Deck 16: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

A) delusions
B) hallucinations
C) disorganized speech
D) social withdrawal

Answer 1

social withdrawal

Question 2

_________ percent of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia experience period psychosis interspersed with periods of relative health?

A) 11
B) 30
C) 38
D) 42

Answer 2

30

Question 3

Most cases of schizophrenia are diagnosed for the first time between the ages of _________ years.

A) 10 and 12
B) 12 and 18
C) 18 and 25
D) 25 and 40

Answer 3

18 and 25

Question 4

Among the most common psychological disorders are

A) autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B) schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder.
C) anxiety and mood disorders.
D) antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder.

Question 5

_________ percent of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia experience a single period of psychosis without any subsequent recovery?

A) 11
B) 18
C) 30
D) 33

Question 6

Among patients diagnosed with schizophrenia,the most common outcome is

A) a single episode of psychosis followed by recovery.
B) periodic psychosis separated by periods of good health.
C) repeated and increasingly severe periods of psychosis.
D) a single episode of psychosis followed by no recovery.

Question 7

When patients with schizophrenia perform behaviors that we would not expect to see in a typical person,we refer to these behaviors as _________ symptoms.

A) negative
B) positive
C) active-phase
D) prodromal

Question 8

Schizophrenia affects

A) men more often than women.
B) women about twice as often as men.
C) women about three times as often as men.
D) men and women at about the same rates.

Question 9

Rates of psychological disorder are

A) higher in the United States than in most other countries,due to superior diagnostic methods.
B) higher in the United States than in most other countries,due to higher levels of stress.
C) lower in the United States than in most other countries,due to the stigma attached to psychological disorders within the public and medical communities.
D) lower in the United States than in most other countries,due to the higher levels of poverty,war,and stress outside the U.S.

Question 10

_________ percent of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia experience a single psychotic episode followed by recovery.

A) 12
B) 18
C) 24
D) 33

Question 11

When patients with schizophrenia fail to perform behaviors considered to be normal,we refer to these "missing" behaviors as _________ symptoms.

A) negative
B) positive
C) active-phase
D) prodromal

Question 12

Psychological disorders

A) result from interactions between biology and experience.
B) always result from brain diseases.
C) always result from biochemical imbalances.
D) can be found in the majority of the human population.

Question 13

Schizophrenia is best described as a

A) single disorder,affecting all patients in similar ways.
B) single disorder,with multiple causes.
C) cluster of disorders,with multiple courses and outcomes.
D) cluster of disorders,with a single cause.

Question 14

If your identical twin has schizophrenia,what does that mean for you?

A) If you inherited the gene for schizophrenia,you will be diagnosed with schizophrenia too.
B) Your chances of being diagnosed with schizophrenia are not increased as long as you were not raised by the same parents.
C) Your chances of being diagnosed with schizophrenia are the same as the rest of the population-about 1 percent.
D) You have about a 50 percent chance of being diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Question 15

The concordance rate among identical twins for schizophrenia is approximately _________ percent.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 90

Question 16

Psychological disorders affect _________ percent of the United States population.

A) fewer than 1
B) about 25
C) about 50
D) about 75

Question 17

Which of the following individuals has the highest risk of being diagnosed with schizophrenia?

A) a 23-year-old woman whose mother was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
B) a 50-year-old man born in Panama.
C) a 5-year-old child diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
D) a 20-year-old man who uses heroin regularly.

Question 18

Worldwide,schizophrenia is diagnosed in approximately _________ percent of the population.

A) 0.5-1
B) 1-3
C) 5
D) 7-8

Question 19

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A) hallucinations
B) social withdrawal
C) mood disturbance
D) lack of motivation

Question 20

Schizophrenia means "split mind" in Greek.To what "split" does this term refer?

A) the split in personality,characterized by the existence of two or more separate personalities within the same person
B) the patients' split with reality,or their inability to distinguish real from unreal
C) the changes that take place as the condition progresses,or a split from the previous person to the person with schizophrenia
D) a disconnect in the corpus callosum,which does not allow information to be transferred from one hemisphere to the other

Question 21

The hippocampus in some patients with schizophrenia

A) is smaller than normal.
B) is larger than normal.
C) shows an unusual cellular disorganization.
D) has fewer connections with the limbic system than normal.

Question 22

Studies of rates of schizophrenia among adopted children have shown that

A) the presence of schizophrenia in the adopted parents correlated with schizophrenia in the adopted children.
B) the presence of schizophrenia in the biological parents correlated with schizophrenia in the adopted children.
C) the presence of schizophrenia in the adopted parents appeared to be as important as the presence of schizophrenia in the biological parents in predicting outcomes of the adopted children.
D) neither schizophrenia in the adopted parents nor in the biological parents appeared related to the presence of schizophrenia in the adopted children.

Question 23

The same genes that contribute to schizophrenia might also be involved in the development of

A) panic disorder.
B) antisocial personality disorder.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 24

Positron emission tomography (PET)studies of patients with schizophrenia have found

A) low metabolic activity throughout the brain.
B) less metabolic activity in the temporal lobes than in the frontal lobes.
C) hypofrontality,or less activity in the frontal lobes.
D) overactivity in the right hemisphere.

Question 25

Research has identified one factor that might explain the prevalence of schizophrenia in urban environments: the stress related to

A) "keeping up" with neighbors financially,by buying expensive houses and cars.
B) commuting long distances to work.
C) racism.
D) outdoor noise levels.

Question 26

According to Berlim and colleagues,brains of some people with schizophrenia are

A) more symmetrical in structure and function than brains of typical controls.
B) more symmetrical in structure,but not function,compared to brains of typical controls.
C) more symmetrical in function,but not structure,compared to brains of typical controls.
D) less symmetrical in structure and function than brains of typical controls.

Question 27

The abnormal saccades associated with schizophrenia might represent a more general problem with

A) control of reflexive eye movements carried out by the superior colliculi.
B) executive functions carried out by the frontal lobes.
C) attention and arousal functions carried out by the reticular formation.
D) the cranial nerves involved with eye movement.

Question 28

The abnormal saccades seen in relatives of people with schizophrenia are

A) eye movements during the visual tracking of a stimulus.
B) eye movements during REM sleep.
C) EEG waveforms recorded over the occipital lobe.
D) chemicals found in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 29

Family studies of schizophrenia reveal that

A) virtually all relatives of patients have schizophrenia at one time or another.
B) schizophrenia is more common among first-degree relatives of patients than it is in more distant relatives.
C) schizophrenia is sex-linked.
D) schizophrenia is seen only in siblings,never in parents.

Question 30

Schizophrenia occurs

A) most frequently among upper and middle class individuals.
B) most frequently among lower class individuals.
C) without respect to socioeconomic status.
D) more commonly among lower class men and upper and middle class women.

Question 31

Following an initial period of brain growth prenatally and in the first 2 years of life,human beings experience a second period of brain growth

A) around the age of 5,associated with entry into formal schooling.
B) at puberty.
C) at 18,which is why most countries consider 18 to be the beginning of legal adulthood.
D) at around 25,which is when brain growth is then considered complete.

Question 32

If a concordance rate for a disorder is found to be 60 percent in identical twins,what does this mean?

A) Genetics play little if any role in either twin's risk for the disorder.
B) The environment plays little if any role in either twin's risk for the disorder.
C) The probability of both twins being diagnosed with the disorder is about 60 percent.
D) If one twin is diagnosed with the disorder,the other twin has about a 60 percent chance of also being diagnosed with the disorder.

Question 33

Schizophrenia in a child is correlated with

A) high birth weight.
B) abnormally large head circumference.
C) birth complications such as lack of oxygen and emergency Caesarean section.
D) abnormally high neurotrophin levels in umbilical blood.

Question 34

Ventricular enlargement of the brains of some schizophrenic patients appears to develop from

A) increased fluid pressure in the ventricles from blocking of fluid pathways.
B) increases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue.
C) decreases in the volume of adjacent neural tissue.
D) increased production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Question 35

The case study of the Genain quadruplets indicates that

A) genetics play a major role in schizophrenia,with little if any influence from the environment.
B) the environment plays a major role in schizophrenia,with little if any influence from genetics.
C) genetics play a strong role in schizophrenia,but environmental factors contribute as well.
D) environmental factors play the strongest role in schizophrenia,but genetics contribute slightly to the outcomes.

Question 36

Schizophrenia may be associated with

A) the mercury found in routine childhood immunizations.
B) routine prenatal ultrasound.
C) contracting influenza in early childhood.
D) prenatal exposure to viruses.

Question 37

How should we interpret the correlation between schizophrenia and birth complications?

A) Birth complications clearly cause schizophrenia in the mother.
B) Birth complications clearly lead to the later development of schizophrenia in the child.
C) Infants who will later develop schizophrenia are difficult to carry and deliver.
D) Birth complications may trigger schizophrenia,or an infant who is vulnerable to schizophrenia may be difficult to carry and deliver,or both.

Question 38

In this illustration of eye movements during the tracking of a visual stimulus,which of these lines depicts the tracking movements shown by many people with schizophrenia and their relatives?

A) Line number 1
B) Line number 2
C) Line number 3
D) None of the lines.People with schizophrenia and many of their relatives are unable to perform this task.

Question 39

Use of which of the following substances has been implicated in the development of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals?

A) MDMA (ecstasy)
B) methamphetamine
C) heroin
D) marijuana

Question 40

Schizophrenia occurs

A) more frequently in rural than in urban environments.
B) more frequently in urban than in rural environments.
C) about as frequently in urban as in rural environments.
D) more frequently in rural environments in wealthy countries and in urban environments in poorer countries.

Question 41

Tardive dyskinesia may result from

A) medication with traditional antipsychotics.
B) medication with clozapine.
C) overactivity in GABA neurons.
D) increases in dopamine activity associated with schizophrenia.

Question 42

The behavior of people with schizophrenia is difficult to distinguish from the behavior of people using which of the following drugs?

A) amphetamine
B) marijuana
C) heroin
D) MDMA (ecstasy)

Question 43

The World Health Organization (WHO)published data suggesting that

A) patients with schizophrenia recovered more frequently in wealthy countries like the United States than in developing countries like India,Nigeria,and Colombia.
B) patients with schizophrenia recovered more frequently in developing countries like India,Nigeria,and Colombia than in wealthier countries.
C) psychosocial approaches to schizophrenia were a waste of time and resources.
D) psychosocial approaches were used in treating the vast majority of patients with schizophrenia in the United States,but rarely in developing countries.

Question 44

Which of the following can be considered a symptom of major depression?

A) insomnia (not enough sleep)or hypersomnia (too much sleep)
B) hallucinations
C) inflated self-esteem
D) racing thoughts

Question 45

When used to treat schizophrenia,traditional antipsychotics are

A) effective against negative symptoms,but not against positive symptoms.
B) effective against positive symptoms,but not against negative symptoms.
C) equally effective against both positive and negative symptoms.
D) ineffective against both positive and negative symptoms.

Question 46

Most medications used to reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia act as

A) dopamine agonists.
B) dopamine antagonists.
C) serotonin agonists.
D) GABA antagonists.

Question 47

Symptoms of tardive dyskinesia suggest that medication with traditional antipsychotics might interfere with _________ systems.

A) sensory
B) motor
C) executive
D) emotional

Question 48

In some research,the severity and frequency of auditory hallucinations has been reduced by

A) barbiturates.
B) electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe.
C) magnetic stimulation of the temporal lobe.
D) magnetic stimulation of the frontal lobe.

Question 49

In the treatment of schizophrenia,an advantage of the atypical antipsychotics over typical antipsychotics is their

A) lack of side effects.
B) superiority in treating positive symptoms.
C) superiority in treating negative symptoms.
D) ability to enhance dopamine activity.

Question 50

If medication with traditional antipsychotics is discontinued,tardive dyskinesia

A) disappears immediately.
B) disappears after a period of about six months to a year.
C) disappears after a period of about 3 years.
D) continues indefinitely,and may be permanent.

Question 51

Which of the following best describes the actions of typical and atypical antipsychotic medications?

A) Both types of medication act as dopamine agonists.
B) Both types of medication act as dopamine antagonists.
C) Typical antipsychotics act as dopamine antagonists,but atypical antipsychotics act as dopamine agonists.
D) Typical antipsychotics act as dopamine antagonists,and atypical antipsychotics act on neurotransmitters other than dopamine.

Question 52

Lisa is having a very stressful term in college.She has noticed changes in her sleeping habits,appetite,interest in her hobbies,and ability to concentrate.What should Lisa do?

A) Nothing,as there is nothing wrong with her.All students experience these symptoms.
B) She should contact her student health center and be evaluated for major depressive disorder.
C) She should contact her student health center and be evaluated for bipolar disorder.
D) She may have major depressive disorder,but she should wait for the term to be over and see if the symptoms go away on their own.

Question 53

Treatments today for schizophrenia

A) are not much better than they were 50 years ago.
B) are much more successful than they were 50 years ago.
C) usually consist of electroconvulsive shock therapy.
D) can be discontinued once the person has been symptom-free for three months.

Question 54

Why are researchers investigating a possible role for glutamate in schizophrenia?

A) Known antipsychotic medications have their primary effects on glutamate.
B) People with schizophrenia have abnormal levels of glutamate activity.
C) PCP use,which affects glutamate systems,mimics most symptoms of schizophrenia.
D) Glutamate levels are directly influenced by cocaine and amphetamine.

Question 55

Compared with healthy controls,people with schizophrenia show evidence of having

A) abnormally low amounts of dopamine.
B) abnormally high amounts of dopamine.
C) increased numbers of glutamate receptors in their brains.
D) reduced numbers of glutamate receptors in their brains.

Question 56

Some patients given l-dopa to control the symptoms of Parkinson's disease reportedly

A) develop Tourette's syndrome.
B) become euphoric.
C) experience panic attacks.
D) develop symptoms similar to schizophrenia.

Question 57

Compared with healthy individuals,people with schizophrenia experience

A) less brain growth in the teen years.
B) excessive brain growth in the teen years.
C) excessive loss of gray matter during their teen years.
D) excessive loss of white matter during their teen years.

Question 58

Substantial drops in the population of patients institutionalized for mental disorders coincided with

A) the use of typical antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia.
B) the use of clozapine to treat schizophrenia.
C) the widespread use of psychosocial rehabilitation.
D) reduced exposure of pregnant women to viruses.

Question 59

You are responsible for treating a patient who has just taken a large amount of phencyclidine (PCP).Which of the following might help your patient?

A) a drug that acts as a dopamine agonist.
B) a drug that acts as a dopamine antagonist.
C) a drug that acts as a glutamate antagonist.
D) MDMA (ecstasy)to promote increased serotonin activity.

Question 60

One problem with the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is

A) the lack of response to dopamine agonists shown by some patients.
B) the lack of response to dopamine antagonists shown by some patients.
C) research findings showing people with schizophrenia produce abnormal amounts of dopamine.
D) research findings showing people with schizophrenia have normal numbers of dopamine receptors.

Question 61

Ronald experienced a stroke that damaged his left frontal lobe.How might this affect his mood?

A) Ronald's mood would be unaffected,other than normal sadness resulting from having a health problem.
B) Ronald is likely to experience profound depression,in spite of the fact that his recovery is going well.
C) Ronald may be unrealistically euphoric,and will need to be assessed for bipolar disorder.
D) Ronald is likely to experience an unusual state of flat affect,or lack of emotional expression.

Question 62

Depression is correlated with:

A) relatively normal amounts of sleep time,but less REM than usual.
B) relatively normal amounts of sleep time,but more Stage 3 and Stage 4 non-REM sleep than normal.
C) reduced amounts of sleep (hyposomnia)in all cases.
D) both reduced amounts of sleep (hyposomnia)and greater than normal amounts of sleep (hypersomnia).

Question 63

Prevalence rates for major depressive disorder are

A) much higher for females than males throughout the lifespan.
B) much higher for males than females throughout the lifespan.
C) about equal between males and females until adolescence,but increasingly higher for females than males at later ages.
D) about equal between males and females until adolescence,but increasingly higher for males than females at later ages.

Question 64

Concordance rates for major depressive disorder among identical twins is about _________ percent.

A) 17
B) 33
C) 50
D) 85

Question 65

Observed gender differences in rates of major depressive disorder

A) do not exist.
B) are most likely due to environmental factors,such as sexism.
C) are most likely due to biological factors.
D) do not occur in nations other than the United States.

Question 66

Once a person has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder,

A) it is highly unlikely that he or she will experience additional episodes of depression.
B) he or she has a significant chance of experiencing additional episodes of depression.
C) it is very likely that the depression will last the rest of the person's life.
D) it is very likely that he or she will subsequently be diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

Question 67

Genes that appear to play important roles in major depressive disorder include those

A) affecting oxytocin.
B) affecting sex hormones.
C) affecting serotonin reuptake and circadian rhythms.
D) involved with dopamine transport.

Question 68

Stephanie has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder.While participating in a research study at her university,her brain activity was assessed during a decision-making task.Compared with healthy controls,what difference might the researchers observe in Stephanie's brain activity?

A) Her hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex would have smaller volume.
B) Her orbitofrontal cortex would be more active.
C) Her left cerebral hemisphere would show increased activity.
D) Her anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)would show abnormal activation.

Question 69

Patients with damage in which of the following areas are most likely to experience depression as a result?

A) the left cingulate cortex
B) the right cingulate cortex
C) the right frontal lobe
D) the left frontal lobe

Question 70

Relative to healthy controls,people with major depressive disorder

A) show no differences in brain structure or activity.
B) show increased volume in the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex.
C) show decreased volume in the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex.
D) show decreased volume in the hippocampus,but increased volume in the orbitofrontal cortex.

Question 71

Lifetime prevalence rates for major depressive disorder are about _________ percent.

A) 0.5 to 1
B) 5 to 7
C) 12
D) 16

Question 72

One of the most significant environmental factors correlated with the development of major depressive disorder is

A) prenatal exposure to viruses.
B) stress.
C) emergency Caesarean sections.
D) high birth weight.

Question 73

Prenatal events,such as the mother's stress or near starvation,

A) increase the likelihood a child will later develop schizophrenia and mood disorders.
B) increase the likelihood that the mother will later develop schizophrenia or mood disorders.
C) increase the likelihood that a child will later develop schizophrenia,but decrease the likelihood that the child will develop a mood disorder.
D) have no measurable impact on the child's risk for developing mood disorders.

Question 74

Research suggests that depressed mood is associated with

A) increased activity in both the right and left frontal lobes.
B) decreased activity in both the right and left frontal lobes.
C) decreased activity in the left frontal lobe and increased activity in the right frontal lobe.
D) decreased activity in the right frontal lobe and increased activity in the left frontal lobe.

Question 75

Considering the underlying causes of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder,we could conclude that biological factors are

A) more important in bipolar disorder than in major depressive disorder.
B) more important in major depressive disorder than in bipolar disorder.
C) equally important in both major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
D) of minor importance in both major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.

Question 76

Craig has one short copy and one long copy of the serotonin transporter gene.What does this tell us about his vulnerability for major depressive disorder?

A) It is almost completely certain that Craig will be diagnosed with major depressive disorder at some point during his lifetime.
B) It is almost completely certain that Craig will not be diagnosed with major depressive disorder.
C) Craig has a moderate chance of developing major depressive disorder regardless of his lifestyle and exposure to stress.
D) Craig has a moderate chance of developing major depressive disorder,but this is more likely if he is exposed to severe stress.

Question 77

Chronic,unremitting major depressive disorder

A) no longer occurs,due to newly discovered medications and other effective treatments.
B) occurs in almost all cases,regardless of treatment.
C) occurs in a minority of cases.
D) usually turns out to be a misdiagnosed case of bipolar disorder.

Question 78

Women who were pregnant during the "Dutch Hunger Winter" of 1944-1945 were more likely to have children who were later hospitalized for

A) mood disorders.
B) anxiety disorders.
C) autism.
D) personality disorders.

Question 79

Stress might interact with the development of depressed mood by

A) leading to a longer and prolonged release of serotonin.
B) leading to a longer and prolonged release of cortisol.
C) interfering with cortisol reuptake.
D) reducing the synthesis of serotonin.

Question 80

Your roommate is staying in bed all day and missing classes.She is sleeping all day,but then wakes up frequently in the middle of the night.When she does get up,she is very irritable.When she goes to dinner,she says that nothing on the menu sounds good,and she ends up eating snack foods all the time.What might be going on with her?

A) She might have bipolar disorder and should get medication.
B) She might be depressed and should definitely see a doctor for a diagnosis.
C) She might be coming down with schizophrenia and should see a doctor before it gets worse.
D) She is just homesick and will be fine as soon as she gets over it.