Deck 5: States of Consciousness.

Question 1

Jake was in a car accident and is currently in a state of total unresponsiveness.His eyes are closed, and he does not react to pain.Jake is exhibiting which disorder of consciousness?

A) the ​locked-in syndrome
B) ​a persistent vegetative state
C) ​a coma
D) ​depersonalization

Answer 1

C

Question 2

After suffering a stroke, Gayle is in a longer-term waking state in which she exhibits no signs of awareness​.Gayle is exhibiting which disorder of consciousness?

A) ​a coma
B) ​a persistent vegetative state
C) ​locked-in syndrome
D) the ​state of being brain dead

Answer 2

B

Question 3

We cannot know the subjective experience of

A) lower animals, like bats or cats.
B) primates other than humans.
C) other humans.
D) any of these organisms.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When a person is in a state of clear, organized alertness and perceives times, places, and events as real and can respond to external stimuli, he or she is said to be

A) in waking consciousness.
B) experiencing a state similar to non-REM.
C) experiencing sensory overload.
D) in an altered state of consciousness.

Question 5

The difficulty of knowing other minds is why the early behaviorists replaced which of the following with more objective measures?

A) introspection
B) stimulus control
C) conditioning
D) response chaining

Question 6

We spend most of our lives in a state of consciousness that is organized, meaningful, and clear and is referred to as

A) a state of ASCs.
B) waking consciousness.
C) an altered state of consciousness.
D) microsleeps.

Question 7

Consciousness consists of all of the following EXCEPT

A) sensations and perceptions.
B) altered states (ASCs).
C) memories and feelings.
D) artificial intelligence (AI).

Question 8

Your mental awareness of sensations and perceptions of external events as well as your self-awareness of internal events including thoughts, memories, and feelings about experiences and the self are referred to collectively as your

A) mindfulness.
B) personality.
C) consciousness.
D) objective experiences.

Question 9

In one PET scan study, normal individuals and patients in a persistent vegetative state were administered a mildly painful stimulus.Findings from this study included which of the following?

A) ​Normal individuals consciously reported feeling pain, while vegetative patients did not.
B) ​PET scans revealed brain activity in the midbrain, thalamus, and somatosensory cortex of both normal individuals and vegetative patients.
C) ​Only the normal individuals in this study showed activity in frontal cortical regions, while the patients in a vegetative state did not.
D) ​All of these were findings of this study.

Question 10

Which of the following brain imaging methods promise to improve the diagnosis of disorders of consciousness, while also shedding light on consciousness itself​?

A) ​ablation and microelectrode
B) ​CT scan and ESB
C) ​PET and fMRI
D) ECT and TMS

Question 11

Because the mind and consciousness are basically subjective phenomena, the key challenge of understanding the brain and behavior involves the use of __________ studies.

A) intuitive
B) subjective
C) objective
D) parapsychology

Question 12

The difficulty of knowing other minds is why the technique of introspection was replaced with more objective measures by the early

A) psychoanalysts.
B) behaviorists.
C) humanists.
D) structuralists.

Question 13

Eric is a hiker who is experiencing a profound moment at the Grand Canyon.When he first looked over the rim, he was "blown away" by deep feelings of insignificance and awe.In that instant, he was also fully aware that he was experiencing a deeply moving moment based on

A) the manifest content of his awareness.
B) the experiences of the hidden observer within his mind.
C) his introspective experience.
D) his objective experience.

Question 14

In one study, normal individuals and patients in a persistent vegetative state were administered a mildly painful stimulus.Only the normal individuals in this study showed activity in which area of the brain on the PET scan?

A) ​midbrain
B) ​thalamus
C) ​somatosensory cortex
D) ​frontal cortical regions

Question 15

In one PET scan study, normal individuals and patients in a persistent vegetative state were administered a mildly painful stimulus.The findings of this study revealed that

A) ​the normal individuals consciously reported feeling pain, while the vegetative patients did not.
B) only the normal individuals showed brain activity in the midbrain, thalamus, and somatosensory cortex, while the vegetative patients showed none of this activity on the PET scans.
C) ​both normal and vegetative patientsshowed activity in their frontal cortical regions on the PET scans.
D) all of these occurred.

Question 16

To be conscious means

A) that one is awake.
B) that one is aware.
C) that one is completely alert.
D) none of these.

Question 17

Regarding the subjective experience of consciousness, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) We can learn a lot about humans and other animals through objective studies.
B) We cannot answer questions about what is going on in the minds of other humans or animals by using our own subjective perspective.
C) Our subjective experience offers no insight into how our brain gives rise to consciousness or why we are conscious in the first place.
D) The difficulty of knowing other minds is why introspection replaced behaviorism early in psychology's history.

Question 18

Which of the following consists of all the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of at any instant?

A) alertness
B) personality
C) consciousness
D) intelligence

Question 19

Along-term lack of consciousness and responsiveness is most accurately referred to as

A) ​disorientation.
B) ​a disorder of consciousness.
C) ​an altered state of consciousness.
D) ​depersonalization.

Question 20

A person with a damaged brain stem who is fully aware but almost totally unresponsive is exhibiting which disorder of consciousness?​

A) ​a coma
B) ​a persistent vegetative state
C) ​locked-in syndrome
D) ​depersonalization

Question 21

Which of the following was an early practitioner of hypnosis, who referred to this altered state as "animal magnetism"?

A) William James.
B) WolfgangKöhler.
C) Franz Mesmer.
D) Stanford Babinski.

Question 22

Long-distance running, listening to music, sleep, and daydreaming are just some of the everyday ways to produce

A) preconsciousness.
B) altered states of consciousness.
C) sensory enhancement.
D) simulated information processing.

Question 23

Which of the following statements does NOT describe the sweat lodge ceremony of the Sioux Indians?

A) It is meant to cleanse the body and mind.
B) It is performed in a dark coal-heated chamber.
C) It often brings about an altered state of consciousness.
D) It often causes a sensory overload that can lead to cataplexy.

Question 24

During an altered state of consciousness, changes occur in the pattern of mental activity as well as in which other aspect of mental activity?

A) perceptual adaptation
B) length
C) quality
D) sensory gating

Question 25

Regarding altered states of consciousness (ASCs), which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Everyone experiences at least some of the altered states of consciousness on a daily basis.
B) Some altered states of consciousness are related to fatigue, delirium, hypnosis, drugs, and euphoria.
C) Most people do not know when they are experiencing an altered state of consciousness.
D) During ASCs, there are distinct shifts in memories, time sense, feelings of self-control, and suggestibility.

Question 26

Doctors can be more confident that patients diagnosed in a persistent vegetative state are likely to feel no pain if they show no brain activity on PET scans in the ​

A) ​midbrain area.
B) ​front cortical regions.
C) thalamus.
D) ​somatosensory cortex.

Question 27

Psychologists identify marked changes in both the quality and pattern of mental functioning as

A) preconsciousness.
B) simulated information processing.
C) altered states of consciousness.
D) sensory enhancement.

Question 28

An important feature of many altered states of consciousness (ASCs)is

A) a clarity of waking consciousness.
B) heightened self-awareness.
C) cataplexy.
D) amnesia for the period of time that one is in this state.

Question 29

Regarding research using PET scans and fMRI with patients in a persistent vegetative state​, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A) ​Investigations usingfMRI with patients in a persistent vegetative state showed varying degrees of frontal cortical activity in some of the patients.
B) ​Some patients in a persistent vegetative state have shown a frontal cortex response to hearing their own names.
C) ​When normal individuals and patients in a persistent vegetative state wereadministered a mildly painful stimulus,PET scans revealed brain activity in the midbrain, thalamus, and somatosensory cortex of both the normal and vegetative subjects.
D) ​All of these statements are true.

Question 30

What does a hiker entering a fully conscious state of mindfulness meditation at the Grand Canyon, an aspiring actor in New York being hypnotized to help reduce her stage fright, and man drinking three cups ofcappuccinohave in common? They are all

A) experiencing altered states of consciousness.
B) likely to experience varying degrees of sane hallucinations.
C) experiencing somnambulism.
D) going through condensation of their mental processes.

Question 31

What do Buddhists engaging in meditation practices, Navaho elders drinking peyote tea, and New Zealand Maori priests performing nightlong rituals to communicate with the mythical period the Aborigines call "Dreamtime" all have in common?

A) They are used as a rite of passage for the young men in each culture.
B) They are all meant to cleanse the mind and body and bring about altered awareness and personal revelation.
C) They are all considered illegal practices in most Western cultures.
D) They have all of these in common.

Question 32

During which ritual do several men sit in total darkness inside a small chamber heated by coals and chant rhythmically?

A) Sioux sweat lodge ceremony
B) Buddhists meditation practices
C) "Dreamtime" ritual of the Aborigines
D) nightlong ritual of the Maori priests of New Zealand

Question 33

Regarding altered states of consciousness, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Cultural conditioning affects which altered states we seek and attain.
B) The meanings given to altered states have included signs of madness, spirit possession, and life-enhancing breakthroughs.
C) Very few cultures or religions recognize and accept alterations of consciousness.
D) Some people seek various altered states of pleasure, while others see altered states of consciousness as pathways to enlightenment.

Question 34

During an altered state of consciousness, changes occur in the quality of mental activity as well as in which other aspect of mental activity?

A) assimilation
B) length
C) pattern
D) sensory gating

Question 35

Which brain region must be functional in order for someone to have a conscious experience of pain?​

A) ​frontal cortical region
B) ​midbrain
C) ​thalamus
D) ​somatosensory cortex

Question 36

During an altered state of consciousness (ASC), a person may experience distinct shifts in which of the following?

A) perceptions and emotions
B) memories and time sense
C) feelings of self-control and suggestibility
D) all of these

Question 37

What do a group of street musicians smoking a joint and singing for spare change and a college student drifting into a pleasant daydream while sitting at the back of the classroom have in common? Both are

A) experiencing lucid dreaming.
B) experiencing altered states of consciousness.
C) undergoing condensation of their mental processes.
D) exhibiting histrionic personalities.

Question 38

Interest in hypnosis stems from the work of which of the following, who believed he could cure diseases with magnets?

A) James Braid
B) Franz Mesmer
C) Sigmund Freud
D) G.Stanley Hall

Question 39

One thing that cocaine, "highway hypnosis," high fever, and meditation all have in common is that they produce

A) hypnagogic images.
B) relaxation.
C) euphoria.
D) ASCs.

Question 40

Regarding altered states of consciousness (ASC), which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) During an altered state of consciousness, there are distinct shifts in our memories, time sense, emotions, and suggestibility.
B) Very few people have ever experienced more than one type of ASC.
C) Most people do realize when they are experiencing an altered state of consciousness.
D) Heightened self-awareness is an important feature of many ASCs.

Question 41

According to Hilgard, the hidden observer is

A) a detached part of the hypnotized person's awareness that silently observes events.
B) the person's alter ego that is expressed in dream symbols.
C) a person who becomes hypnotized from just observing the process rather than actively participating in the process.
D) the person that helps the "stage hypnotist" by pretending to be hypnotized.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a reason that stage hypnotists can get people to do strange things on stage?

A) The "hypnotized" volunteers don't want to "spoil the act" while on stage.
B) Stage hypnotists use tricks and deception, which the audience does not seem to question.
C) The audience response tends to bring out the "ham" in the volunteers.
D) The volunteers are experiencing a dissociative state of hypnosis.

Question 43

Hypnosis is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A) brain waves that resemble sleep.
B) narrowed attention.
C) an increased openness to suggestion.
D) relaxation.

Question 44

Regarding hypnosis, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Hypnosis was introduced by the Austrian physician Karl Zener.
B) Hypnosis is characterized by brain wave patterns similar to sleep.
C) Hypnosis is an altered state characterized by narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion.
D) Hypnosis is a sleep state in which the subjects are partially aware of their actions and able to perform many activities not normally carried out during sleep.

Question 45

Suspending a person between two chairs with no support in between

A) is an impossible feat.
B) can only be done if the person is hypnotized.
C) can only be done by a person who is utilizing meditation.
D) can be done by anyone.

Question 46

A detached part of the hypnotized person's awareness that silently observes events is known as the

A) actualized self.
B) phantom observer.
C) hidden observer.
D) alter ego.

Question 47

Mesmer's strange "treatments" are related to hypnosis because they actually relied on

A) animal magnetism.
B) a deep sleep or trance-like state of consciousness.
C) the power of suggestion.
D) intentional fraud and deception.

Question 48

By suspending a person between two chairs, a stage hypnotist demonstrates his or her

A) willingness to use deception to entertain.
B) use of the basic relaxation response.
C) ability to use hypnosis to suspend reality testing.
D) ability to induce unusual feats of strength.

Question 49

The chief characteristic of hypnosis is

A) heightened arousal.
B) increased suggestibility.
C) enhanced creativity.
D) increased clairvoyance.

Question 50

Hilgard refers to the part of hypnotized subjects' consciousness that reports pain but remains in the background as the

A) reality observer.
B) phantom observer.
C) hidden observer.
D) alter ego.

Question 51

Nonstate theorists believe that hypnosis involves a blend of

A) light sleep and waking consciousness.
B) heightened intuition and cognitive disassociation.
C) imagination, obedience, and role-playing.
D) receptive meditation and sensory restriction.

Question 52

Regarding the history of hypnosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Interest in hypnosis began in the 1700s with Franz Mesmer, whose name gave us the term mesmerize, which later came to mean "to hypnotize."
B) Mesmer believed that he could cure disease with magnets with his theory being referred to as "animal magnetism."
C) The term hypnosis was later coined by the English surgeon James Braid and is the Greek word for sleep.
D) Current research shows that the EEG patterns recorded during hypnosis are deep sleep patterns consisting of delta waves.

Question 53

Which of the following is LEAST often used by stage hypnotists?

A) actual induction of hypnosis
B) audience response to the antics on stage bringing out the "ham" in many people
C) subjects being responsive because they don't want to "spoil the act."
D) tricks and deception

Question 54

The EEG brain wave patterns of a person who is hypnotized

A) consist of Stage 2 sleep waves with numerous sleep spindles.
B) resemble those of a person in a very deep sleep.
C) resemble those of a person pretending to be hypnotized.
D) are different from any of these patterns.

Question 55

The term hypnosis was coined by an English surgeon named

A) James Braid.
B) Franz Mesmer.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) G.Stanley Hall.

Question 56

According to Ernest Hilgard, hypnosis may cause

A) severe psychosis.
B) a loss of control of one's behavior.
C) withdrawal symptoms for a repressed emotion.
D) dissociation state or a "split in awareness."

Question 57

Which of the following proposed the best-known state theory of hypnosis and argued that hypnosis caused a dissociative state or "split" in awareness?

A) Franz Mesmer
B) James Braid
C) Ernest Hilgard
D) Martin Orne

Question 58

Hypnotized subjects who were told to plunge one hand into a painful bath of ice water, and were told to feel no pain,

A) awoke from their hypnosis immediately.
B) wrote "it hurts" with their free hand.
C) did not acknowledge feeling any pain verbally or in writing.
D) became hysterical.

Question 59

Ernest Hilgard's view of hypnosis as a "split" in awareness is referred to as which theory of hypnosis?

A) the state theory
B) the nonstate theory
C) the neurocognitive theory
D) the autosuggestion hypothesis

Question 60

Which of the following states of consciousness is based on the power of suggestion with its name coming from the Greek word for sleep, although it is not a sleep state?

A) meditation
B) hypnosis
C) catatonia
D) fugue

Question 61

Which of the following sets of instructions would be the most likely to be given to the subject during a hypnotic induction?

A) Just let go, relax, focus on my voice, and imagine yourself in the situations described.
B) Tense and then relax your muscles, concentrate on what is troubling you then wipe it from your mind, choose a simple word and repeat it over and over.
C) Tense and then relax your muscles, imagine yourself in an anxiety-provoking situation, switch it off, and repeat until you feel no anxiety at all.
D) Reduce all sensory input gradually, even my voice, until you experience vivid sensory hallucinations, and concentrate on them exclusively.

Question 62

The tendency of hypnotized subjects to carry out suggested actions as if they were involuntary is called the

A) involuntary trance.
B) basic suggestion effect.
C) relaxation response.
D) subliminal suggestion effect.

Question 63

Which of the following actions will a hypnotized person probably NOT act out?

A) harm someone
B) smell ammonia and act like it is a wonderful perfume
C) dance to imaginary music
D) act like a young child

Question 64

Which of the following actions will a hypnotized person probably NOT act out?

A) cluck like a chicken
B) smell ammonia and act like it is a wonderful perfume
C) take off his or her clothes in front of an audience
D) sing a popular song in front of an audience

Question 65

Many theorists believe that all hypnosis is really self-hypnosis because

A) a deeply hypnotized person may relax "reality testing" so that normal "willpower," or self-control, is reduced.
B) little or no hypnosis is needed to do a good stage hypnosis act.
C) hypnosis can relieve pain.
D) a person must cooperate to become hypnotized, and so the hypnotist actually acts as a guide to the hypnotized person.

Question 66

Which theorists believe that hypnosis involves a blend of conformity, relaxation, imagination, obedience, and role-playing?

A) state theorists
B) nonstate theorists
C) psychodynamic theorists
D) Gestalt theorists

Question 67

The role of the hypnotist in hypnotism is best described as a

A) commander-in-chief.
B) guide.
C) hidden observer.
D) judge or evaluator.

Question 68

In describing his hypnotic session, Jarrod said that he felt like he was floating, like his feet were about to leave the floor, and that his arms were so light it was like balloons were pulling them toward the ceiling without Jarrod having to do anything to raise his own arms.Jarrod is describing

A) hypnotic autosusceptibility.
B) hypnotic psychokinesis.
C) the basic suggestion effect.
D) the relaxation response.

Question 69

Regarding how a person would act under hypnosis, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Most people will do anything they are asked to do under hypnosis, including violent acts against others.
B) Most people will not act out hypnotic suggestions that they consider immoral or repulsive.
C) Most people are unaware of what is going on and, therefore, lack control of their behavior.
D) Most people can be hypnotized against their wills or without conscious knowledge that it is happening.

Question 70

You tie a short length of string to a small ring and hold this ring at eye level, about a foot from your face.By focusing on the ring, you are able to make the ring swing back and forth.You are surprised by this movement.You most likely have experienced

A) autosuggestion.
B) psychokinesis.
C) a physical phenomenon involving the gravitational pull of the earth.
D) a fraudulent gadget used by stage hypnotists.

Question 71

Many theorists believe that a hypnotist is merely a facilitator that helps another person to follow a series of suggestions, which means that hypnosis

A) involves autosuggestion.
B) is not real, but faked.
C) involves an uncontrollable psi ability.
D) involves an altered sleep state.

Question 72

Concerning hypnosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) People generally remain in control of their behavior while under hypnosis.
B) People are usually aware of what is going on around them while under hypnosis.
C) Most people will act out the hypnotic suggestion to disrobe or to harm someone.
D) You must cooperate to become hypnotized.

Question 73

Barry held a ring attached to a string at eye level and concentrated on the ring.He is surprised that the ring begins to move and that he appears to be making it move using only mental force.Barry has shown all of the following EXCEPT

A) autosuggestion.
B) psychokinesis.
C) tiny micromovements of the hand.
D) involuntary actions resulting from self-hypnosis.

Question 74

If you interviewed subjects after a hypnotic session on the nature of their experience, subjects who had experienced the basic suggestion effect would describe their experiences and actions as

A) coerced.
B) contrived.
C) automatic.
D) deliberate.

Question 75

If you are hypnotized, which of the following are you NOT likely to experience?

A) feelings of floating or sinking
B) feelings of anesthesia or separation from your body
C) feelings that your actions are automatic.
D) the experience of hypnopompic imagery and the hypnic reflex

Question 76

Regarding autosuggestion, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) When people are hypnotized, autosuggestion would explain why their actions seem to occur without any voluntary intent.
B) Autosuggestion likely underlies how Ouija boards spell out answers to questions despite no apparent conscious interference.
C) Autosuggestion plays a role in many forms of self-therapy.
D) Hypnosis as a form of autosuggestion would support the state theory of hypnosis.

Question 77

During therapy, Sierra is asked to relax and feel tired, to focus on what the therapist is saying and to accept the suggestions, and to use her imagination.Sierra begins to have mild feelings of floating and even a separation from her body.Sierra is

A) experiencing sensory deprivation.
B) practicing concentrative meditation.
C) being hypnotized.
D) entering REM sleep.

Question 78

You have agreed to be hypnotized.You can expect the hypnotist to encourage you to do all of the following EXCEPT

A) accept suggestions easily.
B) relax and feel tired.
C) use vivid imagination.
D) alternate tensing and releasing of your muscles.

Question 79

Autosuggestion can alter

A) sensations and perceptions.
B) thoughts and feelings.
C) behaviors.
D) all of these.

Question 80

All the different methods used in which procedure involve having people to focus attention on what is being said, to relax and feel tired, to "let go" and accept suggestions, and to use their imaginations?

A) sensory deprivation
B) brainwashing
C) hypnosis
D) receptive meditation