuron doctrine as recently as the early 1900s?

A) the Bell-Magendie law
B) Camillo Golgi's view of the nervous system as an interconnected network
C) Luigi Galvani's proposal that nerves communicate using electricity
D) phrenology

Question 37

Hughlings Jackson is best known for

A) demonstrating the localization of language in the brain.
B) the Neuron Doctrine.
C) mind-body dualism.
D) viewing the nervous system as a hierarchy.

Question 38

The localization of language functions in the brain was observed by

A) Paul Broca.
B) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
C) Fritsch and Hitzig.
D) Camillo Golgi.

Question 39

Experiments in which the motor cortex of dogs was stimulated electrically were carried out by

A) Paul Broca.
B) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
C) Fritsch and Hitzig.
D) Camillo Golgi.

Question 40

The Neuron Doctrine was proposed by

A) Descartes.
B) Bell and Magendie.
C) Camillo Golgi.
D) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

Question 41

This illustration demonstrates the use of

A) the Golgi stain.
B) the horseradish peroxidase stain.
C) microdialysis.
D) magnetoencephalography.

Question 42

Positron emission tomography (PET)scans

A) expose the participant to X-rays.
B) expose the participant to strong magnets.
C) require the participant to ingest or inject radioactive substances.
D) require the participant to wear a helmet containing sensors.

Question 43

Computerized tomography (CT)scanning is based on

A) the gamma camera.
B) histology.
C) X-ray technology.
D) magnetism.

Question 44

A microtome is a

A) stain.
B) fixative.
C) machine used to slice tissue.
D) type of microscope.

Question 45

Particular proteins in cells can be identified using

A) the Golgi silver stain.
B) the Nissl stain.
C) horseradish peroxidase stain.
D) antibodies.

Question 46

Electron microscopes are capable of magnifications up to _________ times.

A) 1000
B) 100,000
C) 1 million
D) 10 million

Question 47

Modern computerized tomography (CT)images differ from earlier versions in that they

A) no longer use X-rays.
B) are safer for the participant.
C) can be used to construct 3-D images.
D) can be used to measure activity in a structure.

Question 48

To observe fiber pathways within a sample of tissue,it would be best to use the

A) Golgi silver stain.
B) Nissl stain.
C) myelin stain.
D) antibody stain.

Question 49

If you want to identify clusters of cell bodies in a sample of tissue,it would be best to use the

A) Golgi silver stain.
B) Nissl stain.
C) myelin stain.
D) horseradish peroxidase stain.

Question 50

If you want to locate a pathway's point of origin,it would be best to use the

A) Golgi silver stain.
B) Nissl stain.
C) myelin stain.
D) horseradish peroxidase stain.

Question 51

A researcher is interested in discovering if one part of the brain,the orbitofrontal cortex,has connections with another part of the brain,the amygdala.Which of the following experimental methods would be the most appropriate for this purpose?

A) Inject horseradish peroxidase into a rat's orbitofrontal cortex and then see if cells in the amygdala are stained.
B) Inject a human volunteer with a radioactive glucose and see what part of his brain is active while viewing an emotionally charged set of pictures using a PET scan.
C) Look at a human brain with fMRI to see if the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala are active at the same times.
D) Stimulate the orbitofrontal cortex of a human volunteer during neurosurgery.

Question 52

In his study of the biology of sexual orientation,Simon LeVay used the method of

A) phrenology.
B) autopsy.
C) CT scanning.
D) fMRI.

Question 53

"Fixing" tissue to be viewed refers to

A) slicing tissue into thin slices.
B) preserving the tissue by freezing or by the use of formalin.
C) mounting tissue on slides.
D) deciding which tissue to observe.

Question 54

Positron emission tomography (PET)scans were made possible by the development of

A) the gamma camera.
B) X-rays.
C) powerful magnets.
D) histology techniques.

Question 55

The existence of chemical signaling at the synapse was first demonstrated by

A) Charles Sherrington.
B) Santiago Ramón y Cajal.
C) John Hughlings-Jackson.
D) Otto Loewi.

Question 56

If you want to observe a small number of cells in detail,it would be best to use the

A) Golgi silver stain.
B) Nissl stain.
C) myelin stain.
D) horseradish peroxidase stain.

Question 57

Examination of a body after death is known as

A) autopsy.
B) phrenology.
C) histology.
D) fixing.

Question 58

In positron emission tomography (PET)scans,colors are assigned that reflect the

A) density of tissue in a particular area.
B) response of the cells in a particular area to magnetism.
C) magnetic output of an area of the brain.
D) amount of activity in a particular area of the brain.

Question 59

Structures at the synapse may be viewed with

A) a light microscope.
B) an electron microscope.
C) the naked eye.
D) a CT scanner.

Question 60

The study of microscopic structures and tissues is known as

A) histology.
B) phrenology.
C) staining.
D) imaging.

Question 61

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)technology,the area of the body to be imaged is exposed to

A) X-rays.
B) radioactivity.
C) radio frequency (RF)pulses.
D) a gamma camera.

Question 62

The first electroencephalogram (EEG)recordings were made by

A) Phelps and Hoffman.
B) Wilhelm Röntgen.
C) Hans Berger.
D) Hounsfield and Cormack.

Question 63

The BOLD effect is important in which of the following technologies?

A) positron emission tomography (PET)
B) computerized tomography (CT)
C) electroencephalography (EEG)
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 64

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)technology is based on

A) magnetism.
B) radioactivity.
C) X-rays.
D) the gamma camera.

Question 65

Functional magnetic resonance imaging takes advantage of the fact that compared with less active neurons,more active neurons require greater amounts of

A) hydrogen.
B) oxygen.
C) gamma radiation.
D) magnetism.

Question 66

Compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)provides

A) more information about brain activity.
B) better structural resolution.
C) fewer side effects.
D) more economical imaging.

Question 67

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)requires

A) stronger magnets than those used in MRI.
B) the injection of radioactive substances into the participant.
C) larger numbers of gamma cameras than in MRI.
D) multiple images taken in a short period of time.

Question 68

Electroencephalography (EEG)recordings

A) are not affected by the bones and membranes covering the brain.
B) primarily reflect the activity of cells near the surface of the brain.
C) primarily reflect the activity of cells most distant from the surface of the brain.
D) reflect the activity of all cells of the brain equally.

Question 69

Following a serious car accident,Joan fell into a coma.Her doctors are most likely to assess her progress using which of the following technologies?

A) positron emission tomography (PET)
B) computerized tomography (CT)
C) electroencephalography (EEG)
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 70

Traditionally,electroencephalography (EEG)is most commonly used to study

A) emotion.
B) psychopathology.
C) states of consciousness and seizures.
D) learning and memory.

Question 71

A red area in a positron emission tomography (PET)scan typically indicates that the area is

A) currently very active.
B) currently moderately active.
C) currently slightly active.
D) not currently active at all.

Question 72

In magnetic resonance imaging technologies,we use the term "voxel" to refer to

A) the rate at which atoms spin.
B) the strength of the magnets being used.
C) a small area of tissue to be assigned a pixel of appropriate color or darkness.
D) a gamma ray released during the breakdown of a radioactive tracer.

Question 73

Quantitative analysis of modern electroencephalography (EEG)recordings can be used to

A) construct 3-D maps of brain activity.
B) generate high resolution images of brain structures.
C) assess learning and memory processes.
D) track the utilization of glucose and oxygen by the brain.

Question 74

Although his ability to speak is otherwise normal,a stroke patient is having difficulty naming common everyday objects,such as tools.In order to determine which part of the brain is functioning abnormally,his doctor may use which of the following techniques?

A) Inject the patient with horseradish peroxidase and look at his brain during an autopsy.
B) Do a CT scan on the brain to see what area is not functioning.
C) Use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)to compare the activity of the brains of the patient and normal volunteers when they are presented with pictures of various tools.
D) During neurosurgery on the patient,stimulate his brain to see what part is not functioning.

Question 75

Hemoglobin's magnetic properties change when it is

A) combined with oxygen.
B) combined with glucose.
C) bombarded with gamma rays.
D) exposed to X-rays.

Question 76

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)technology,magnetism is used to align

A) oxygen atoms.
B) hydrogen atoms.
C) glucose molecules.
D) water molecules.

Question 77

Naomi Eisenberger and her colleagues are interested in whether or not brain activity correlates with feelings of social rejection.If you were advising Dr.Eisenberger,which technology would you recommend for her study?

A) positron emission tomography (PET)
B) computerized tomography (CT)
C) electroencephalography (EEG)
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 78

A field potential is the

A) recorded activity of single cells.
B) recorded activity of multiple cells.
C) strength of the magnets used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
D) interference produced by bones and membranes during the electroencephalography (EEG)recording.

Question 79

Imaging techniques that provide information regarding brain function include

A) computerized tomography (CT)and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
B) computerized tomography (CT)and positron emission tomography (PET).
C) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)and positron emission tomography (PET).
D) computerized tomography (CT)and magnetoencephalography (MEG).

Question 80

Which of the following contemporary technologies was previewed by nineteenth century physiologist Angelo Mosso's work with patients who had head injuries?

A) positron emission tomography (PET)
B) computerized tomography (CT)
C) electroencephalography
D) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)