Deck 7: Nonvisual Sensation and Perception

Question 1

The range of human hearing

A) is the same as all other mammals.
B) is similar to many animals,but is unique to our species.
C) is the same as all other animals,with the exception of mice and bats.
D) covers a much narrower spectrum than other mammals.

Answer 1

is similar to many animals,but is unique to our species.

Question 2

The fact that all dogs in the neighborhood begin to howl at the same time every day while you can't hear anything that might cause this response is probably because the dogs

A) can hear sounds we would classify as infrasound.
B) can hear sounds we would classify as ultrasound.
C) are disturbed by underground vibrations.
D) require more volume before they can hear the same sounds as you do.

Answer 2

can hear sounds we would classify as ultrasound.

Question 3

Sound waves with a single frequency are known as

A) pure tones,which are rare in nature.
B) pure tones,which are common in nature.
C) complex tones,which are rare in nature.
D) noise,which is common in nature.

Answer 3

pure tones,which are rare in nature.

Question 4

Sensations of a "phantom" person close to you have been produced by

A) applying electrical stimulation to the junction of the temporal and parietal lobes.
B) applying transcranial magnetic stimulation to the junction of the frontal and parietal lobes.
C) undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging.
D) undergoing magnetoencephalography.

Question 5

Through which of the following media can sound waves travel?

A) air only
B) water only
C) air and water
D) air,water,and solids

Question 6

The amplitude of a sound wave is encoded as _________,whereas the frequency of a sound wave is encoded as _________.

A) loudness;pitch
B) pitch;loudness
C) pure tones;complex tones
D) timbre;pitch

Question 7

The hum from Courtney's computer bothers her roommate,who is a light sleeper.Because Courtney would like to stay up late to work without bothering her roommate,she might consider reducing the sound by

A) buying new thick rugs,curtains,and bedspreads in order to absorb some of the noise.
B) removing all fabrics from her dorm room,such as rugs and curtains.
C) surrounding the back and sides of the computer with shiny metal panels.
D) moving all objects,like lamps and chairs,that are between her computer and her roommate's bed.

Question 8

Human hearing is not as good as dogs' hearing for _________ frequencies,and not as good as elephants and goldfish for _________ frequencies.

A) high;middle
B) middle;low
C) high;low
D) low;high

Question 9

Pain is typically experienced when people are exposed to sounds above _________ dB.

A) 60
B) 90
C) 110
D) 130

Question 10

The sound stimulus begins with the

A) absorption of energy by molecules of air.
B) reflection of energy from objects in the environment.
C) impact of sound energy on the cochlea.
D) vibration caused by the movement of objects in space.

Question 11

High amplitude sound waves are perceived as

A) quiet.
B) loud.
C) high pitched.
D) low pitched.

Question 12

Perception of pitch is primarily dependent upon the _________ a wave.

A) amplitude of
B) noise in
C) timbre of
D) frequency of

Question 13

Echolocation,used by some animals to navigate and find prey,relies on the ability of objects to _________ sound.

A) absorb
B) refract
C) reflect
D) enhance

Question 14

Sound waves that do not show a regular pattern are perceived as

A) loud.
B) soft.
C) pure tones.
D) noise.

Question 15

When Daniel drives down the street,other people stop and stare because of the loud,low-pitched sounds coming from the new sound system in his car.What types of sound waves are coming from Daniel's car?

A) high amplitude,low frequency
B) high amplitude,high frequency
C) low amplitude,low frequency
D) low amplitude,high frequency

Question 16

Our perception of a stimulus

A) can be depended on to be an accurate representation of reality.
B) is actually a construction of reality which is,however,normally accurate.
C) will always depend on the stimulus that precedes the perception.
D) cannot occur except in the presence of a stimulus.

Question 17

In the film Prisoner of Azkaban,Harry Potter's "Fat Lady" painting tries to break a glass with the high-pitched,loud sound of her singing voice alone.Which type of sound stimulus is the Fat Lady trying to produce?

A) high amplitude,low frequency
B) high amplitude,high frequency
C) low amplitude,low frequency
D) low amplitude,high frequency

Question 18

Decibels (dB)are used to measure a sound's

A) pitch.
B) frequency.
C) intensity.
D) harmonics.

Question 19

A low frequency sound wave is perceived as

A) quiet.
B) loud.
C) high pitched.
D) low pitched.

Question 20

Acousticians designing performance halls choose the fabric for seat covers and curtains very carefully,and even try to predict the type of clothing patrons will wear to performances,due to the ability of fabric to _________ sound.

A) refract
B) absorb
C) reflect
D) amplify

Question 21

The acoustic reflex results from the activity of the

A) ossicles and the oval window.
B) ossicles and the round window.
C) tensor tympani and the stapedius.
D) auditory canal and the tympanic membrane.

Question 22

Jessica was experimenting with her electronic keyboard by playing the same song with different instrument settings,such as violin,piano,and flute.The differences Jessica heard in the resulting music are probably due to the _________ of the resulting sounds.

A) timbre
B) frequency
C) amplitude
D) pitch

Question 23

Which of the following is not one of the ossicles?

A) the malleus
B) the incus
C) the stapedius
D) the stapes

Question 24

The outer and middle ear both transmit sound through _________ and the inner ear uses a _________ medium in the process of transducing sounds waves to electrical energy.

A) bone;mucous
B) liquid;mucous
C) air;liquid
D) air;sodium

Question 25

A musical tone's pitch is determined by its _________,whereas its timbre is determined by its _________.

A) harmonics;fundamental frequency
B) fundamental frequency;harmonics
C) pure tone;intensity
D) harmonics;intensity

Question 26

Which of the following structures are found in the outer ear?

A) the pinna and auditory canal
B) the pinna and the tympanic membrane
C) the auditory canal and the tympanic membrane
D) the auditory canal and the oval window

Question 27

Which of the following structures funnel sound into the ear?

A) the ossicles
B) the pinna
C) the tensor tympani
D) the stapedius

Question 28

Stephanie is working on a research project that is investigating the effects of sonar on whale communication.Her recordings of whale songs are most likely to include which of the following types of sound?

A) noise
B) pure tones
C) infrasound
D) ultrasound

Question 29

Brandon's teeth are stained from his constant coffee drinking,so his dentist recommended that he switch to a new electric toothbrush that not only brushes teeth very rapidly,but also uses sound to reduce plaque and staining.What kind of sound is most likely generated by Brandon's new toothbrush?

A) infrasound
B) ultrasound
C) pure tones
D) noise

Question 30

Hertz (Hz)is used to measure a sound's

A) loudness.
B) intensity.
C) frequency.
D) amplitude.

Question 31

The _________ forms the boundary between the outer and middle ear,whereas the _________ forms the boundary between the middle and inner ear.

A) tympanic membrane;oval window
B) oval window;tympanic membrane
C) round window;oval window
D) oval window;round window

Question 32

The wave having the lowest frequency is referred to as a sound's

A) fundamental frequency.
B) absolute threshold.
C) harmonic.
D) timbre.

Question 33

Which of the following canals are actually connected to each other?

A) the vestibular and tympanic canals
B) the vestibular canal and the cochlear duct
C) the tympanic canal and the cochlear duct
D) the auditory and vestibular canals

Question 34

Sounds with frequencies below the range of human hearing are referred to as

A) fundamental frequencies.
B) pure tones.
C) ultrasound.
D) infrasound.

Question 35

Which of the following structures contains receptors for sound?

A) the semicircular canals
B) the ossicles
C) the auditory canal
D) the cochlea

Question 36

Sounds with frequencies above the range of human hearing are referred to as

A) fundamental frequencies.
B) pure tones.
C) ultrasound.
D) infrasound.

Question 37

As soon as Justin started his summer job as a heavy machinery operator,he began to feel dizzy and nauseous at work.It is most likely that Justin's symptoms are related to the machinery's production of

A) harmonics.
B) noise.
C) ultrasound.
D) infrasound.

Question 38

One of the main jobs of those tiny bones called ossicles is to

A) transduce energy from mechanical to electrical.
B) separate the sound waves into various pitches in order to facilitate perception.
C) help in discriminating the location of sounds.
D) amplify the force of the sound waves entering the inner ear.

Question 39

The primary function of the ossicles is to

A) transfer pressure from the air of the middle ear to the fluid of the inner ear.
B) transfer pressure from the fluid of the middle ear to the air of the inner ear.
C) funnel sound.
D) prevent damage from loud noises.

Question 40

Perilymph may be found in the _________,whereas endolymph is found in the _________.

A) cochlear duct;vestibular and tympanic canals
B) vestibular and tympanic canals;cochlear duct
C) cochlear duct and vestibular canal;tympanic canal
D) cochlear duct and tympanic canal;vestibular canal

Question 41

The superior olive in the medulla receives direct input from

A) the spiral ganglion cells.
B) the dorsal cochlear nucleus.
C) the ventral cochlear nucleus.
D) both the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

Question 42

Approximately how many hair cells may be found in each human ear?

A) 3,500
B) 8,000
C) 12,500
D) 15,500

Question 43

Reissner's membrane separates the _________,whereas,the basilar membrane separates the _________.

A) vestibular canal and cochlear duct;tympanic canal and cochlear duct
B) tympanic canal and cochlear duct;vestibular canal and cochlear duct
C) vestibular canal and tympanic canal;cochlear duct and auditory canal
D) auditory canal and cochlear duct;vestibular canal and tympanic canal

Question 44

The organ of Corti rests on the

A) tectorial membrane.
B) Reissner's membrane.
C) basilar membrane.
D) tensor tympani.

Question 45

When potassium channels in the hair cell open,potassium will _________ the cell,producing _________.

A) enter;depolarization
B) enter;hyperpolarization
C) leave;depolarization
D) leave;hyperpolarization

Question 46

The endolymph surrounding hair cells differs from other extracellular fluids in that it contains a

A) smaller than normal concentration of sodium.
B) larger than normal concentration of sodium.
C) smaller than normal concentration of potassium.
D) larger than normal concentration of potassium.

Question 47

Spiral ganglion cells are _________ cells.

A) unipolar
B) bipolar
C) multipolar
D) either bipolar or multipolar

Question 48

Inner hair cells hyperpolarize and depolarize as a result of the activity of their _________ channels.

A) voltage-dependent sodium
B) transmitter-gated potassium
C) mechanically gated potassium
D) mechanically gated calcium

Question 49

Which of the membranes in the cochlea is labeled number "6" in this image?

A) the tympanic membrane
B) the basilar membrane
C) Reissner's membrane
D) the tectorial membrane

Question 50

Most hair cells communicate by releasing the neurotransmitter

A) acetylcholine.
B) glutamate.
C) GABA.
D) norepinephrine.

Question 51

The round window covers the

A) auditory canal.
B) vestibular canal.
C) cochlear duct.
D) tympanic canal.

Question 52

The inferior colliculi receive direct projections from

A) the spiral ganglion cells.
B) the dorsal cochlear nucleus.
C) the ventral cochlear nucleus.
D) both the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei.

Question 53

Approximately how many inner hair cells are found in each human ear?

A) 3,500
B) 8,000
C) 12,500
D) 15,500

Question 54

Spiral ganglion cells forming synapses with hair cells near the apex of the basilar membrane will respond maximally to _________ sounds.

A) low intensity
B) high intensity
C) low frequency
D) high frequency

Question 55

Compared with its apex,the basilar membrane at its base is

A) wider and stiffer.
B) wider and more flexible.
C) narrower and stiffer.
D) narrower and more flexible.

Question 56

Approximately _________ percent of auditory nerve fibers make connections with outer hair cells,whereas _________ percent make connections with inner hair cells.

A) 5;95
B) 25;75
C) 50;50
D) 95;5

Question 57

Spiral ganglion processes travel to the _________ nuclei of the medulla by way of cranial nerve _________.

A) cochlear;VIII
B) vestibular;VIII
C) cochlear;VII
D) vestibular;VII

Question 58

Hairlike cilia extend from

A) inner hair cells only.
B) outer hair cells only.
C) both inner and outer hair cells.
D) neither inner nor outer hair cells.

Question 59

High frequency sounds produce a peak response

A) near the base of the basilar membrane.
B) near the apex of the basilar membrane.
C) in the tectorial membrane.
D) in Reissner's membrane.

Question 60

The structure indicated by the number "8" in this image is the

A) cochlea.
B) pinna.
C) ossicle.
D) incus.

Question 61

Axons from the ventral cochlear nucleus synapse in the

A) inferior colliculi.
B) superior olive.
C) inferior olive.
D) primary auditory cortex.

Question 62

Rhesus monkeys have cells in their _________ that respond most vigorously to the vocalizations of other monkeys.

A) primary auditory cortex
B) secondary auditory cortex
C) inferior colliculus
D) superior olive

Question 63

Wernicke's area in humans participates in the

A) comprehension of language.
B) production of language.
C) analysis of pitch.
D) localization of sounds.

Question 64

The subjective perception of loudness

A) changes at the same rate as the intensity of a stimulus.
B) changes at a slower rate than the intensity of a stimulus.
C) changes at a faster rate than the intensity of a stimulus.
D) has not been measured by scientists due to individual differences among participants.

Question 65

A single auditory neuron can respond to a range of sound intensity of about _________ dB.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 40
D) 60

Question 66

If I increase the volume on my stereo by 10dB,from 60 to 70 dB,my family will probably perceive the loudness of the music as

A) 10 times louder than before.
B) 100 times louder than before.
C) 2 times louder than before.
D) about the same as before.

Question 67

Primary auditory cortex,or Heschl's gyrus,is located in the _________ lobe.

A) frontal
B) temporal
C) parietal
D) occipital

Question 68

The analysis of equal loudness contours indicates that

A) high frequencies are perceived as louder than low frequencies.
B) low frequencies are perceived as louder than high frequencies.
C) high frequencies are perceived as equally loud as low frequencies.
D) above 40 dB,all frequencies are perceived as equally loud.

Question 69

The difference in arrival times at each ear for sounds coming from directly in front of you or behind you is about _________ msec.

A) 0.0
B) 0.2
C) 0.4
D) 0.6

Question 70

Axons from the inferior colliculi synapse in the _________ of the thalamus.

A) medial geniculate nucleus
B) lateral geniculate nucleus
C) ventral posterior nucleus
D) intralaminar nuclei

Question 71

Matthew did not awaken when his rather noisy roommate came back to their dorm room in the very early hours of the morning.It is most likely that Matthew's failure to hear the disturbance resulted from

A) inner ear damage suffered as a result of attending too many loud heavy metal concerts.
B) input from the reticular formation to the medial geniculate nucleus that adjusted his hearing to his state of consciousness.
C) stimulation of his superior olivary nucleus that temporarily made his inner hair cells less sensitive.
D) a temporary deficit in glutamate in his inner hair cells.

Question 72

The fact that auditory cortex is tonotopically organized means that there is a

A) different area of cortex assigned to each ear.
B) different number of neurons assigned to each level of loudness.
C) specific area of cortex assigned to each frequency.
D) specific area of cortex assigned to each amplitude.

Question 73

Frequency theory accounts for the encoding of sounds under _________ Hz.

A) 4,000
B) 6,000
C) 10,000
D) 12,000

Question 74

Nicholas plays guitar and Anthony plays bass for their rock band.When they turn up their amplifiers to 80 dB,how will the instruments sound to their neighbors?

A) Nicholas' guitar will sound louder than Anthony's bass.
B) Anthony's bass will sound louder than Anthony's guitar.
C) Both instruments will sound equally loud.
D) The apparent loudness of the two instruments will vary from time to time depending on the frequencies of the notes being played.

Question 75

Complex stimuli such as clicks,noise,and vocalizations particularly activate

A) the superior olive.
B) the inferior colliculi.
C) Heschl's gyrus.
D) secondary auditory cortex.

Question 76

Brittany played a middle C note on the piano,which corresponds to about 261 Hz.It is likely that this tone will

A) be processed according to place theory.
B) be processed according to frequency theory.
C) produce a peak response at the base of the basilar membrane.
D) produce nausea,because it is infrasound.

Question 77

High frequencies are processed by _________ areas of Heschl's gyrus,or primary motor cortex.

A) rostral
B) caudal
C) dorsal
D) ventral

Question 78

According to place theory,

A) the peak of a wave in the basilar membrane correlates with a sound's frequency.
B) patterns of neural firing match the frequency of a sound.
C) neurons responding to one frequency are located near neurons responding to similar frequencies.
D) sounds with frequencies below 4000 Hz are processed by parts of the basilar membrane different from those that process sounds above 4000 Hz.

Question 79

Tonotopic organization is ineffective for sounds less than _________ Hz.

A) 10,000
B) 8,000
C) 5,000
D) 1,000

Question 80

The difference in arrival times at each ear for sounds coming from a point perpendicular to your head on either side is about _________ msec.

A) 0.0
B) 0.2
C) 0.4
D) 0.6