Deck 17: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior.

Question 1

In the "Dr.Zilstein" experiment conducted by Schachter, the women were frightened in order to study​

A) ​obedience.
B) ​conformity.
C) ​affiliation.
D) ​social roles.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Actions that are constructive, altruistic, or helpful to others are known as

A) prosocial behaviors.
B) empathic arousal.
C) social exchange behaviors.
D) mutual interdependence.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The classic experiment in which college women were threatened with electric shock illustrated that most people

A) prefer to be alone when experiencing emotional distress.
B) seek the company of others to alleviate fear or anxiety.
C) tend to lose their concentration when anxious.
D) ​tend to focus more intensely when anxious.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following needs helps us to think about ourselves through social comparison?​

A) ​need to affiliate
B) ​need for equal status
C) ​need for empathic arousal
D) ​need for mutual interdependence

Question 5

Which of the following are based on the human desires for approval, support, friendship, and love as well as a desire to alleviate fear and anxiety?

A) need to affiliate
B) need for achievement
C) need for power
D) need to conform

Question 6

Regarding human behavior, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Humans are engaged in a perennial struggle for survival against one another.
B) We cooperate with the people around us at least as much as we are in conflict with them.
C) At times we want to be left alone, but if deprived of all human contact, we might have difficulty even surviving.
D) Humans seek the company of others to alleviate their fear or anxiety.

Question 7

Petra often volunteers her time at the local nursing home to help the director with various activities for the residents.She also helps in the nursery at her church.Petra is exhibiting

A) empathic arousal.
B) social exchanges.
C) prosocial behaviors.
D) mutual interdependence.

Question 8

Any behavior that has a positive impact on other people is referred to as

A) interpersonal attraction.
B) affiliation.
C) prosocial behavior.
D) socialization.

Question 9

The desire to associate with others describes our need to

A) affiliate.
B) dominate others.
C) be acknowledged.
D) conform.

Question 10

When people are anxious or frightened, most people prefer to be

A) alone.
B) with people ​in circumstances similar to their own.
C) with people ​in circumstances different from their own.
D) with ​people who have overcome the circumstances that they are now facing.

Question 11

The need to associate with other people is based upon all of the following EXCEPT the desire

A) for attribution.
B) to alleviate fear and anxiety.
C) for approval, support, and friendship.
D) to think about ourselves through a comparison with others.

Question 12

Behaviors, such as aggression, prejudice, and discrimination would be considered __________ behaviors.

A) social exchange
B) antisocial
C) ethnocentric
D) emotionally apathetic

Question 13

Any behavior that has a negative impact on other people is referred to as

A) harassment.
B) segregation.
C) antisocial behavior.
D) aggression.

Question 14

In a follow-up experiment to Schachter's "Dr.Zilstein experiment", women who expected to receive the "shocks" chose to wait

A) ​with other future shock victims.
B) ​alone in a comfortable room.
C) ​with women who were waiting to see their advisors.
D) ​with women who would not be receiving the shocks.

Question 15

The classic experiment on affiliation in which college women were threatened with electric shock was conducted by

A) ​B.F.Skinner.
B) David Buss.
C) ​Stanley Schachter.
D) ​Muzafer Sherif.

Question 16

Broadly speaking, congregating with others is a basic form of​

A) ​prosocial behavior.
B) ​empathic arousal.
C) ​social exchange.
D) ​mutual interdependence.

Question 17

Prosocial behaviors are actions that

A) are helpful to others.
B) may encourage aggression.
C) change the social behavior of others.
D) influence what happens in group situations.

Question 18

Regarding the affiliation research, which of the following statements is FALSE?​

A) ​The women participants preferred to wait with other women who would be receiving the "painful shocks."
B) ​The women participants were more willing to wait alone if the shock to be received was described as a "mild tickle."
C) ​The women participants preferred to wait with other women regardless of whether the shock would be "painful" or just a "mild tickle."
D) ​The results suggest that we prefer to be with people in circumstances similar to our own.

Question 19

Behaviors, such as love, attraction, friendship, and empathy would be regarded as __________ behaviors.

A) prosocial
B) companionate
C) mutual interdependent
D) ethnocentric

Question 20

Regarding the experiment in which the women participants preferred to wait with the other "future shock victims," the results of this experiment illustrated the use of​

A) ​attribution to alleviate fear and anxiety.
B) ​social thinking to cope with personal emotions.
C) ​denial to cope with negative emotions.
D) ​the defense mechanism of sublimation in coping.

Question 21

One reason why actors costarring in movies together often become romantically involved is due to which factor of interpersonal attraction?

A) social exchange
B) self-disclosure
C) familiarity
D) social comparison

Question 22

Regarding interpersonal attraction, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Lovers like to think they have found the "one and only" person in the universe for them, but, in reality, they have probably found the best match in a five-mile radius.
B) Most people assume attractive people are less likable, less intelligent, less warm, and less mentally healthy than the average person.
C) In everything from casual acquaintance to marriage, similar people are attracted to each other because it is reinforcing to see one's beliefs and attitudes shared by others.
D) The Internet is making it increasingly easier to stay in constant "virtual contact," which is leading to more and more long-distance friendships and romances.

Question 23

Simply being around other people in times of stress increases the levels of the "snuggle drug", which, in turn, reduces the stress response.The "snuggle drug" is really the hormone​

A) acetylcholine
B) ​melatonin
C) ​insulin
D) ​oxytocin

Question 24

Phillip meets Lydia in class and is interested in getting to know more about her.In social psychology, Phillip's affinity for Lydia would be called

A) social exchange.
B) interpersonal attraction.
C) an actor-observer bias.
D) social compliance.

Question 25

Familiarity, similarity, and physical attractiveness are factors that influence

A) attribution and obedience.
B) social exchange.
C) passive compliance.
D) interpersonal attraction.

Question 26

For most people, there is a similarity in background, age, interests, attitudes, and beliefs with

A) the casual acquaintances they talk to at work.
B) their friends.
C) the individuals they marry.
D) all of these individuals.

Question 27

The fact that there does seem to be a "boy-next-door" or "girl-next-door" effect in romantic attraction illustrates which factor of interpersonal attraction?

A) physical attractiveness
B) self-disclosure
C) physical proximity
D) social comparison

Question 28

Similarity on three dimensions is the general rule for most friendships.Which of the following is NOT one of these three main dimensions?

A) same age
B) of the same sex
C) same ethnicity
D) same income level

Question 29

Which factor of interpersonal attraction refers to how alike you are to another person in background, age, interests, and beliefs?

A) similarity
B) cohesiveness
C) proximity
D) social conformity

Question 30

The factor of physical proximity in interpersonal relationships implies all of the following EXCEPT that people are more likely to

A) become friends if they live close to each other.
B) date people they meet at work or in their neighborhoods.
C) be attracted to the people that they talk to on a regular basis, either in-person or in Internet chat rooms.
D) overlook or become enemies with people they see on a daily basis.

Question 31

Physical proximity increases attraction because it

A) increases frequency of contact.
B) enhances social comparisons.
C) establishes common norms.
D) reduces development of incompatible roles.

Question 32

Regarding interpersonal attraction, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) We tend to randomly choose the people we encounter and become friends with.
B) Interpersonal attraction is the basis for most voluntary social relationships.
C) Our choice of friends and even lovers is based to a great extent on physical proximity.
D) We look for friends and lovers who will be kind and understanding and who appear to have attractive personalities.

Question 33

Factors that influence interpersonal attraction include which of the following?

A) ​proximity
B) ​similarity
C) ​physical attractiveness
D) ​all of these

Question 34

Which of the following is the basis for most voluntary social relationships?

A) social conformity
B) social exchange
C) interpersonal attraction
D) temperament

Question 35

Regarding interpersonal attraction, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Deciding whether you would like to know another person can happen very quickly, sometimes within just minutes of meeting.
B) The closer people live to each other, the more likely they are to become friends.
C) We assume that attractive people are also likable, intelligent, warm, witty, mentally healthy, and socially skilled.
D) In everything from casual acquaintance to marriage, people who are different from each other tend to be attracted to each other.

Question 36

We can reduce our stress by just being around other people because affiliating with others increases the levels of which hormone?

A) ​acetylcholine
B) ​melatonin
C) ​oxytocin
D) ​insulin

Question 37

In general, we are attracted to people who

A) we are familiar with.
B) are different from ourselves in many ways.
C) are honest with us about our faults and shortcomings.
D) we feel superior to or who can be strongly influenced by us.

Question 38

According to the affiliation studies conducted by Schachter and others, which saying is most accurate?​

A) ​Misery loves company (especially miserable company).
B) ​Cry and you cry alone (in other words, no one likes to be around miserable people).
C) ​Laugh and the whole world laughs with you.
D) ​Out of sight, out of mind (or denial is a beautiful thing).

Question 39

In the experiment in which women participants preferred to wait with the other "future shock victims," the researchers believed that the participants chose to wait with the "future victims" because ​

A) ​their attribution of the cause of the threatening or unfamiliar situation helped decrease their fear and anxiety.
B) ​the use of denial in coping with negative emotions tends to occur most readily in groups.
C) ​other people tend to encourage us in using positive defense mechanisms, such as sublimation and compensation, when we feel threatened or unsure.
D) ​seeing that other people are reacting calmly can help reassure and soothe us when a situation is threatening or unfamiliar, or when we are in doubt.

Question 40

We look for friends and lovers who

A) are kind and understanding and have attractive personalities.
B) are completely different in temperament from ourselves.
C) will be honest about our flaws and shortcomings.
D) exhibit all of these characteristics.

Question 41

Regarding interpersonal attraction, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) People who marry are usually highly similar in religion and ethnic background and to a lesser degree in mental abilities, status, height, weight, and eye color.
B) The pattern of homogamy applies to both married couples as well as unmarried couples who are living together.
C) The factor of similarity has not been shown to play a major role in the development of close friendships or even one's casual acquaintances.
D) Beautiful people are generally rated as more appealing than average due, in part, to the halo effect.

Question 42

When people respond to each other in similar ways, which factor in interpersonal attraction is taking place?

A) reciprocity
B) homogamy
C) unilateral exchange
D) social conformity

Question 43

Homogamy is the term used to describe the

A) civil union of a homosexual couple.
B) similarity of identical twins.
C) evolutionary origins of the human behavior patterns.
D) tendency we have to marry someone who is similar to us.

Question 44

Which of the following is the tendency to overgeneralize a favorable impression of a person, such as viewing an attractive person as more intelligent or likable than a less attractive person?

A) reciprocity
B) the halo effect
C) homogamy
D) the fundamental attribution error

Question 45

A selection committee was interviewing applicants for a new position in the media department of the college.The psychologist on the committee found it very interesting that a majority of the committee believed that the applicant who was a former beauty queen was the most intelligent, likeable, and socially skilled of all the applicants, although two of the other candidates had considerably more education and experience with college publications.The majority of the committee is exhibiting

A) the fundamental attributional error.
B) the halo effect.
C) the social exchange theory.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 46

Marla and Janice are friends, who talk a lot, laugh at each other's jokes, share secrets, and help each other as well as displaying other similar exchanges of feelings, thoughts, and things.Marla and Janice are exhibiting which factor of interpersonal attraction?

A) mutual absorption
B) proximity
C) reciprocity
D) diffusion of responsibility

Question 47

The halo effect, which is the tendency to overgeneralize a favorable impression of a person, is most related to which factor in interpersonal attraction?

A) physical attractiveness
B) reciprocity
C) physical proximity
D) similarity

Question 48

Married couples in lasting relationships are likely to be the most similar in which of the following characteristics?

A) age and education
B) attitudes and opinions
C) status and income level
D) height and weight

Question 49

The pattern of homogamy explains why

A) unmarried couples have different characteristics than married couples do.
B) married couples tend to be highly similar in terms of many characteristics.
C) men and women tend to look for different qualities in the people they date.
D) married couples with lasting relationships tend to be very different from each other in most of their characteristics, attitudes, and beliefs.

Question 50

Regarding physical attractiveness, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Beauty is a factor mainly in the initial acquaintance with more meaningful qualities gaining in importance later.
B) Beautiful people are generally rated as less intelligent and less likable than average due to other people's jealousy.
C) Physical beauty is generally unrelated to actual personal traits, intelligence, and talents.
D) As you discover that someone has a good personality, he or she will even start looking more attractive to you.

Question 51

The tendency we have to marry someone who is similar to us in almost every way is called

A) monogamy.
B) status equalities.
C) homogamy.
D) the actor-observer bias.

Question 52

Reciprocity is defined as

A) a stable and positive emotional bond.
B) the similar exchange of feelings, thoughts, or things between people.
C) the personal standard used to evaluate rewards and costs in a social exchange.
D) a relationship based on intimacy but lacking passion and commitment.

Question 53

Studies show that married couples are highly similar in age, education, ethnicity, and religion; and to a lesser degree, they are also similar in which of the following characteristics?​

A) attitudes and opinions
B) mental abilities
C) ​height, weight, and eye color
D) ​all of these

Question 54

Which factor in interpersonal attraction is most related to the term homogamy?

A) reciprocity
B) similarity
C) physical attractiveness
D) proximity

Question 55

Regarding interpersonal attraction, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Physical attractiveness may be the most important factor influencing the development of friendships.
B) In choosing a mate we tend to marry someone who is like us in almost every way, a pattern called homogamy.
C) Proximity promotes attraction by increasing the frequency of contact between people.
D) Most people find it easier to reciprocate to someone else's overtures than to be the initiator.

Question 56

Physically attractive people are generally assumed to be more intelligent, warm, witty, and likeable.This is an example of

A) social comparison.
B) the halo effect.
C) discrimination.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 57

Sharing your own private thoughts and feelings with others is called

A) self-assertion.
B) dialectical autonomy.
C) self-disclosure.
D) introspection.

Question 58

Regarding interpersonal attraction, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Similarity is a factor in interpersonal attraction because it is reinforcing to see our beliefs and attitudes shared by others.
B) The general rule for friendships is that friends will be similar in age, sex, and ethnicity.
C) In choosing a mate, we tend to marry someone who is like us in almost every way.
D) Unmarried couples who are living together tend to be complete opposites of each other.

Question 59

According to your textbook, the most important factor influencing the development of friendships is

A) reciprocity.
B) similarity.
C) proximity.
D) physical attractiveness.

Question 60

Regarding interpersonal attraction, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Reciprocity may be the most important factor influencing the development of friendships.
B) In choosing a mate we tend to marry someone who is like us in almost every way, a pattern called homogamy.
C) Proximity promotes attraction by increasing the frequency of contact between people.
D) Most people find it easier to initiate an interaction with another person rather than reciprocate to someone else's overtures.

Question 61

Transfers of information, attention, affections, favors, or the like between two people are called

A) ​social exchanges.
B) ​mutual disclosures.
C) ​companionate reciprocities.
D) affiliation gestures.

Question 62

Social exchange theory states that for relationships to be maintained​

A) ​rewards must exceed costs.
B) ​similar levels of self-disclosure must occur.
C) ​shared values must be expressed and understood.
D) ​complementary skills and abilities must exist.

Question 63

Which theory holds that a relationship must be profitable for both parties if the relationship is to endure?​

A) ​complementary needs theory
B) ​social exchange theory
C) ​gain-loss theory
D) ​social comparison theory

Question 64

Jessica has decided to end her relationship with Carlos.Although he can be very sweet at times, Jessica feels that it is just taking too much effort to deal with his bad moods and his anger.Jessica's decision to break up with Carlos is best explained by the __________ theory.

A) ​complementary needs
B) ​social exchange
C) ​gain-loss
D) ​social comparison

Question 65

You will tend to be less attracted and more suspicious of someone who is exhibiting

A) physical proximity.
B) self-disclosure.
C) superior competence.
D) overdisclosure.

Question 66

Many relationships can be understood as an ongoing series of transfers of attention, information, affection, favors, and the like between two people, which are called​

A) ​learned socializations.
B) ​social exchanges.
C) ​bilateral disclosures.
D) ​companionate gestures.

Question 67

Troy and Helen have been dating for two years.Although they still have fun at times, they also frequently argue and bicker.If the friction in their relationship gets much stronger, it will exceed the rewards of staying together.When that happens, they will probably split up.This illustrates the __________ theory.

A) ​complementary needs
B) ​social exchange
C) ​gain-loss
D) ​social comparison

Question 68

Imagine standing in line at a store and having a stranger in front of you say, "Lately I have been thinking about how I really feel about myself.I think I am pretty well adjusted, but I occasionally have some questions about my sexual adequacy." This person has just illustrated

A) overdisclosure.
B) mutual exchange.
C) social comparison.
D) the actor-observer bias.

Question 69

In establishing their friendship, Tanya and Mae reveal their private thoughts, feelings, and their personal histories to each other, a process known in social psychology as

A) exchange orientation.
B) social conformity.
C) self-disclosure.
D) groupthink.

Question 70

Which of the following statements regarding overdisclosure is FALSE?

A) Overdisclosure involves disclosure that violates certain unspoken rules.
B) Overdisclosure can lead people to be distrustful of you.
C) Overdisclosure tends to result in reciprocity in social interactions.
D) Overdisclosure often occurs on social networking sites like Facebook.

Question 71

The personal standards one uses to evaluate the rewards and costs within a relationship is your __________ level.

A) ​intimacy
B) ​attraction
C) ​comparison
D) ​exchange

Question 72

Connie and Rhonda are new employees at the company.In the past month since they were hired, they have developed a friendship as each confides to the other about their struggles to work and take care of family as well as their impressions of other employees.Their close relationship has developed because they chose to share their thoughts and feelings with each other.This is known as

A) self-disclosure.
B) social comparison.
C) empathic helping.
D) social exchange.

Question 73

Regarding self-disclosure, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Self-disclosure involves the sharing of private thoughts and feelings and requires a degree of trust.
B) Most people play it safe, or "close to the vest," with people they do not know well.
C) People are more likely to reveal themselves to persons who they like than to those they find unattractive.
D) Overdisclosure tends to lead to reciprocity and a deepening of the relationship.

Question 74

Overdisclosure often results in

A) growing trust and intimacy.
B) increased attraction.
C) suspicion and reduced attraction.
D) a tendency to respond in the same way.

Question 75

Moderate self-disclosure leads to

A) reciprocity and trust.
B) suspicion and reduced attraction.
C) anxiety and unhappiness.
D) conformity and obedience.

Question 76

Excessive self-disclosure is a staple of many television talk shows.Guests frequently reveal intimate details about their personal lives.Viewers probably find such intimate disclosures entertaining rather than threatening, because the

A) television guests are strangers to the viewer.
B) television guests are viewed as sympathetic individuals who are seeking help from the talk show host.
C) viewers do not have to reciprocate with their own self-disclosure to these guests.
D) viewers have been desensitized by watching numerous talk shows and will not feel threatened by overdisclosure as non-TV talk show watchers.

Question 77

People try to maximize their rewards while minimizing their "costs" during

A) ​social exchanges.
B) ​bilateral socializations.
C) ​mutual disclosures.
D) ​companionate reciprocities.

Question 78

Regarding self-disclosure, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Self-disclosure is governed by unspoken rules about what's acceptable.
B) When self-disclosure is too rapid or inappropriate, we are likely to "back off" and wonder about the person's motives.
C) The reason that the excessive self-disclosure on many television talk shows is entertaining rather than threatening to viewers is because the television guests are strangers rather than friends.
D) People often feel freer to express their true feelings on social networking sites, which can lead to genuine, face-to-face friendships, but can also lead to some very dramatic overdisclosure.

Question 79

A major step toward a deepening friendship involves

A) complementary needs matching.
B) sharing private thoughts and feelings.
C) avoiding self-disclosure.
D) overdisclosure.

Question 80

The fact that we tend to remain in relationships only as long as the rewards outweigh the effort and irritation they cause is summarized by the __________ theory.

A) ​proxemics
B) ​gain-loss
C) ​social exchange
D) ​social conformity