Deck 15: Neurological Disorders

Question 1

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A) produce symptoms of stroke lasting less than 24 hours.
B) produce very mild stroke symptoms that last indefinitely.
C) are typically fatal within a few hours.
D) are very common and do not require medical treatment.

Answer 1

produce symptoms of stroke lasting less than 24 hours.

Question 2

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)are

A) rarely predictive of later strokes.
B) strong predictors of later strokes.
C) predictive of further TIAs,but not full strokes.
D) negatively correlated with the occurrence of later strokes.

Answer 2

strong predictors of later strokes.

Question 3

Among the primary risk factors for stroke are

A) low blood pressure and sodium insufficiency.
B) sleep deprivation.
C) obesity and the use of alcohol,tobacco,and other drugs.
D) remaining childless.

Answer 3

obesity and the use of alcohol,tobacco,and other drugs.

Question 4

Risk factors for a thrombosis or an embolism include

A) participating in athletics.
B) viral infections.
C) low blood pressure (hypotension).
D) high blood pressure (hypertension).

Question 5

A cerebral hemorrhage is

A) blockage resulting from material that doesn't move from its point of origin.
B) blockage resulting from material that travels to smaller diameter blood vessels until it has to stop.
C) bleeding in the brain.
D) an area of dead neurons.

Question 6

In cultures of rat hippocampal cells,cell death due to oxygen deprivation can be reduced by applications of

A) magnesium.
B) calcium.
C) glutamate.
D) GABA.

Question 7

Multiple small strokes

A) typically are no cause for concern.
B) are not predictive of later larger strokes.
C) can produce significant damage.
D) do not produce true infarcts.

Question 8

A thrombosis is

A) a blockage resulting from material that doesn't move from its point of origin.
B) a blockage resulting from material that travels to smaller diameter blood vessels until it has to stop.
C) bleeding in the brain.
D) an area of dead neurons.

Question 9

Strokes are

A) more likely to result from hemorrhage than from ischemia.
B) less likely to result from hemorrhage than from ischemia.
C) about equally likely to result from hemorrhage as from ischemia.
D) more likely to result from aneurysms than from embolisms.

Question 10

The area of neural tissue that dies following a stroke is known as the

A) infarct.
B) aneurysm.
C) thrombosis.
D) embolism.

Question 11

Cells in culture that are deprived of oxygen are more likely to survive in the presence of

A) GABA agonists.
B) GABA antagonists.
C) glutamate agonists.
D) glutamate antagonists.

Question 12

Cerebral hemorrhages

A) usually do not cause much damage unless they continue for more than 24 hours.
B) produce milder symptoms than ischemia.
C) usually do not produce noticeable behavioral symptoms.
D) are typically fatal.

Question 13

Some hemorrhages may result from

A) embolisms.
B) thrombosis.
C) low blood pressure.
D) aneurysms.

Question 14

Following ischemia,neural damage is found

A) equally distributed throughout the brain.
B) primarily in the hippocampus and in middle layers of the cortex.
C) primarily in the hippocampus and inner layers of the cortex.
D) primarily in subcortical areas.

Question 15

When low oxygen levels result from insufficiency in the blood supply to the brain,the resulting condition is known as

A) ischemia.
B) aneurysm.
C) arteriovenous malformation.
D) cavernous malformation.

Question 16

A balloon-like bulge in an artery is known as a(n)

A) aneurysm.
B) embolism.
C) thrombosis.
D) cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

Question 17

Olney's concept of excitotoxicity suggests that most neural death in ischemia is due to

A) excess cholinergic activity.
B) insufficient GABA activity.
C) insufficient glutamate activity.
D) excess glutamate activity.

Question 18

Strokes occur when the blood supply is affected by

A) low blood pressure (hypotension).
B) hemorrhage or blockage.
C) death of adjacent neurons.
D) the presence of infarcts.

Question 19

An embolism is

A) a blockage resulting from material that doesn't move from its point of origin.
B) a blockage resulting from material that travels to smaller diameter blood vessels until it has to stop.
C) bleeding in the brain.
D) an area of dead neurons.

Question 20

Infarcts

A) seldom produce any noticeable symptoms.
B) always trigger unconsciousness or coma.
C) produce convulsions.
D) produce different symptoms that depend on their location.

Question 21

Oxygen deprivation in neurons leads to a cascade of enzyme activity triggered by abnormally

A) high levels of sodium activity.
B) low levels of sodium activity.
C) high levels of calcium activity.
D) high levels of potassium activity.

Question 22

Post-concussive syndrome

A) occurs only in cases in which unconsciousness lasts for more than a day.
B) occurs only in cases in which bleeding has required surgery.
C) produces lack of concentration and memory loss.
D) is usually so mild that the patient does not notice any changes.

Question 23

In this illustration of a closed head injury,the area indicated by the number 2 is known as a

A) embolism.
B) thrombosis.
C) coup.
D) countercoup.

Question 24

The site of a blow to the head in a closed head injury is known as the

A) thrombosis.
B) hematoma.
C) coup.
D) countercoup.

Question 25

Post-concussive syndrome results from

A) damage to white matter,but not gray matter.
B) damage to gray matter,but not white matter.
C) damage to both gray and white matter.
D) damage to the ventricles.

Question 26

Aunt Milly had a stroke this morning,but the doctor says she can't predict the outcome for a few days.What is the explanation for this delay?

A) The doctor doesn't know how Aunt Milly will adjust to her hypertension medication.
B) The doctor can't do an x-ray on Aunt Milly for a few days to see how much damage has been done.
C) The damage of a stroke is often not limited to the initial injury,but can spread out due to excitotoxic action.
D) The damage of a stroke depends on whether it was an embolism or a thrombosis and the doctor can't tell that for a few days.

Question 27

Closed head injuries are characterized by

A) injury without penetration of the skull.
B) lack of a coup and countercoup.
C) penetration of the skull.
D) no loss of consciousness.

Question 28

The site of damage on the opposite side of an initial blow in a closed head injury is known as the

A) thrombosis.
B) hematoma.
C) coup.
D) countercoup.

Question 29

Closed head injuries

A) never produce permanent damage.
B) only produce permanent damage in cases in which bleeding has occurred.
C) only produce permanent damage in cases of coma.
D) can produce permanent damage in very mild cases.

Question 30

Open head injuries are most likely to be fatal when the damage

A) involves both hemispheres of the brain.
B) is localized in one hemisphere of the brain.
C) does not involve the ventricles.
D) affects a single lobe rather than multiple lobes.

Question 31

Bleeding within the membranes covering the brain following a closed head injury is known as

A) thrombosis.
B) subdural hematoma.
C) coup.
D) countercoup.

Question 32

Phencyclidine (PCP)is a potent glutamate antagonist that is known to produce psychotic behavior in humans.Given what you know about stroke,what would happen if somebody used PCP right after a stroke?

A) It would increase the damage initiated by the stroke.
B) It might have a protective effect against further cell death,but the psychotic side effects would be unacceptable.
C) It would not produce any psychotic symptoms due to stroke-related changes in brain biochemistry.
D) It would have no observable effects on cell health or psychotic behavior.

Question 33

A concussion

A) is a mild injury that does not require medical attention.
B) is a type of open head injury.
C) can produce permanent brain damage.
D) does not produce unconsciousness.

Question 34

The symptoms and autopsy results from cases of chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI)most closely resemble

A) open head injuries.
B) Alzheimer's disease.
C) Creutzfeld-Jakob disease.
D) meningitis.

Question 35

Open head injuries are characterized by

A) the existence of a coup and countercoup.
B) the development of subdural hemotomas.
C) penetration of the skull.
D) injury without penetration of the skull.

Question 36

Post-concussive syndrome

A) does not occur following a concussion,unless subdural bleeding has occurred.
B) always occurs following a concussion.
C) occurs in some,but not all cases of open head injury.
D) occurs in some,but not all cases of concussion.

Question 37

The leading cause of closed head injuries in the United States is

A) playing football.
B) transportation accidents.
C) playing soccer.
D) boxing.

Question 38

The area of neural tissue surrounding an infarct is known as the

A) embolism.
B) thrombosis.
C) penumbra.
D) aneurysm.

Question 39

Major causes of open head injuries in the United States include

A) boxing and playing football.
B) gunshot wounds and skull fractures.
C) playing soccer.
D) aneurysms.

Question 40

What is there about a concussion that may cause the cognitive symptoms seen in some people following their injury?

A) When you are unconscious,your brain is not getting enough nutrients,so the longer you are unconscious,the more apt you are to have problems.
B) When you have a concussion,there is a very good probability that the brain is actually injured either by compression or some similar insult.
C) Concussions will not cause any problems unless you are unconscious for a while,which results in a loss of blood supply to the brain.
D) Concussions will not cause cognitive problems unless the damage is accompanied by bleeding.

Question 41

Meningiomas typically arise from

A) neurons.
B) astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
C) Schwann cells.
D) the membranes covering the brain.

Question 42

Tumors in the nervous system arise from

A) neurons and glia.
B) neurons and the meninges.
C) glia and the meninges.
D) neurons,glia,and the meninges.

Question 43

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to have chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI)?

A) Guillaume,who is an Olympic sprinter
B) Georges,who has been a professional soccer player for many years
C) Michael,who has been an Olympic swimmer for years
D) Samuel,who has been a professional ballet dancer for years

Question 44

Symptoms of tumors include

A) general symptoms due to increased pressure and specific symptoms related to the location of the tumor.
B) increased heart rate.
C) increased amounts of cerebrospinal fluid.
D) loss of the ability to plan behavior.

Question 45

Gliomas typically arise from

A) neurons.
B) astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
C) Schwann cells.
D) the membranes covering the brain.

Question 46

Tumors that lack boundaries and are likely to recur following removal are known as

A) infiltrating,or benign.
B) infiltrating,or malignant.
C) encapsulated,or benign.
D) encapsulated,or malignant.

Question 47

Tumors with distinct boundaries that are unlikely to recur following removal are known as

A) infiltrating,or benign.
B) infiltrating,or malignant.
C) encapsulated,or benign.
D) encapsulated,or malignant.

Question 48

Thalidomide may be useful in treating tumors due to its ability to

A) circulate through the blood supply to destroy tumor cells.
B) reduce the blood supply used by tumors.
C) prevent metastasis.
D) promote encapsulation.

Question 49

Meningiomas typically

A) cannot be removed surgically due to their location.
B) are very likely to be malignant.
C) are very likely to be benign.
D) produce a serious risk of metastasis.

Question 50

The best predictor of the development of chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI)in boxers is

A) the use of protective headgear.
B) the weight class of the boxer.
C) their genetic makeup.
D) the win-loss record of the boxer.

Question 51

Your physician soberly informs you that you have been diagnosed with a Grade I tumor and will require surgery.What does this mean?

A) You may want to pass up the surgery and concentrate on enjoying your remaining time,as Grade I tumors are typically rapidly fatal with or without treatment.
B) You should ask for a second opinion,as Grade I tumors are benign,and do not need to be removed through surgery.
C) You can feel mildly optimistic,as Grade I tumors tend to recur after surgery,but they also grow slowly.
D) Your chances of survival are relatively good,as Grade I tumors are usually benign and respond well to surgery.

Question 52

The use of chemotherapy for brain tumors is complicated by the fact that

A) brain tumors do not respond to traditional chemotherapy.
B) chemotherapy causes too much damage to neurons to be considered as a treatment for brain tumors.
C) many substances used in traditional chemotherapy do not cross the blood-brain barrier.
D) substances used in traditional chemotherapy mimic the actions of naturally occurring neurotransmitters.

Question 53

Symptoms of chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI)include

A) inability to feel pain.
B) unrealistically euphoric mood.
C) slurred speech and personality changes.
D) high blood pressure.

Question 54

Independent growths of new tissue that lack purpose are known as

A) tumors.
B) arteriovenous malformations.
C) cavernous malformations.
D) aneurysms.

Question 55

Which of the following could not be an accurate statement?

A) Tom has been hospitalized due to lung cancer that has metastasized to his brain.
B) Tom has been hospitalized due to a glioma that has caused him to have seizures.
C) Tom has been hospitalized due to a benign tumor that has spread to his liver.
D) Tom has been hospitalized due to a meningioma that will be removed from his brain tomorrow.

Question 56

After experiencing a concussion,an athlete can return to play in the same game

A) under no circumstances.
B) only if this is his or her very first concussion.
C) if unconsciousness lasted less than 15 minutes.
D) after as little as 15 minutes,if unconsciousness did not occur.

Question 57

Having the E⁴ variant of the APOE gene increases a person's risk for

A) stroke.
B) brain tumors.
C) aneurysms.
D) chronic traumatic brain injury (CTBI).

Question 58

In a study of concussions occurring in the National Football League (NFL),losing consciousness for more than one minute was highly correlated with the athlete's needing more than a week of rest to recover.From this,we can infer that

A) it is likely that the NFL is not following proper evaluation procedures.
B) losing consciousness for less than a minute is considered a Grade 1 concussion,which requires little rest before returning to play.
C) losing consciousness for less than a minute is considered a Grade 2 concussion,which requires at least one week of rest before returning to play.
D) losing consciousness for any period of time is a Grade 3 concussion,but if unconsciousness lasts less than a minute,play can be resumed after a week without symptoms.

Question 59

The process in which tumors shed cells that travel to another part of the body,where they initiate new tumor growth,is known as:

A) infiltration.
B) encapsulation.
C) malformation.
D) metastasis.

Question 60

Following a concussion,an athlete should

A) never be allowed to return to play.
B) be allowed to return to play after one week of rest.
C) be allowed to return to play after meeting criteria set by the American Academy of Neurology.
D) determine for himself or herself if and when he or she should return to play.

Question 61

Seizures that originate in a focal area without affecting consciousness are known as

A) petit mal seizures.
B) grand mal seizures.
C) simple partial seizures.
D) complex partial seizures.

Question 62

Ralph has been an alcoholic since he started college.Instead of undergoing a medically supervised rehabilitation,he plans to try quitting on his own.You advise Ralph that his plan is

A) probably perfectly okay,because he has no family history of epilepsy.
B) probably perfectly okay,because alcohol is legal and safe.
C) a really bad idea,because withdrawal from GABA agonists like alcohol can lead to life-threatening seizures.
D) a really bad idea,because alcohol promotes seizures and quitting can bring one on.

Question 63

Changes in consciousness frequently accompany

A) Jacksonian seizures
B) photosensitive seizures
C) simple partial seizures
D) complex partial seizures

Question 64

The "3/sec spike and wave" pattern is observed during

A) simple partial seizures.
B) complex partial seizures.
C) petit mal seizures.
D) the Jacksonian march.

Question 65

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between epilepsy and the results of EEG and imaging?

A) All individuals with epilepsy will show abnormal brain activity,which is never seen in people without the disorder.
B) All individuals with epilepsy will show abnormal brain activity,but some healthy people show the same patterns.
C) Some individuals with epilepsy show abnormal brain activity,but some healthy people show the same patterns.
D) Some individuals with epilepsy show abnormal brain activity,but healthy people never show these patterns.

Question 66

Anticancer techniques involving stem cells

A) are illegal in the United States.
B) were at one time considered promising,but have been abandoned due to adverse side effects.
C) have shown promising results in animals.
D) have shown promising results in human clinical trials.

Question 67

Paroxysmal depolarizing shifts (PDS)characterize which of the following types of seizures?

A) petit mal and grand mal
B) petit mal and simple partial
C) simple and complex partial
D) grand mal and complex partial

Question 68

In Jacksonian seizures,which of the following is disturbed?

A) visual behavior
B) auditory behavior
C) motor behavior
D) consciousness

Question 69

Uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain accompanied by changes in consciousness are known as

A) seizures.
B) tumors.
C) subdural hemotomas.
D) coma.

Question 70

Auras typically occur before

A) all partial seizures,but not before a generalized seizure.
B) some partial seizures,but not before a generalized seizure.
C) all general seizures,but not before partial seizures.
D) some general seizures,but not before partial seizures.

Question 71

Generalized seizures appear to involve circuits connecting the

A) thalamus and cerebral cortex.
B) temporal lobes.
C) hypothalamus and amygdala.
D) basal ganglia and the substantia nigra.

Question 72

Seizures that involve a focal area and the experience of an aura are known as

A) partial seizures.
B) general seizures.
C) photosensitive seizures.
D) paroxysmal seizures.

Question 73

Epilepsy is diagnosed in patients with

A) a history of at least one seizure.
B) a history of at least one seizure that was unrelated to having a fever as a child.
C) repeated,unprovoked seizures.
D) seizures resulting from an inoperable tumor.

Question 74

During the tonic phase of a grand mal seizure

A) rhythmic muscular contractions occur.
B) coma occurs.
C) urination,defecation,and sweating commonly occur.
D) breathing ceases,and muscle tone increases.

Question 75

This image illustrates a

A) partial seizure.
B) grand mal seizure.
C) petit mal seizure.
D) migraine headache.

Question 76

Individuals experience violent,rhythmic contractions during

A) the tonic phase of grand mal seizures.
B) the clonic phase of grand mal seizures.
C) petit mal seizures.
D) the Jacksonian march.

Question 77

Which of the following types of seizures typically begins in the temporal lobes?

A) petit mal
B) grand mal
C) simple partial
D) complex partial

Question 78

"Absence seizure" is another term for

A) the tonic phase of grand mal seizures.
B) the clonic phase of grand mal seizures.
C) a petit mal seizure.
D) the Jacksonian march.

Question 79

Seizure activity may be associated with reduced activity of

A) glutamate.
B) GABA.
C) acetylcholine.
D) adenosine.

Question 80

Josh was playing Halo 3 with some friends when he suddenly experienced a seizure.It is most likely that Josh

A) has an infection that is causing a very high temperature.
B) has a history of epilepsy beginning early in childhood.
C) will not have another seizure of this type as long as he plays for less than 4 hours at a time.
D) will be diagnosed with photosensitive epilepsy.