Deck 14: Emotion, reward, aggression, and Stress

Question 1

Which of the following is an example of an emotional valence?

A) having a rapid heartbeat
B) identifying your own mood as being happy
C) experiencing a negative feeling
D) perceiving another person's facial expression as fearful

Answer 1

experiencing a negative feeling

Question 2

Emotions might promote survival by helping us

A) reduce autonomic activity.
B) maintain steady levels of arousal.
C) manage approach and withdrawal behaviors appropriately.
D) avoid expressing our feelings to all but our closest friends and family.

Answer 2

manage approach and withdrawal behaviors appropriately.

Question 3

Experiments in which people playing violent video games are more willing to administer a noise blast at another person than those playing a non-violent game show that

A) human violence is learned.
B) human violence is biological in origin.
C) violent videogames make a major contribution to societal violence today.
D) immediately after playing a violent video game,people are more likely to engage in an aggressive behavior.

Answer 3

immediately after playing a violent video game,people are more likely to engage in an aggressive behavior.

Question 4

Anthony's grandfather recently had a stroke.His eyes,eyebrows,and forehead seem to have a normal appearance,but his mouth sags a bit on the left side.This appearance indicates that the stroke affected his

A) left motor cortex.
B) right motor cortex.
C) left basal ganglia.
D) right basal ganglia.

Question 5

Historical trends indicate that rates of human violence

A) have been stable for thousands of years.
B) have increased dramatically in the last 100 years.
C) have decreased relative to ancient times.
D) remain very low in hunter-gatherer groups,but have increased dramatically in nation-states.

Question 6

Emotional expression can enhance survival by enabling us to

A) avoid negative valences.
B) produce uniform levels of arousal.
C) reduce stress.
D) communicate nonverbally with others.

Question 7

Chewing and speaking are controlled by the_________ nerve.

A) facial
B) hypoglossal
C) trigeminal
D) abducens

Question 8

The structure indicated by the number 4 in this illustration is the

A) facial nucleus.
B) solitary nucleus.
C) inferior olive.
D) trigeminal nucleus.

Question 9

Emotions have

A) subjective,but not physical qualities.
B) both physical and subjective qualities.
C) neither physical nor subjective qualities.
D) physical,but not subjective qualities.

Question 10

The facial nuclei are located in the

A) midbrain.
B) medulla.
C) reticular formation.
D) pons.

Question 11

The evolutionary perspective on emotions argues that they increase individual survival by

A) reducing responsiveness.
B) producing arousal.
C) causing sleep.
D) producing autonomic responses.

Question 12

The facial nuclei receive input from

A) primary motor cortex via the corticobulbar tract.
B) primary motor cortex via the corticospinal tract.
C) the basal ganglia via the rubrospinal tract.
D) the substantia nigra via the rubrospinal tract.

Question 13

The Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests that for complex tasks,_________ levels of arousal are associated with optimum performance.

A) moderate
B) low
C) high
D) both high and low

Question 14

Damage to one cerebral hemisphere generally produces paralysis in the

A) contralateral upper and lower face.
B) ipsilateral upper and lower face.
C) contralateral upper face without effect on the lower face.
D) contralateral lower face without effect on the upper face.

Question 15

The upper third of the face is controlled by

A) the ipsilateral facial nerve.
B) the contralateral facial nerve.
C) both the ipsilateral and contralateral facial nerves.
D) both the ipsilateral and contralateral trigeminal nerves.

Question 16

The facial nuclei

A) are richly connected with one another.
B) do not communicate directly with one another.
C) are controlled primarily by the red nucleus.
D) are composed of eight subnuclei.

Question 17

Facial expressions are controlled by the

A) facial or fifth cranial nerve.
B) facial or seventh cranial nerve.
C) trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve.
D) trigeminal or seventh cranial nerve.

Question 18

Patients with damage to the primary motor cortex lose

A) voluntary control of facial muscles but retain spontaneous expression.
B) spontaneous expression but retain voluntary control of facial muscles.
C) both voluntary control of facial muscles and spontaneous expression.
D) neither voluntary control of facial muscles nor spontaneous expression.

Question 19

Charles Darwin concluded that emotions must have evolved after studying the

A) facial expressions of humans and other primates.
B) emotional behavior of insects.
C) genetic contributions to the autonomic nervous system.
D) varying emotional behaviors of animals found in the Galapagos Islands.

Question 20

How many major branches does the facial nerve have?

A) two
B) four
C) five
D) seven

Question 21

The fact that people from all cultures can normally recognize most facial expressions of emotion supports Darwin's theory that facial expressions

A) are learned early in life and are similar all over the world.
B) are part of our genetic makeup.
C) may be similar,but emotions vary greatly all over the world.
D) in humans are very different than facial expressions in apes.

Question 22

Jennifer confronted her boyfriend about rumors that he was cheating on her with one of her friends.Because he maintained eye contact with her throughout their conversation and seemed sincere in his denial,Jennifer should conclude that

A) her boyfriend must be telling the truth,because maintaining eye contact is a good sign of honesty.
B) her boyfriend is obviously lying,as maintaining eye contact is a reliable sign of dishonesty.
C) her boyfriend may or may not be telling the truth,because eye contact might signify either honesty or dominance.
D) she should have paid more attention to his words than to his body language,as body language is easier to fake than verbal behavior.

Question 23

The impact of culture on facial expressions is especially seen in

A) the facial displays of anger.
B) the rules for how expressive you are in public.
C) the display of emotions by infants.
D) human facial expressions during sleep.

Question 24

Josh and his friends were watching a televised debate between two political candidates.When the candidates were asked by the moderator if they had accepted donations from any questionable sources,one of the candidates began to laugh nervously and speak less fluently than before.Josh and his friends should conclude that

A) the candidate is obviously lying,and they should vote for the other one.
B) the candidate is obviously telling the truth,but he is nervous.
C) no conclusions can be drawn,because a question like that would make everybody act guilty.
D) the candidate may simply be nervous about the question,but he is acting like he's lying and they should try to find out more about the sources of his donations before voting for him.

Question 25

In empirical research in which a panel of experts evaluated polygraph data,the panel rated about _________ percent of guilty people to be innocent.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 33
D) 50

Question 26

Primary emotional expressions,such as happiness and sadness

A) must be learned by imitating adults.
B) vary widely from culture to culture.
C) are understood across different cultures.
D) are lacking in children who are blind at birth.

Question 27

According to research on temperament,babies who are especially responsive to environmental stimuli at birth are likely to develop

A) anxiety disorders later in life.
B) antisocial or psychopathic disorders later in life.
C) into stimulus seekers,such as race car drivers.
D) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder later in life.

Question 28

Consistent timelines for emotional development occur

A) only among humans.
B) in rhesus monkeys,regardless of whether they are raised in isolation or socially.
C) in rhesus monkeys raised in isolation,but not in socially raised rhesus monkeys.
D) in socially raised rhesus monkeys,but not in rhesus monkeys raised in isolation.

Question 29

Fear of strangers develops

A) more similarly in identical twins than in fraternal twins.
B) more similarly in fraternal twins than in identical twins.
C) at about the same time in fraternal and identical twins.
D) at very different rates in different cultures.

Question 30

In order to get a job at a convenience store,you had to take a lie-detector test.You were asked a series of questions and you answered truthfully that you had never stolen from your employer or lied during an interview.Unfortunately,you were not hired,because measurements recorded during these questions indicated that you were lying.What is the most likely explanation for this?

A) The test revealed that you have a personality disorder.
B) The machine was faulty,and thus misread your heart rate and galvanic skin response during only these questions.
C) You may be one of those people who will test guilty even when you are innocent.
D) Polygraphs are almost always accurate,so you must have lied about something.

Question 31

According to research on temperament,babies who are extremely unresponsive to environmental stimuli at birth may develop _________ later in life.

A) anxiety disorders
B) antisocial or psychopathic disorders
C) major depressive disorders
D) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 32

According to Paul Ekman,people who are lying are more likely than people who are not lying to

A) use more frequent hand gestures.
B) nod their heads more than usual.
C) move their feet and legs more than usual.
D) make eye contact with you.

Question 33

Congenitally blind adults show

A) fewer emotional expressions than shown by typical adults.
B) more exaggerated emotional expressions than those shown by typical adults.
C) the same number and type of expressions as those shown by typical adults,but their expressions are difficult to interpret.
D) larger numbers of emotional expressions than shown by typical adults.

Question 34

Nicholas has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease,which causes deterioration of the basal ganglia.We can expect that Nicholas will

A) have difficulty moving,but his emotional expression will be normal.
B) show no emotional expression at all.
C) be able to smile spontaneously when he hears a good joke,but will not be able to smile when the photographer asks him to do so.
D) be able to smile voluntarily for a photograph,but will not smile spontaneously when he hears a good joke.

Question 35

Activity in which of the following structures is correlated with negative mood?

A) the facial nucleus
B) the amygdala
C) the basal ganglia
D) the hippocampus

Question 36

Patients with damage to subcortical motor areas lose

A) voluntary control of facial muscles but retain spontaneous expression.
B) spontaneous expression but retain voluntary control of facial muscles.
C) both voluntary control of facial muscles and spontaneous expression.
D) neither voluntary control of facial muscles nor spontaneous expression.

Question 37

Megan underwent surgery for a tumor that damaged the primary motor cortex on her left hemisphere.We can expect that Megan will

A) have some problems with movement in general,but her emotional expressions will not be affected.
B) be able to smile voluntarily for a photograph,but will not smile naturally when a friend tells her a good joke.
C) smile spontaneously in response to a good joke,but will not be able to smile voluntarily for a photograph.
D) be unable to smile under any circumstances.

Question 38

Children who are blind from birth

A) do not show normal emotional expression.
B) develop emotional expression faster than sighted infants.
C) develop emotional expression more slowly than sighted infants.
D) develop emotional expression at about the same time as sighted infants.

Question 39

In empirical research in which a panel of experts evaluated polygraph data,the panel rated about _________ percent of innocent people to be guilty.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 33
D) 50

Question 40

You have noticed that it is occasionally hard to interpret the facial expressions of one of your favorite blind performers.This observation offers support for the idea that

A) emotional facial expressions can only be learned by observation early in life.
B) blind people do not have the same emotions that sighted people have.
C) blind people have to learn facial expressions and someone apparently did not teach him how to express himself properly.
D) although emotional facial expression is largely innate,it is modified through observation and experience.

Question 41

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion says that we experience

A) physical responses prior to subjective feelings of emotion.
B) subjective feelings prior to physical responses to emotion.
C) simultaneous physical and subjective responses.
D) subjective feelings of emotion without the occurrence of physical responses.

Question 42

A weakness of the Schacter-Singer theory is:

A) its inability to account for the results of the "swinging bridge" study.
B) its over-emphasis on the role of specific physical states in the identification of subjective feelings.
C) its failure to acknowledge a role for cognitive assessment of one's surroundings in determining a subjective feeling.
D) its assumption that specific emotional states are rarely correlated with physical states.

Question 43

The James-Lange theory of emotion says that we experience

A) physical states prior to subjective feelings.
B) subjective feelings prior to physical responses to emotion.
C) simultaneous physical and subjective responses.
D) subjective feelings without consideration of physical responses.

Question 44

When your friend is feeling very stressed about an upcoming exam,you are most likely to correctly assess her feelings when you

A) are discussing the matter in less-stressful settings,like a party,which gives you enough distance to feel objective.
B) pay more attention to what she is saying than to her facial expressions.
C) are able to feel confident about your own upcoming exams.
D) feel the same level of stress about your own upcoming exams.

Question 45

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,

A) you smile because you are happy.
B) crying will make you feel much better.
C) crying will make you feel more unhappy.
D) punching someone in the nose relieves anger.

Question 46

"Brain fingerprinting" uses which of the following technologies?

A) positron emission tomography (PET)
B) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
C) computerized tomography (CT)
D) electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 47

You were driving your car home when you hit a patch of slippery road.Your car spun around in a circle,but ended up still on the road and heading the right direction.It happened so fast that you didn't think you even had time to be scared.However,when you tried to put your foot on the gas pedal,you noticed that your foot was shaking so much that you couldn't accelerate.Then you realized how frightened you were.This experience offers support for the _________ theory.

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) Schacter-Singer
D) general adaptation

Question 48

The use of the Maori haka by the New Zealand All Blacks rugby team demonstrates

A) catharsis.
B) the ability of facial expression to alter mood.
C) the role of the right hemisphere in facial expression.
D) the role of the amygdala in emotion.

Question 49

The three classic theories of emotion attempt to answer which of the following questions?

A) What is the relationship between the physical and conscious experiences of emotion?
B) Are emotions learned or innate?
C) What are the purposes of emotion?
D) Does expressing an emotion reduce or enhance a person's experience of the emotion?

Question 50

Kayla's friends worry about her terrible temper,especially when she is driving.Which of the following strategies would be most helpful for reducing Kayla's road rage?

A) encouraging her to express her feelings more regularly when she is not driving,as bottling up her anger leads to explosions
B) imitating her behavior so she can see how ridiculous she looks
C) encouraging her to see the humor in the driving behavior of others
D) encouraging her to express her feelings verbally and with gestures so she can "let off some steam"

Question 51

The Schacter-Singer theory of emotion suggests that the identification of specific emotions depends on

A) general arousal,which leads us to appraise our circumstances.
B) physical cues.
C) feedback from facial expressions.
D) simultaneous physical and subjective reactions.

Question 52

The biggest flaw in the "swinging bridge" study is the fact that:

A) people were coerced into participating in the experiment.
B) men were not randomly assigned to the safe or scary bridges.
C) the participants did not include women.
D) outside the laboratory,it is too difficult to control for so many different variables.

Question 53

The concept of catharsis proposed by Freud,Lorenz,and others suggests that

A) crying makes you feel sadder.
B) crying makes you feel less sad.
C) emotions do not build up if they are not expressed.
D) expressing emotion enhances emotional feelings.

Question 54

Empathy may result from

A) an understanding of body language.
B) good verbal understanding.
C) the imitation of others' facial expressions.
D) the ability to express emotion clearly.

Question 55

Daniel was serving on a jury in a murder trial.Testimony from expert witnesses suggested that the defendant was a true psychopath,incapable of empathy with others or of remorse for what he had done.The defendant's attorneys tried to get the judge to accept a lie detector test they had conducted privately,claiming that it proved that their client was innocent.The judge refused.How should Daniel interpret this information?

A) The judge was correct.If the defendant is a psychopath,he might not show the arousal that most honest people show during a lie detector test,and his results are unlikely to be valid.
B) The judge was in error.The lie detector test proved that the defendant was innocent,and this information should have been admitted to the trial proceedings.
C) The judge was correct.Lie detector tests are much worse than chance in detecting dishonesty.
D) The judge was in error.Lie detector tests are routinely used in courts of law,and the defendant had a right to have this information submitted during his trial.

Question 56

You and your friends get together to talk about your performances on an exam.You are all upset about your performances.Given what you learned in this chapter,how do you think you will all feel when you finish discussing the exam?

A) You will all feel a great deal better because you will have gotten it off your chests,as suggested by catharsis theory.
B) You will all feel about the same as when you started,as suggested by the Cannon-Bard Theory.
C) You will all probably be even more upset,as suggested by the James-Lange theory.
D) You will all be in the exhaustion phase of general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

Question 57

Research in which a participant's mood was influenced by the mood of an actor provides support for which of the following theories?

A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) Schacter-Singer
D) The results support all three theories equally.

Question 58

You were walking across campus when you noticed a man and a woman standing with their heads very close together.You realized it was your ex-boyfriend and your best friend.It took you a minute to react to this-to recognize who it was and then to appraise the situation and recognize the emotion you felt.This supports the _________ theory.

A) Cannon-Bard
B) James-Lange
C) Schacter-Singer
D) general adaptation

Question 59

You are starting a new job that is very important to your career.On your first day,though you are very upset over a personal matter,you determine to do the very best job you can and you keep a smile pasted on your face all day.By the end of the day,you find that not only have you done very well at work,but you actually feel better than you might have expected.This experience offers support for

A) a variation of the James-Lange Theory suggesting that facial expressions can affect our emotions.
B) a variation of the Cannon-Bard Theory suggesting that facial expressions can affect our emotions.
C) the fact that you are probably in the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
D) the idea that we can all choose to feel whatever emotion we choose if we have strong enough character.

Question 60

Data from the "swinging bridge" experiment,in which men appeared to have difficulty separating sexual arousal and fear,are most difficult to explain in terms of

A) the James-Lange theory.
B) the Cannon-Bard theory.
C) the Schachter-Singer theory.
D) all of the theories,which are equally unable to explain these data.

Question 61

LeDoux's "fear circuit" depends on connections between the amygdala and the

A) nucleus accumbens.
B) thalamus.
C) cingulate cortex.
D) prefrontal cortex.

Question 62

For a lab project,Rachel wants to correlate autonomic states,as measured by a Galvanic skin response,with emotions produced by watching a video.It is most likely that Rachel will observe

A) clear differences in autonomic measures between emotions like anger and fear.
B) strong differences between different negative emotions,like anger and fear,but fewer differences between positive and negative emotions in general.
C) strong differences between different negative emotions,but no differences between different positive emotions.
D) stronger autonomic responses to negative emotions,such as fear or anger,than to positive emotions,like happiness and pride.

Question 63

Research evidence suggests that the amygdala participates in the processing of

A) neutral emotional states,but neither positive nor negative emotional states.
B) positive,but not negative emotional states.
C) negative,but not positive emotional states.
D) both positive and negative emotional states.

Question 64

According to a contemporary view of emotion proposed by John Cacioppo and his colleagues,

A) all emotions should be expressed immediately,without delay.
B) happy emotions will be expressed immediately,but the expression of negative emotions will be delayed.
C) emotions accompanied by more general physical responses will be expressed immediately,but expression of emotions accompanied by precise physical responses will be delayed.
D) emotions accompanied by precise physical responses will be expressed immediately,but expression of emotions accompanied by more general physical responses will be delayed.

Question 65

The amygdala contains a large number of receptors for

A) THC.
B) benzodiazepines.
C) opiates.
D) Substance P.

Question 66

According to the contemporary view of emotion proposed by John Cacioppo and his colleagues

A) all emotional states are correlated with a precise set of physical symptoms.
B) some emotional states require more cognitive processing than others.
C) the physical states associated with emotions rarely overlap.
D) we do not need to evaluate physical reactions in order to assess our emotional state.

Question 67

Somatic markers are defined as

A) learned associations between stimuli and the physical responses they elicit.
B) conscious appraisals of subjective emotional states.
C) unlearned associations between physical states and subjective feelings.
D) stimuli that nearly all human beings respond to emotionally without prior experience.

Question 68

Damage to the amygdala may be correlated with

A) increased rage.
B) increased pleasure.
C) inability to perceive others' happiness.
D) inability to perceive others' fear or anger.

Question 69

Lesions of the amygdala in monkeys usually results in

A) reductions in fear and anxiety.
B) increased aggression.
C) increased fear.
D) no observable changes in emotional behavior,although learning is impaired.

Question 70

Research linking autonomic states to emotional states has found that

A) there are no correlations between autonomic and emotional states.
B) each emotional state is correlated with a specific autonomic state.
C) autonomic states correlate generally with positive or negative emotional states.
D) distinguishing between the autonomic states correlated with two positive emotional states is easy.

Question 71

Positron emission tomography (PET)scans of participants viewing facial expressions of fear showed

A) increased activity in the hippocampus.
B) decreased activity in the hippocampus.
C) decreased activity in the amygdala.
D) increased activity in the amygdala.

Question 72

Patient S.M.,whose amygdalas were destroyed,

A) is totally unable to assess the emotions of others accurately.
B) can assess other people's emotions accurately when she is instructed to pay attention to their eyes.
C) can assess negative emotions accurately,but has difficulty interpreting expressions of positive emotions,like joy.
D) can assess other people's emotions by observing their body language,but is unable to interpret facial expression and tone of voice.

Question 73

The sympathetic nervous system is most likely to be active when

A) you are settling down for an afternoon nap.
B) an on-coming auto crosses over the line onto your side of the road,forcing you to swerve to avoid an accident.
C) you just ate your lunch.
D) you are relaxing with friends after an exam.

Question 74

Patients with frontal lobe damage

A) respond to most stimuli with normal emotional responses.
B) are unable to describe emotional images they have seen in words,but respond to them with typical emotional behaviors.
C) do not show typical emotional responses to emotional images,although they are able to describe them in words.
D) can neither describe emotional images in words,nor do they show typical emotional responses.

Question 75

The emotional symptoms of Klüver-Bucy syndrome probably result from damage to the

A) amygdala.
B) orbitofrontal cortex.
C) septal area.
D) temporal lobe cortex.

Question 76

The socially inappropriate behavior seen in individuals with autism may be correlated with abnormalities in the

A) orbitofrontal cortex.
B) septal area.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.

Question 77

Evidence from the effects of cortical lesions on conditioned fear suggests that

A) no learning can take place without cortical input.
B) conditioned fear cannot be learned without cortical input,but conditioned salivation proceeds normally in the absence of cortical input.
C) the circuit connecting the amygdala and thalamus is capable of identifying fear stimuli without much cortical input.
D) the circuit connecting the amygdala and thalamus is incapable of identifying fear stimuli in the absence of cortical input.

Question 78

Kyle is providing after-school care for Sean,a young boy diagnosed with autism.Sean frequently mistakes Kyle's concerned expressions as expressions of anger.It might be helpful if Kyle

A) reminded Sean to look at his eyes when they are talking.
B) attempted to keep his face as unemotional as possible.
C) imitated Sean's facial expressions.
D) carefully avoided making eye contact with Sean,as this clearly confuses him.

Question 79

Which of the following structures has the greatest direct control over the autonomic nervous system?

A) the thalamus
B) the hippocampus
C) the amygdala
D) the hypothalamus

Question 80

The nucleus of the solitary tract is located in the

A) medulla.
B) pons.
C) tectum of the midbrain.
D) tegmentum of the midbrain.