Deck 16: Social Thinking and Social Influence.

Question 1

The scientific study of how individuals behave, think, and feel in the presence of others, whether actual or implied is called __________ psychology.

A) personality
B) social
C) behavioral
D) humanistic

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Jay is an adolescent, while Edward is an elderly man.Thus, both of these would be considered __________ roles.

A) ascribed
B) achieved
C) defined
D) specified

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Language, marriage customs, sex roles, and concepts of ownership are all part of an ongoing pattern of life that is passed from one generation to the next and is referred to as

A) conformity.
B) group standardization.
C) group cohesion.
D) culture.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

An ongoing pattern of life that is passed from one generation to the next is called

A) group conformity.
B) standard norms.
C) group cohesion.
D) culture.

Question 5

Regarding our social worlds, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The ongoing pattern of life that is passed from one generation to the next is referred to as group cohesiveness.
B) Our perceptions about the world are strongly influencing by our social worlds.
C) The scientific study of how individuals behave, think, and feel in the presence, actual or implied, of others is called social psychology.
D) We are born into organized societies with established values, expectations, and behavior patterns being present when we arrive.

Question 6

Regarding social situations and sports fans, which of the following statements is FALSE? ​

A) ​Brain scan research by Pascal Molenberghs found that fans of opposing teams think differently about what they see when observing the same game.​
B) Brain scan research by Pascal Molenberghs found that the fans of opposing teams literally see things differently when observing the same game.
C) Our behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and even perceptions are strongly influencing by our social worlds.
D) The scientific study of how we think, feel, and behave in social situations is called proxemics.

Question 7

Being born into an organized society means that which of the following are present when we arrive?

A) established values
B) established expectations
C) established behavior patterns
D) all of these

Question 8

There are different sets of behaviors and expectations associated with a person being a mother, a boss, or a student.These are examples of which of the following within the person's life?

A) social roles
B) cultural identities
C) social stereotypes
D) status groups

Question 9

Expected behavior patterns associated with particular social positions are called

A) social roles.
B) cultures.
C) social stereotypes.
D) social status.

Question 10

According to the text, social psychology is the study of how people

A) form organized social groups.
B) behave in the presence of others.
C) resolve their psychosocial conflicts.
D) through an interaction with others develop a balance between their real and ideal selves.

Question 11

Vanessa is female, a daughter, and a young adult.The roles that shape her behavior are called __________ roles.

A) achieved
B) ascribed
C) ascertained
D) actualized

Question 12

Those roles which one attains voluntarily are called

A) ascribed roles.
B) achieved roles.
C) positions.
D) social selves.

Question 13

Dr.Salter is conducting a study on attitude change, while his colleagues Drs.Ashad and Morton are conducting research on conformity and obedience, respectively.These researchers are most likely

A) humanistic psychologists.
B) personality theorists.
C) social psychologists.
D) psychoanalytical psychologists.

Question 14

Being the member of a particular generation, such as the Baby Boomers, Generation X, or Generation Y, would be an example of a(n)__________ role.

A) achieved
B) ascribed
C) temporary
D) specified

Question 15

We all belong to many overlapping social groups, and in each we occupy a position in the

A) cohesiveness of the group.
B) structure of the group.
C) context of the culture.
D) hierarchy of the group's needs.

Question 16

Roles attained voluntarily or by special effort, such as a police officer or an architect, are called __________ roles.

A) perceived
B) ascribed
C) affective
D) achieved

Question 17

Every day, there is a fascinating interplay between our own behavior and that of the people around us, with each influencing the other.This would be of most interest to which psychologists?

A) human factors psychologists
B) social psychologists
C) psychodynamic psychologists
D) existential psychologists

Question 18

When roles are NOT under the individual's control, such as being an only child, these roles are considered to be __________ roles.

A) achieved
B) ascribed
C) random
D) stereotyped

Question 19

Roles that people do not choose for themselves, such as female or son, are called __________ roles.

A) ascribed
B) achieved
C) affective
D) earned

Question 20

Teachers are expected to come to class prepared, on time, and to maintain order within the classroom, while imparting knowledge and facilitating learning.This describes a teacher's

A) ascribed role.
B) social role.
C) role conflict.
D) social stereotype.

Question 21

The Stanford prison experiment suggests that many destructive human relationships have their source in

A) conformity.
B) personality differences.
C) social roles.
D) people being inherently "good" or "bad."

Question 22

Which of the following research studies is a testament to the power of social roles?

A) Cialdini's door-in-the-face effect
B) Festinger's justification study
C) Zilstein's shock research
D) Zimbardo's prison experiment

Question 23

Sam and Jennifer were just married.Being a husband and a wife would be considered

A) social stereotypes.
B) role conflicts.
C) achieved roles.
D) ascribed roles.

Question 24

For many students, the demands of college, work, and family create

A) status inequalities.
B) the actor-observer bias.
C) role conflicts.
D) social facilitation.

Question 25

A police officer who has to arrest his nephew for drug possession or a teacher who must flunk a close friend's daughter will most likely experience

A) role conflict.
B) role reversal.
C) role exchange.
D) role diffusion.

Question 26

Sara and Carmen work at the same company and have been friends for a number of years.Recently, Carmen was promoted, making her Sara's supervisor.This situation may create

A) role conflict.
B) role reversal.
C) role exchange.
D) role diffusion.

Question 27

In the Stanford Prison study, normal healthy male college students were paid to serve as "prisoners" and "guards" in a simulated prison.During this research,

A) three "prisoners" were so severely beaten they had to be hospitalized.
B) the "guards" did not take their roles seriously.
C) the "prisoners" quickly became passive and dehumanized.
D) the "prisoners" and the "guards" quickly became too friendly towards one another.

Question 28

Zimbardo interpreted the results of his simulated prison study as an indication of the

A) powerful influence of social roles on people.
B) tendency to show compassion to people in need.
C) weakness of social pressure in some situations.
D) tendency to displace aggression.

Question 29

Two important dimensions of any group are

A) ascribed and achieved roles.
B) structure and cohesiveness.
C) role diffusion and status.
D) groupthink and conformity.

Question 30

If the various roles a person occupies require behaviors that are inconsistent with one another, there is

A) frustration and aggression.
B) role conflict.
C) a lack of cohesion.
D) a social exchange.

Question 31

The difference in behavior between the sadistic "guards" and the dehumanized "prisoners" in the Zimbardo prison study is best attributed to

A) pathological personalities.
B) the ascribed roles they were asked to play.
C) personal histories not revealed in prior screening.
D) their respective ages.

Question 32

Regarding the Stanford Prison study, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Philip Zimbardo conducted the Stanford Prison study in which he paid normal healthy male college students to serve as "inmates" and "guards" in a simulated prison.
B) The students were selected to play the roles of "prisoners" and "guards" based on personality profiles.
C) The ascribed social roles of "prisoner" and "guard" were so powerful that in just a few days the experiment became "reality" for those involved.
D) After six days, the experiment had to be halted.

Question 33

Roles contribute to the streamlining of everyday interactions because they

A) permit us to make fundamental attributions in social situations.
B) allow us to anticipate the actions of others.
C) frequently put us in positions of indecision about appropriate behavior.
D) can be learned with relatively little effort.

Question 34

Which of the following conducted a simulated prison experiment that showed dramatically how social settings influence our behavior, particularly the powerful effects of social roles?

A) Philip Zimbardo
B) Robert Cialdini
C) Harold Kelley
D) Duncan Watts

Question 35

A mother who has a demanding full-time job or a soccer coach whose daughter is on the team but isn't a very good athlete are both experiencing

A) role reversal.
B) role diffusion.
C) groupthink.
D) role conflict.

Question 36

Achieved role is to psychologist as ascribed role is to

A) church lay leader.
B) niece.
C) rock star.
D) spouse.

Question 37

Vincent's behavior is shaped by his roles as a married teacher and by his second job as the sports writer for the local paper.These roles would be considered __________ roles.

A) achieved
B) ascribed
C) ascertained
D) actualized

Question 38

Justin is the lead guitarist for the punk rock band Wretched Flamingo.Being the guitarist in a band would be considered a(n)

A) ascribed role.
B) achieved role.
C) role conflict.
D) social stereotype.

Question 39

In the Stanford Prison study, the participants

A) were randomly assigned to be "prisoners" or "guards."
B) were selected to be either "prisoners" or "guards" based on their personality profiles.
C) chose which role, "prisoner" or "guard," they would play.
D) changed their role after two weeks with the "prisoners" becoming "guards" and vice versa.

Question 40

At work being a good team player versus being a strong manager can lead to job burnout and negative health outcomes due to

A) ascribed roles.
B) role conflict.
C) groupthink.
D) role reversals.

Question 41

When members of a group show more mutual affection and when their behavior tends to be more closely coordinated, the members are demonstrating

A) group structure.
B) group cohesiveness.
C) groupthink.
D) group compliance.

Question 42

The basis for much of the power that groups exert over us involves

A) group structure.
B) group cohesiveness.
C) groupthink.
D) group compliance.

Question 43

Group structure refers to the

A) strength of the group members' desire to remain in the group.
B) accepted but unspoken standard of conduct for appropriate behavior.
C) network of roles, communication, and power in the group.
D) degree of attraction among group members.

Question 44

A person's in-group is often defined by

A) nationality and ethnicity.
B) age, gender, education, and income.
C) religion and political values.
D) a combination of all of these social dimensions.

Question 45

The degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remaining in the group is called

A) group structure.
B) group cohesiveness.
C) groupthink.
D) compliance.

Question 46

The degree to which a group member can control, alter, or influence the behavior of another group member​ is called

A) ​social power.
B) ​social dimension.
C) ​social status.
D) ​social cognition.

Question 47

The degree of prestige, admiration and respect accorded to a member of a group is referred to as

A) social power.
B) social dimension.
C) social status.
D) social cognition.

Question 48

Regarding solitude, which of the following statements is FALSE?​

A) ​In our intensely social world, a person who is alone is either a loner, a social outcast, or extremely shy.
B) ​In extreme cases, people who shun social interactions and are troubled by their isolation may even be diagnosed with a mental disorder, such as agoraphobia.
C) ​According to the 1964 Wilderness Act, national parks were developed to provide opportunities for solitude and a primitive and unconfined type of recreation.
D) ​Many of history's most creative and spiritual individuals have found insight in their solitude.

Question 49

We tend to attribute negative characteristics to our __________ group.

A) achieved
B) out-
C) ascribed
D) negative referant

Question 50

Which of the following do therapy groups, businesses, and sports teams seek to increase because it helps people to work together better?

A) group structure
B) status comparisons
C) group cohesiveness
D) compliance

Question 51

Even though almost all the students at the National FFA conference are wearing similar jackets, it is relatively easy to pick out the different student groups competing because the members of each group are standing or sitting close together and tend to pay more attention to their group members than to the other people.This illustrates

A) group structure.
B) groupthink.
C) social comparison.
D) group cohesiveness.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT an element of group structure?

A) roles
B) communication pathways
C) allocation of power
D) social comparisons

Question 53

A large company sets up a friendly competition among all of its departments to increase worker safety.The members of the department with the best record in six months will be awarded four additional paid holidays.As the workers in each department work together to win the competition, the company is hoping to increase

A) groupthinking.
B) group structure.
C) group cohesiveness.
D) group compliance.

Question 54

We tend to attribute positive characteristics to our __________ group.

A) in-
B) achieved
C) ascribed
D) positive referant

Question 55

Regarding solitude, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) ​Some people are alone because they are socially fearful, self-conscious, shy, or otherwise dislike social situations.
B) ​In extreme cases, people who shun social interactions and are troubled by their isolation may even be diagnosed with a mental disorder, such as a narcissistic or histrionic personality disorder.
C) ​Some people are alone simply because they prefer solitude.
D) ​Quiet time for reflection does seem to be associated with creativity, spiritual growth, problem solving, and self-discovery.

Question 56

Regarding in-groups and out-groups, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) In-group membership helps define who we are socially.
B) We tend to exaggerate differences between members of out-groups and our own group.
C) The existence of in-groups and out-groups sets the stage for conflict between groups and for racial and ethnic prejudice.
D) We tend to attribute negative characteristics to our in-group and positive characteristics to the out-group we are envious of.

Question 57

While informal friendships may or may not have this, organized groups, such as the army or an athletic team, do have a high degree of

A) group structure.
B) groupthink.
C) ascribed roles.
D) social comparison.

Question 58

Group cohesiveness is particularly strong for groups to which a person identifies and to which one attributes positive characteristics.These groups are called __________ groups.

A) ascribed
B) in-
C) status
D) achieved

Question 59

A group to which you do not identify and to which you attribute negative characteristics is known as a(n)__________ group.

A) out-
B) ascribed
C) ethnocentric
D) negative reference

Question 60

The network of roles, communication pathways, and power in a group is known as

A) groupthink.
B) group cohesiveness.
C) group structure.
D) status comparisons.

Question 61

In most situations, people are more likely to comply with a request made by

A) a lower status person because of sympathy.
B) a higher status person only if he or she is polite.
C) a higher status person even if he or she is impolite.
D) someone of similar status to ourselves.

Question 62

In an experiment, a man walked into several bakeries and asked for a pastry while claiming he did not have enough money to pay for it.Half the time he was well dressed and half the time he was poorly dressed.This experiment wasstudying the

A) difference between achieved roles and ascribed roles.
B) effects of social status in society.
C) impact of social roles on prosocial behavior.
D) dimensions of group structure.

Question 63

Regarding privilege, social status, and social power, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A) If a person is high in social status, they will also have high social power.
B) The higher the social power and social status the more privileges bestowed on a group member.
C) Women generally prefer social power over status, while men generally prefer social status over power.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 64

In an experiment, a man asked people in bakeries for a pastry while claiming they did not have enough money to pay for it.Half the time he was dressed poorly and the other half well-dressed.If the man was polite when he asked for the pastry, the research results showed that he was

A) three times more likely to be given the pastry if he was well-dressed and polite than when he was poorly dressed and polite.
B) three times more likely to be given the pastry if he was poorly dressed and polite than when he was well-dressed and polite.
C) equally likely to be given a free pastry with a polite request no matter how he was dressed.
D) rarely given a pastry no matter how he was dressed or whether he was polite or not.

Question 65

In American society, special privileges are often bestowed upon persons who have more social power but also on people who

A) show more consistent social norms.
B) have greater group cohesiveness.
C) exhibit the actor-observer bias.
D) have higher social status.

Question 66

In an experiment, people were given a flyer as they entered a public parking garage.The more litter there was on the floor of the garage, the more likely people were to add to it by dropping their flyer.This experiment illustrates

A) role conflict experienced between littering or not littering.
B) differing norms for whether littering was acceptable in that situation.
C) superordinate goals in place for not littering.
D) how the number of people present affects littering behavior.

Question 67

The American society's preoccupation with expensive clothes and cars is shown by people's tendency to give more privileges and greater respect to individuals

A) we have sympathy for.
B) of higher social power or status.
C) of similar status to ourselves.
D) we mistrust and are jealous of.

Question 68

A widely accepted, but often unspoken standard for appropriate behavior is called a(n)

A) ascribed role.
B) achieved role.
C) norm.
D) group sanction.

Question 69

In an experiment, a man asked people in bakeries for a pastry while claiming he did not have enough money to pay for it.Half the time he was dressed poorly and the other half well-dressed.If the man wasimpolite when he asked for the pastry, the research results showed that he was

A) significantly more likely to be given the free pastry if he was well-dressed when he was impolite than poorly-dressed.
B) significantly more likely to be given the free pastry if he was poorly dressed when he was impolite than well-dressed.
C) equally likely to be given a free pastry when he was impolite no matter how he was dressed.
D) never given a free pastry with an impolite request no matter how he was dressed.

Question 70

Dr.Sollie has members of her sociology class go into an elevator and stand facing the rest of the occupants on the elevator, or walk into the cafeteria and begin singing and dancing.Other students then note people's reactions to these behaviors.Dr.Sollie is having her students break

A) superordinate goals.
B) ascribed roles.
C) attributions.
D) norms.

Question 71

Using the autokinetic effect in his study, Muzafer Sherif found that, individually, people give very different estimates of how far the light moves.However, when two or more people announce their estimates at the same time, their judgments rapidly converge, which demonstrates ​

A) ​social status.
B) ​group cohesiveness.
C) ​social influence.
D) ​a regression toward the mean.

Question 72

In public areas that are kept clean, people tend to

A) not litter because there is a norm or standard set for cleanliness in that area.
B) litter more than if the area was already littered.
C) show more kindness toward the people around them in the clean area.
D) decide whether to litter or not based on their early training in childhood.

Question 73

Homeless people tend to be ​

A) ​high in both social status and social power.
B) ​low in both social status and social power.
C) ​high in social status, but low in social power.
D) ​low in social status, but high in social power.

Question 74

A convergence of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors tends to take place in many groups due to​

A) ​social status.
B) ​perceptual norms.
C) ​social influence.
D) ​a regression toward the mean.

Question 75

The hostile reaction of others as you step in front of them in a grocery store checkout line occurs because you have violated a

A) norm.
B) social status.
C) social role.
D) group structure.

Question 76

A popular police chief would most likely be​

A) ​high in both social status and social power.
B) ​low in both social status and social power.
C) ​high in social status, but low in social power.
D) ​low in social status, but high in social power.

Question 77

The autokinetic effect was used by Muzafer Sherif in a study of​

A) ​status relationships.
B) ​group norms.
C) ​group cohesiveness.
D) ​public distance.

Question 78

The apparent movement of a small stationary point of light is called the __________ effect.

A) ​autokinetic
B) ​halo
C) ​opponent-process
D) ​activation-synthesis

Question 79

Regarding privilege, social status, and social power, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?​

A) ​A person can be high in both social status and social power, or low in both, or high in one and not the other.
B) The higher the social power and social status the more privileges bestowed on a group member.
C) ​Men generally prefer social power over status, while women generally prefer social status over power.
D) ​All of these statements are true.

Question 80

A famous actor would most likely be ​

A) ​high in both social status and social power.
B) ​low in both social status and social power.
C) ​high in social status, but low in social power.
D) ​low in social status, but high in social power.