Deck 6: Conditioning and Learning.

Question 1

The two types of associative learning are

A) classical conditioning and observational learning.
B) vicarious learning and cognitive learning.
C) classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
D) operant conditioning and cognitive learning.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Learning includes changes in behavior as a result of

A) motivation.
B) maturation.
C) experience.
D) fatigue.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Learning from written language is unique to humans and is a more complex form of

A) classical conditioning.
B) associative learning.
C) cognitive learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Forming a connection between the stimulus of seeing a particular food and the response of feeling nauseous would be a type of __________learning.

A) insight
B) associative
C) vicarious
D) cognitive

Question 5

Forming a connection between the stimulus of a dog growling at you and the response of fear would be a type of __________learning.

A) insight
B) associative
C) vicarious
D) cognitive

Question 6

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience is the definition of

A) reinforcement.
B) introspection.
C) motivation.
D) learning.

Question 7

Which of the following occurs whenever a person or animal forms a simple connection among various stimuli and/or responses?

A) associative learning
B) insight learning
C) vicarious learning
D) cognitive learning

Question 8

At the beginning of Chapter 6, Larry's story about how he learned to fear rats was presented.Although Larry tried to use abstract "book learning" to conquer his fear of rats, he eventually went to a therapist who used a method based on which of the following types of learning to help Larry overcome his irrational fear of rats?

A) classical conditioning
B) insight learning
C) operant conditioning
D) cognitive learning

Question 9

Psychologists define learning as

A) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
B) a temporary change in behavior due to one's motivational state.
C) behavioral changes as a result of maturation and development.
D) the modification and replacement of old behaviors and habits with socially acceptable behaviors.

Question 10

Unlike associative learning, cognitive learning involves

A) responding to reinforcers and punishers.
B) learning through the consequences of responding.
C) forming simple connections between various stimuli and responses.
D) making use of information-rich higher mental processes.

Question 11

At the beginning of Chapter 6, Larry's story about how he developed a fear of rats was presented.As an adult, Larry tried to conquer this irrational fear by understanding how phobias develop.However, when he tried to touch a rat at the psychology lab, his fear of rats resurfaced.Larry had discovered that all his abstract "book learning" was powerless to protect him in the presence of a rat.This abstract "book learning" that Larry attempted to use to conquer his fear would be considered a form of

A) classical conditioning.
B) vicarious classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) cognitive learning.

Question 12

Regarding learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Most human behavior is learned.
B) Learning is a relative permanent change in behavior due to experience.
C) Learning includes temporary changes as well as changes due to motivation and fatigue.
D) There are different types of learning, including associative learning and cognitive learning.

Question 13

Associative learning occurs whenever a person or an animal forms a simple connection among various

A) motives and drives.
B) reinforcements and punishments.
C) stimuli and responses.
D) expectancies and types of feedback.

Question 14

Learning is best defined as

A) any change in behavior.
B) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience.
C) a relatively permanent change in behavior due to physical development.
D) any change in behavior caused by motivation.

Question 15

For the early psychological researchers, such as Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike, which type of learning was a fairly mechanical process of "stamping in" connections between objective stimuli and objective responses with no subjective "thinking" believed to be required?

A) associative learning
B) insight learning
C) cognitive learning
D) vicarious learning

Question 16

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are two types of __________ learning.

A) insight
B) associative
C) vicarious
D) cognitive

Question 17

Regarding associative and cognitive learning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Learning from written language is considered a complex form of associative learning.
B) Some animals besides humans do engage in simpler forms of cognitive learning.
C) Associative learning requires relatively little awareness or thought.
D) Humans share the important capacity for associative learning with many other species.

Question 18

If you are making use of information-rich higher mental processes, such as organizing various research articles in writing your term paper, you are engaged in a complex form of

A) classical conditioning.
B) cognitive learning.
C) respondent learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 19

Unlike associative learning, which type of learning consists of understanding, knowing, anticipating, and making use of information-rich higher mental processes?

A) classical conditioning
B) respondent learning
C) cognitive learning
D) operant conditioning

Question 20

In the introduction to Chapter 6, Larry's story about how he developed a fear of rats was told.It seems that Larry learned to fear rats when as a child he heard his mother tearfully describe how, as a little girl, she was terrified by a rat scampering out of a wood pile.Thus, Larry's fear of rats developed through a form of associative learning called

A) classical conditioning.
B) vicarious classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) insight learning.

Question 21

In Russia, Ivan Pavlov discovered __________conditioning.

A) vicarious
B) operant
C) classical
D) cognitive

Question 22

Unlocking the secrets of which type of learning begins with noting what happens before and after a particular behavior?

A) associative learning
B) insight learning
C) cognitive learning
D) vicarious learning

Question 23

In North America, Edward Thorndike discovered what is today called __________ conditioning.

A) vicarious
B) operant
C) classical
D) cognitive

Question 24

Unlocking the secrets of associative learning begins with noting

A) the level of motivation displayed by the respondent.
B) the level of maturation of the respondent.
C) whether vicarious learning has already occurred.
D) what happens before and after a particular behavior.

Question 25

Which of the following is based on what happens before we respond and begins with a stimulus that reliably triggers a response?

A) observational learning
B) latent learning
C) operant conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Question 26

In which type of learning is an antecedent stimulus that does not produce a response linked with a stimulus that does produce the response?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) instrumental learning

Question 27

The blinking of your eye to a puff of air would be a good example of a(n)

A) antecedent.
B) reflex.
C) precursor.
D) secondary reinforcer.

Question 28

Events that occur just before a response are called

A) respondent stimuli.
B) consequences.
C) antecedents.
D) prologues.

Question 29

When she hears her father at the door, three-year-old Ashley runs to the front door, where she gets a hug from her father.This hug is considered a(n)

A) antecedent.
B) precursor.
C) responding stimulus.
D) consequence.

Question 30

When three-year-old Ashley hears a truck pull into the driveway, it means that Daddy is home.The sound of the truck would be a(n)

A) respondent stimulus.
B) consequence.
C) antecedent.
D) prologue.

Question 31

Regarding associative learning, which of the following discovered classical conditioning?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) B.F.Skinner
C) Edward Thorndike
D) Albert Bandura

Question 32

In which type of learning are reflex responses associated with new stimuli?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) insight learning

Question 33

When three-year-old Ashley hears her father at the door, she runs to the front door to greet him and receives a hug from her father.This hug is considered a consequence that has what effect on Ashley's response of running to the door?

A) strengthens it
B) classically conditions it
C) vicariously conditions it
D) extinguishes it

Question 34

Regarding associative learning, which of the following discovered what is now called operant conditioning?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Albert Bandura
C) Edward Thorndike
D) John B.Watson

Question 35

Classical conditioning is based on

A) the consequences of making a response.
B) what happens before we respond.
C) punishments the organism receives.
D) the observation of another organism being reinforced for a response.

Question 36

In classical conditioning, learning is evident when a

A) stimulus automatically elicits a consequence.
B) stimulus, which did not initially produce a response, now elicits that response.
C) spontaneously emitted response increases in frequency because of its consequences.
D) subject repeats an action he or she has observed another person perform.

Question 37

Regarding antecedents, consequences, and associative learning, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A) Antecedents occur after a response takes place.
B) Consequences are events that occur just before a response occurs.
C) Paying careful attention to the "before and after" of associative learning is a key to understanding it.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 38

An automatic, unlearned response is called a(n)

A) antecedent.
B) reflex.
C) consequence.
D) reinforcer.

Question 39

A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye.If we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times, you will soon blink to the horn alone.Thus, blinking to the horn illustrates

A) an automatic, non-learned response.
B) learning by consequences.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 40

Events that occur just after a response are called

A) antecedents.
B) precursors.
C) stimuli.
D) consequences.

Question 41

A type of learning was discovered when the dogs in a lab learned to salivate to a bell.Which of the following is NOT one of the names by which this type of learning is known?

A) instrumental conditioning
B) Pavlovian conditioning
C) respondent conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Question 42

Ivan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery of

A) operant conditioning.
B) reinforcement.
C) classical conditioning.
D) vicarious conditioning.

Question 43

Learning by consequences occurs during

A) respondent conditioning.
B) insight learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 44

Operant conditioning is based on

A) the consequences of making a response.
B) what happens before we respond.
C) an association between two reflexes.
D) an association between stimuli.

Question 45

When a stimulus acquires the power to elicit a response as a result of being paired with a stimulus that already produces the response, then which of the following has occurred?

A) operant conditioning
B) instrumental learning
C) respondent conditioning
D) insight learning

Question 46

Operant conditioning is to Skinner as classical conditioning is to

A) Pavlov.
B) Bandura.
C) Tolman.
D) Freud.

Question 47

If you wear a particular tie and get teased and laughed at, you are less likely to wear this tie again.This illustrates

A) an automatic, nonlearned response.
B) learning by an association of stimuli.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 48

Which of the following best describes the unusual events that occurred in Pavlov's laboratory that led him to the discovery of classical conditioning?

A) Dogs salivated after meat powder was placed in their mouths.
B) Dogs sometimes salivated before the meat powder was placed in their mouths.
C) Salivation existed in dogs as an unlearned reflex.
D) Dogs salivated if and only if they were given a reward.

Question 49

A behavior may be followed by a positive consequence, or reinforcer, such as food; or by a negative consequence, or punisher, such as a slap; or by nothing with these results determining whether a response is likely to be made again.The type of learning just described is

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) respondent conditioning.
D) insight learning.

Question 50

If you wear a particular tie and gets lots of compliments, you are more likely to wear this tie more often.This illustrates

A) an automatic, non-learned response.
B) observational learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 51

Pavlov's most famous experiment involved teaching dogs to do which of the following behaviors to a new stimulus?

A) salivate
B) blink
C) bark
D) regurgitate

Question 52

In which type of associative learning are the consequences the most important aspect for the learning to take place?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) insight learning
D) respondent learning

Question 53

In classical conditioning, the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the

A) antecedents.
B) consequences.
C) latent reflexes.
D) punishers.

Question 54

In which type of associative learning are the antecedents the most important aspect for the learning to take place?

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) instrumental learning

Question 55

In Pavlov's experiments, the meat powder (food)placed on the dog's tongue was the

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 56

If your mouth waters each time you eat a cookie, you may learn to salivate when you merely see a cookie or a picture of cookie.Your mouth watering to the sight of a cookie illustrates

A) an automatic, non-learned response.
B) learning by consequences.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 57

Learning that takes place through an association of stimuli is called

A) latent learning.
B) observational learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 58

Wearing a tie less or not at all because you were teased and laughed at when you wore it illustrates

A) the effect of reinforcement.
B) the effect of punishment.
C) a conditioned response.
D) an unconditioned response.

Question 59

Wearing a particular tie because you get lots of compliments when you wear it illustrates

A) the effect of reinforcement.
B) the effect of punishment.
C) a conditioned response.
D) an unconditioned response.

Question 60

In operant conditioning, the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the

A) antecedents.
B) consequences.
C) latent reflexes.
D) conditioned stimuli.

Question 61

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the unconditioned response was the

A) food.
B) bell.
C) salivation to the food.
D) salivation to the bell.

Question 62

The unconditioned stimulus, by definition, leads to a(n)

A) conditioned response.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) classic response.

Question 63

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that naturally elicits a reflex response.This neutral stimulus will become known as the

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) reflexive stimulus.
D) latent stimulus.

Question 64

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation to the bell was the

A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 65

To test the presence of classical conditioning, you would omit the

A) CS.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) S+.

Question 66

Learning that involves the pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli is called

A) operant conditioning.
B) vicarious learning.
C) observational learning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 67

A conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a response because it has been repeatedly paired with a(n)

A) unconditioned response.
B) conditioned response.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) neutral stimulus.

Question 68

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell (prior to conditioning)was the

A) neutral stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 69

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned stimulus was the

A) food.
B) bell.
C) salivation to the food.
D) salivation to the bell.

Question 70

You have learned through direct experience that when the lights blink in your old building that the elevator will soon malfunction, so it is best to take the stairs.This association of stimuli illustrates

A) instrumental learning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Question 71

During classical conditioning, the sound of a clap is paired with a puff of air being delivered to the eye.The clap is referred to as the __________ stimulus.

A) conditioned
B) unconditioned
C) latent
D) instrumental

Question 72

After pairing the conditioned stimulus (CS)and unconditioned stimulus (US)in a series of conditioning trials, the organism learns to respond to the CS alone.This learned behavior is then termed the

A) neutral stimulus.
B) latent stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.

Question 73

Which of the following is the appropriate sequence for classically conditioning an eyeblink response to an auditory stimulus?

A) deliver a puff of air to the eyelid, sound the tone
B) sound the tone, deliver a puff of air to the eyelid
C) follow the eyeblink response with a mild shock
D) follow the eyeblink response with a soft drink

Question 74

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation to the food was the

A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned response.

Question 75

Classical conditioning is most often used to condition

A) reflexes.
B) short-term behavior.
C) negative behavior.
D) positive behavior.

Question 76

To determine whether or not conditioning has occurred in the traditional Pavlovian experiment, an experimenter would present the

A) bell alone.
B) meat powder alone.
C) bell, followed by the meat powder.
D) meat powder, followed by the bell.

Question 77

If the sound of a clap occurs just before a puff of air is delivered to the eye, the person will, after several repetitions, learn to blink to the sound of the clap.Blinking to the sound of the clap would be considered a

A) neutral stimulus.
B) conditioned response.
C) spontaneous response.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 78

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the unconditioned stimulus was the

A) food.
B) bell.
C) salivation to the food.
D) salivation to the bell.

Question 79

During and after conditioning, the bell served as which of the following in Ivan Pavlov's experiment with the dogs?

A) conditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned response

Question 80

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the conditioned response was the

A) food.
B) bell.
C) salivation to the food.
D) salivation to the bell.