Deck 15: Therapies.

Question 1

During the Middle Ages, abnormal behavior was blamed on supernatural forces, such as possession by the devil and on curses from witches and wizards.Thus, treatments for mental illness in Europe during this time period focused on what is known as

A) demonology.
B) asceticism.
C) Gestaltism.
D) psychodrama.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A little more than 100 years ago, the first true psychotherapy was developed by

A) Freud to treat hysteria.
B) Pinel to treat psychosis.
C) Eysenck to treat neurosis.
D) Frankl to treat anxiety.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In medieval Europe, the treatments for mental illness focused on the study of demons and the treatment of persons "possessed" by demons, which was called​

A) asceticism.
B) ​parapsychology.
C) ​psychoanalysis.
D) ​demonology.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The aim of psychotherapy is to

A) undo a person's past so that these events will cease to cause emotional harm to the person.
B) bring about positive changes in personality, behavior, or personal adjustment.
C) treat mental disorders using psychiatric drugs and other physical approaches.
D) help a person to develop ego defenses that can be used to resolve emotional conflicts.

Question 5

A psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in a person's personality, behavior, or personal adjustment defines

A) pharmacotherapy.
B) somatotherapy.
C) psychotherapy.
D) psychosurgery.

Question 6

Which of the following was a primitive procedure that was used to "release evil spirits" and consisted of boring, chipping, or bashing holes in the patients' heads?

A) ergotism
B) trepanning
C) ECT
D) REBT

Question 7

Which of the following would be the best definition of psychotherapy?

A) The use of drugs and other medical techniques to alleviate the symptoms of emotional disturbance.
B) A technique in which improvement is caused not by the process but by the client's expectation.
C) A psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in a person's personality, behavior, or personal adjustment.
D) A technique in which a group of people discuss their problems in person or through social networking sites.

Question 8

As a modern procedure, trepanning, also called trephining, involves

A) the use of computer-generated images to present fear stimuli in the desensitization process.
B) the suppression of an undesirable response by associating it with aversive stimuli.
C) passing an electric shock directly through the brain to induce a convulsion.
D) any surgical procedure in which a hole is bored into the skull.

Question 9

Trepanning, as a primitive procedure, involved boring a hole into the skull to

A) relieve pressure or release "evil spirits."
B) shock patients into a remission of symptoms.
C) coerce and control disruptive patients.
D) punish those who had committed crimes.

Question 10

In Europe, exorcism was used as a treatment at a time when medieval "therapists" focused on which of the following as the cause of abnormal behavior?

A) trepanning
B) humanism
C) demonology
D) Gestaltism

Question 11

Modern analysis of "demonic possession" suggest that many victims were suffering from which of the following conditions?

A) epilepsy or Tourette's syndrome
B) schizophrenia or depression
C) dissociative disorders
D) any one of these disorders

Question 12

In 1793, a French doctor changed the Bicêtre Asylum in Paris from a squalid "madhouse" into a mental hospital by unchaining the inmates and treating them humanely and compassionately.This French doctor was

A) Alfred Binet.
B) Philippe Pinel.
C) Jean-Martin Charcot.
D) Paul Sollier.

Question 13

During the Middle Ages, the treatment for abnormal behavior often involved physical torture in order to "cast out the evil spirits," which was part of a procedure known as

A) psychodrama.
B) exorcism.
C) ergotism.
D) asceticism.

Question 14

Regarding exorcism, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Exorcism was a religious ritual.
B) Exorcism was used to "cast out" evil spirits.
C) Exorcism often involved some type of physical torture.
D) Exorcism is similar to the procedure called psychodrama.

Question 15

Regarding the ancient approaches for treating mental illness, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Archaeological findings dating to the Stone Age suggest that most ancient approaches to treating mental illness were marked by fear and the superstitious belief in witchcraft and magic.
B) In ancient times, when holes were drilled into the skull to release evil spirits, no person ever survived this procedure.
C) During the Middle Ages when mental illness focused on demonology, physical torture was used to make the body an inhospitable place for the devil to reside.
D) Exorcism, which was used to "cast out evil spirits," was considered a religious ritual.

Question 16

Regarding trepanning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) As a primitive technique, it was done to relieve pressure or release evil spirits.
B) Some "patients" actually survived the primitive treatment of trepanning.
C) The procedure of trepanning is also called trephining.
D) Trepanning has not been used as a medical treatment since the early 1800s.

Question 17

Who is credited with developing the first true psychotherapy a little more than 100 years ago to treat what he called cases of hysteria?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Fritz Perls
C) Hans Eysenck
D) Victor Frankl

Question 18

Humane treatment for the mentally ill was brought about by the work of which of the following, who literally unchained the "patients" in a European asylum in 1793?

A) Victor Frankl
B) Philippe Pinel
C) Fritz Perls
D) Joseph Wolpe

Question 19

For what is Philippe Pinel most famous?

A) changing an asylum in Paris into a mental hospital
B) discovering that the grain fungus ergot caused a psychotic-like condition
C) developing the technique of trephining to alleviate pressure in the brain
D) developing the psychotherapy known as existentialism

Question 20

In what way are trephining and exorcism alike?

A) Both cause mental illness.
B) Both were used as treatments by Pinel in the Bicêtre Asylum.
C) Both were considered approaches for removing evil spirits.
D) Both are considered Gestalt therapies.

Question 21

Sigmund Freud developed the first true psychotherapy, which he called​

A) ​logotherapy.
B) ​psychoanalysis.
C) ​client-centered therapy.
D) ​transactional analysis.

Question 22

Saying whatever comes to mind, even if it seems senseless, painful, or embarrassing, is part of the Freudian technique known as

A) dream analysis.
B) analysis of transference.
C) free association.
D) analysis of resistance.

Question 23

Sigmund Freud became convinced that the "hysteria" his patients were suffering from was caused by

A) a faulty self-image.
B) unconscious conflicts.
C) bizarre dreams.
D) transference.

Question 24

Which of the following theorists believed that conflicts stemming from instinctual drives for sex and aggression forced people to develop rigid ego-defenses and compulsive, self-defeating behaviors?

A) Fritz Perls
B) Aaron Beck
C) Carl Rogers
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 25

Freud's method of psychotherapy involved

A) bringing to an end the patient's irrational and self-defeating internal dialogue.
B) unconditional positive regard, empathy, and reflection.
C) free association, dream analysis, and an analysis of transference.
D) drugs and psychosurgery.

Question 26

A psychoanalyst who believes in the theories of Freud would see psychopathology as caused by

A) birth trauma.
B) deeply hidden unconscious conflicts.
C) bizarre dreams.
D) immature personal relationships.

Question 27

The first true psychotherapy was developed to help people suffering from what was then called hysteria, a condition which is now known as

A) ​dissociative disorders.
B) ​schizophrenia.
C) ​bipolar disorders.
D) ​somatic symptom disorders,

Question 28

The main goal of psychoanalysis was to

A) bring an end to irrational internal dialogue.
B) provide the client with unconditional positive regard and empathy.
C) reduce internal conflicts that led to emotional suffering.
D) apply learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors.

Question 29

Freud became convinced that hysteria was related to deeply hidden unconscious conflicts and developed a "talking cure," to help patients gain insight into those conflicts.This "talking cure" is called

A) existential therapy.
B) rational-emotive behavior therapy.
C) client-centered therapy.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 30

The purpose of free association and dream analysis is to

A) confront patients' irrational beliefs.
B) uncover the unconscious roots of neurosis.
C) discover the patient's ideal self.
D) increase the use of ego defense mechanisms.

Question 31

Many of Freud's first patients had physical symptoms, such as paralysis or numbness, for which no physical causes could be found.Freud called this condition

A) schizophrenia.
B) an organic psychosis.
C) hysteria.
D) ergotism.

Question 32

The purpose of free association is to

A) create a psychologically safe environment for the client.
B) reflect the client's thoughts and feelings so the client can see them more clearly.
C) lower defenses so that unconscious thoughts and feelings will emerge.
D) challenge irrational beliefs of the patient so that constructive changes can be made.

Question 33

Freud's theory stressed that "neurosis" and "hysteria" are caused by

A) repressed memories, motives, and conflicts.
B) learned maladaptive behaviors.
C) negative self-regard.
D) destructive interpersonal relationships.

Question 34

Aaron is asked by his therapist to relax and talk about any thoughts that come into his head, letting his thoughts move freely from one idea to the next.Aaron's therapist is using which psychoanalytic technique?

A) analysis of transference
B) reciprocal inhibition
C) reflection
D) free association

Question 35

Free association, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, and analysis of transference are aspects of which psychotherapy?

A) Gestalt psychotherapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) existential therapy
D) rational-emotive behavioral therapy

Question 36

Freud's patients usually reclined on a couch during therapy.Regarding the use of the couch during therapy, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The use of the couch also included Freud sitting out of sight, taking notes, and offering interpretations.
B) Reclining on the couch was supposed to encourage a free flow of thoughts and images from the unconscious.
C) The use of the couch was the least important feature of psychoanalysis, and many modern analysts have abandoned it.
D) The couch is used by most modern psychoanalysts as well as a majority of therapists who adhere to other schools of thought.

Question 37

To uncover the roots of neurosis, Freud used all of the following techniques EXCEPT

A) dream analysis.
B) analysis of resistance.
C) reflection.
D) analysis of transference.

Question 38

Freud's theory stressed that "neurosis" and "hysteria" were caused by repressed memories, motives, and conflicts with these hidden forces remaining active in the personality and causing people to develop

A) learned helplessness.
B) rigid ego-defenses and compulsive, self-defeating behavior.
C) incongruence between the real self and the ideal self.
D) a loss of meaning in their lives so their self-awareness becomes disjointed.

Question 39

Which of the following believed that emotional problems, which he called "hysteria," originated from unconscious conflicts?

A) Victor Frankl.
B) Fritz Perls.
C) Carl Rogers.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question 40

SigmundFreud developed psychoanalysis, his "talking cure," to help patients

A) ​gain insight into their hidden unconscious conflicts.
B) ​change their irrational beliefs that are causing them distress.
C) make courageous choices to find the meaning that they had lost in their lives.
D) directly change their maladaptive behaviors.

Question 41

In psychoanalysis, resistance was thought by Freud to be important because it

A) revealed important unconscious conflicts.
B) indicated learned helplessness.
C) aided in transference.
D) helped to reveal the patient's illogical thoughts and irrational beliefs.

Question 42

A blockage in the flow of insight and ideas during analysis, such as when a client avoids thinking or talking about certain topics, is referred to as​

A) ​transference.
B) ​resistance.
C) ​reciprocal inhibition.
D) ​spontaneous remission.

Question 43

Freud called which of the following the "royal road to the unconscious" because forbidden desires and unconscious feelings were freely expressed?

A) transference
B) resistance
C) dreams
D) free association

Question 44

According to Freud, the images that have personal or emotional meanings within a dream were referred to as

A) transference references.
B) dream symbols.
C) resistance figures.
D) manifest meanings.

Question 45

According to Freud, the unconscious message of a dream is revealed by interpreting

A) transference references.
B) dream symbols.
C) resistance figures.
D) manifest meanings.

Question 46

Freud considered the distinction between manifest content and latent content essential for

A) free association.
B) dream analysis.
C) resistance.
D) transference.

Question 47

The part of the dream that is hidden and symbolic and must be interpreted to be understood is called the __________ content.

A) manifest
B) lucid
C) archetypal
D) latent

Question 48

Which of the followingbelieved that dreams disguise consciously unacceptable feelings and forbidden desires in dream form?

A) Abraham Maslow
B) Carl Rogers
C) Albert Ellis
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 49

A young man dreams of pulling a pistol from his waistband and aiming at a target, while his wife watches.The pistol repeatedly fails to discharge, and the man's wife laughs at him.A Freudian psychoanalyst might see the symbolic meaning of this dream to mean that the young man is suffering from repressed feelings of sexual impotence.This symbolic meaning of a dream is known as __________ content.

A) transference
B) lucid
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 50

The tendency of patients to convey to a therapist feelings that correspond to those the patient had for important persons in his or her past is called

A) ​reciprocal determinism.
B) ​transference.
C) ​role reversal.
D) ​empathic arousal.

Question 51

In psychoanalysis, resistance should be regarded as a(n)

A) indication of learned helplessness and dependence on the therapist.
B) indication of the confusion a patient feels due to his or her distorted logic.
C) clue to a patient's unconscious conflicts.
D) roadblock in therapy.

Question 52

Raul remembers that he had a dream last night in which he was riding in his car when he flew out the window and up toward the clouds.These remembered parts of the dream are known as the __________ content.

A) lucid
B) transference
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 53

Leonard becomes silent when his therapist asks him about his relationship with his mother.As the therapist continues to explore this area of Leonard's life, Leonard either skips sessions or arrives late.In psychoanalytic terms, Leonard is exhibiting

A) resistance.
B) transference.
C) covert sensitization.
D) reciprocal inhibition.

Question 54

During free association or dream analysis, patients may avoid talking about certain subjects.This is called

A) avoidance.
B) transference.
C) repression.
D) resistance.

Question 55

A patient stops talking about an idea during free association.Since this interrupted idea may reveal particularly important unconscious conflicts, psychoanalysts are taught to analyze this

A) resistance.
B) transference.
C) covert sensitization.
D) reciprocal inhibition.

Question 56

When utilizing dream analysis, Freud would interpret the dream symbols to uncover the true but hidden meaning of a dream found in its __________ content.

A) manifest
B) lucid
C) conscious
D) latent

Question 57

A young man dreams of pulling a pistol from his waistband and aiming at a target, while his wife watches.The pistol repeatedly fails to discharge, and the man's wife laughs at him.According to Freud, these aspects of the dream that the patient tells the therapist constitute which type of dream content?

A) transference
B) lucid
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 58

The obvious part of a dream that is visible and remembered by the dreamer is referred to as the __________ content.

A) manifest
B) lucid
C) conscious core
D) latent

Question 59

In Raul's dream, he flew out the window of his car and up into the clouds.Raul's therapist interprets this dream to mean that Raul is feeling a strong need to be free "as a bird" rather than being tied down by his family and work responsibilities.This therapist's interpretation of Raul's dream is revealing which type of dream content?

A) NREM
B) lucid
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 60

When Marco was describing his dream, he stopped at one point, seemed a bit upset, and then told the therapist that he could not remember any more and said, "Besides, this dream analysis is really silly anyway." Marco's therapist will most likely pay careful attention to these thoughts that Marco was unwilling to discuss.This technique of psychoanalysis is known as a(n)

A) analysis of transference.
B) analysis of resistance.
C) covert sensitization.
D) reciprocal inhibition.

Question 61

Tim tries to argue with his therapist like he used to argue with his late father, who rejected and ridiculed him.Tim even tells the therapist, "You are just like him." According to psychoanalytical theory, Tim is exhibiting

A) reciprocal inhibition.
B) a therapeutic attachment.
C) transference.
D) resistance.

Question 62

A therapy does not always have to be used to solve problems and crises; it can also be used to

A) help people make use of their personal strengths and for personal growth.
B) "fix weaknesses" that cause "roadblocks" in people's lives.
C) reduce the symptoms of long-standing severe psychotic disorders.
D) "overhaul" the psyche and undo the past.

Question 63

Psychoanalysis made a major contribution to modern therapies by highlighting the importance of

A) objectivity in one's perceptions.
B) unconscious conflicts.
C) the self-concept.
D) maladaptive thinking.

Question 64

Regarding psychotherapy, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Psychotherapy can be hard work for both clients and therapists.
B) Chances for improvement through psychotherapy are fairly good for phobias, low self-esteem, and marital conflicts.
C) Therapists in the positive psychology movement try to fix people's weaknesses so that they can attain their personal goals.
D) Even when problems are severe and require medical treatment, psychotherapy may help the person gain a new perspective or learn behavior to better cope with life.

Question 65

Regarding psychotherapy, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Therapy is not equally effective for all problems with chances of improvement being fairly good for phobias, low self-esteem, some sexual problems, and marital conflicts.
B) For many people, the major benefit of psychotherapy is that it provides comfort, support, and a way to make constructive changes.
C) Some therapies encourage personal growth for people who are functioning effectively.
D) Therapy can provide most individuals with a complete personal transformation of the psyche.

Question 66

When transference occurs, effective therapists learn to

A) avoid reacting as others do and playing the patient's habitual "games."
B) reinforce this transference by playing the role of "the parent" to aid in recreating the patient's feelings.
C) punish this transference in order to eliminate it occurring again in the therapeutic session.
D) ignore this transference and follow therapeutic guidelines.

Question 67

Therapy is not equally effective for all problems with the chances of improvement being fairly good for​

A) ​phobias and low self-esteem.
B) some sexual problems.
C) ​marital conflicts.
D) ​all of these.

Question 68

Which of the following is the most likely outcome for psychotherapy?

A) a complete personal transformation
B) a renewal of intellectual and creative abilities
C) overcoming the effects of early psychologically damaging experiences
D) learning skills to better cope with stress

Question 69

Therapists of which current therapeutic movement utilize techniques designed to enhance personal strengths, rather than "fix" weaknesses?

A) social learning
B) self-validation
C) positive psychology
D) cognitive-behavioral

Question 70

Psychotherapy is not equally effective for all problems.However, chances of improvement through therapy alone would be most likely to occur for all of the following EXCEPT for

A) phobias.
B) low self-esteem.
C) marital problems.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 71

Psychotherapy is best viewed as

A) the most effective way to undo the past in order to correct severe problems.
B) a major overhaul of the psyche.
C) a way to make constructive changes.
D) applicable only to those with psychological problems.

Question 72

Since the development of psychoanalysis, psychotherapy has undergone dramatic change beginning with Freud's own followers, who were known as the

A) positive psychology movement.
B) neo-Freudians.
C) functionalists.
D) structuralists.

Question 73

Therapists in the positive psychology movement utilize techniques designed to

A) fix a person's weaknesses and reduce vulnerability.
B) help people to use their personal strengths.
C) help people with similar problems to cope through mutual interdependence.
D) reduce depression and rebuild self-esteem.

Question 74

In psychoanalysis, an emotional attachment to the therapist that symbolically represents other important relationships in the patient's life is an example of

A) resistance.
B) transference.
C) identification.
D) empathy.

Question 75

Which of the following made a major contribution to modern therapies by highlighting the importance of unconscious conflicts?

A) psychoanalysis
B) existential therapy
C) logotherapy
D) Gestalt therapy

Question 76

Regarding psychoanalysis and the newer psychotherapies, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) ​Since the development of psychoanalysis, psychotherapy has undergone dramatic change beginning with Freud's own followers, who were called the neo-Freudians.
B) ​Traditional psychoanalysts are relatively hard to find today.
C) ​Psychotherapy has been shown to be equally effective for all psychological problems.
D) ​Psychotherapy can be hard work for both clients and therapists.

Question 77

Isabelle acts as if her therapist is an important person from her past.By doing this, Isabelle will be able to re-experience her repressed emotions with her therapist helping her to recognize and understand these emotions.Freud called this process

A) therapeutic attachment.
B) reciprocal inhibition.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) transference.

Question 78

Through transference, the patient reexperiences

A) repressed emotions.
B) conditions of worth.
C) vicarious desensitization.
D) selective perception.

Question 79

Regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy, which of the following statements is FALSE?​

A) ​Chances of improvement are fairly good for phobias, low self-esteem, some sexual problems, and marital conflicts.
B) ​Complex psychological problems may require both psychotherapy and medical treatment.
C) ​The most extreme mental disorders may not respond to psychotherapy with medical therapy being the only viable treatment option.
D) ​The major benefit of therapy involves a complete personal transformation that helps "undo" a person's past.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT considered a possible outcome of psychotherapy?

A) providing comfort and support
B) learning new coping skills
C) promoting personal growth
D) undoing a person's past history