Deck 7: Memory.

Question 1

The three basic processes of memory are

A) recognition, storage, retrieval.
B) encoding, storage, forgetting.
C) encoding, storage, retrieval.
D) maintenance, elaboration, forgetting.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The process of holding information in memory for later use is referred to as

A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) organization.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Information is initially converted into a form that can be retained.This conversion part of the memory process is known as

A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) consolidation.
D) storage.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In order for a memory to be useful, it must be

A) dishabituated.
B) episodic.
C) decoded as an image.
D) retrieved.

Question 5

Before new incoming information can be stored, it must be first be

A) assimilated.
B) retrieved.
C) encoded.
D) habituated.

Question 6

Sensory, short-term, and long-term are the three stages of the

A) Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory.
B) Hobson-McCarley memory model.
C) Melzack-Wall model of memory.
D) Darley-Latané memory model.

Question 7

Which of the following is the active mental system that receives, stores, organizes, alters, and recovers information?

A) memory
B) suppression
C) repression
D) priming

Question 8

Memory is an active mental system that

A) stores and organizes information.
B) receives and recovers information.
C) alters information.
D) does all of these.

Question 9

Which of the following statements best characterizes the memory system?

A) an automatic and unchanging means of storing exact copies of experience
B) a vast storehouse from which specific facts can be retrieved when they are needed
C) a dusty archive in which interesting, but often irrelevant, relics are housed
D) an active mental system for manipulating information

Question 10

Sensory, short-term, and long-term are the three

A) stages of memory.
B) levels of Alzheimer's disease.
C) types of interference that occur during the process of forgetting.
D) types of amnesia.

Question 11

If you are to remember all 9,856 new terms on your psychology final exam, you must successfully

A) encode them in sensory memory, move them through short-term memory, and eventually retrieve them from long-term memory.
B) utilize eidetic memory and mnemonic devices in constructively processing the information.
C) move this information through procedural memory, semantic memory, and episodic memory while avoiding the serial position effect.
D) utilize stimulus control and redintegration in the processing of this information.

Question 12

Which of the basic processes of memory is like typing data into a computer?

A) encoding
B) retrieval
C) consolidation
D) storage

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic processes of memory?

A) encoding
B) feedback
C) storage
D) retrieval

Question 14

To be stored for a long time, information must pass through all three stages of which model of memory?

A) Atkinson-Shiffrin
B) Hobson-McCarley
C) Melzack-Wall
D) Darley-Latané

Question 15

When you need information stored in computer files, you select the file and open it.When you need information from your long-term memory, you utilize the memory process known as

A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) iconic processing.
D) dishabituation.

Question 16

You are taking a psychology test and are trying to remember what you studied.The memory process being used when you try to remember the psychology material is

A) encoding.
B) feedback.
C) storage rehearsal.
D) retrieval.

Question 17

The three stages of memory include all of the following EXCEPT

A) short-term memory.
B) eidetic memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 18

After information has been entered into memory, this information is held for later use through the memory process known as

A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) habituation.

Question 19

Regarding how a memory is stored, the three stages of memory IN ORDER are

A) short-term memory, sensory memory, long-term memory.
B) eidetic memory, sensory memory, long-term memory.
C) sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
D) short-term memory, working memory, long-term memory.

Question 20

Memory is often characterized as being similar to a computer because

A) long-term memories are exact copies, like files on a hard drive.
B) memories are encoded, stored, and later retrieved.
C) the space available for memory storage is limited as is the storage capacity of a computer.
D) computers and the human mind both process information in a serial fashion.

Question 21

Visual sensory images that persist for about one-half second after being seen are referred to as

A) engrams.
B) echoic memory.
C) iconic memory.
D) illusions.

Question 22

Echoic memory involves a brief flurry of activity in the auditory system that lasts for up to __________ second(s).

A) one-half
B) two
C) six
D) 10

Question 23

If you look at a flower and then quickly close your eyes, you will see a fleeting visual image for about one-half second that is referred to as

A) a flashbulb memory.
B) echoic memory.
C) iconic memory.
D) illusory imagery.

Question 24

Which of the following determines what information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory?

A) consolidation
B) constructive processing
C) priming
D) selective attention

Question 25

Iconic memory and echoic memory are two types of __________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) working

Question 26

Iconic memory involves fleeting visual images that persist for about __________ second(s).

A) one-half
B) two
C) four
D) six

Question 27

A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is first heard is referred to as __________ memory.

A) echoic
B) iconic
C) short-term
D) working

Question 28

Sensory memory is the stage of memory that

A) holds small amounts of information when one is thinking or problem-solving.
B) holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less.
C) involves the permanent storage of meaningful information.
D) involves the storage of conditioned responses and learned skills.

Question 29

Selective attention determines what information moves from

A) short-term memory to long-term memory.
B) sensory memory to short-term memory.
C) implicit memory to explicit memory.
D) episodic memory to semantic memory.

Question 30

Which stage of memory allows us to perceive motion pictures as seamless and connected images?

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) contextual memory
D) sensory memory

Question 31

You quickly walk through your living room and hear a few words of a commercial coming form the television.An exact copy of these words will remain in your auditory system for about two seconds and are referred to as __________ memory.

A) iconic
B) echoic
C) short-term
D) flashbulb

Question 32

Through selective attention, information is moved to short-term memory from __________ memory.

A) procedural
B) sensory
C) implicit
D) eidetic

Question 33

As your friend reads her shopping list to you in her apartment, you are aware that the radio is playing in the background.The fact that you remember what your friend said and not what the announcer on the radio said can be attributed to

A) short-term memory.
B) redintegrative memory.
C) selective attention.
D) constructive processing.

Question 34

The first stage of memory, which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less is called __________ memory.

A) short-term
B) working
C) sensory
D) engram

Question 35

If you are selectively attending to the terms you are trying to study, they will most likely be automatically

A) encoded into iconic memory.
B) stored in sensory memory.
C) retrieved from short-term memory and stored in working memory.
D) retrieved from sensory memory and encoded in short-term memory.

Question 36

Which memory stage are we largely unaware of but which holds information just long enough for it to be moved to the second memory stage?

A) short-term memory
B) procedural memory
C) sensory memory
D) episodic memory

Question 37

A person is able to move information to the second memory stage by focusing on a selected portion of a sensory input, a process known as

A) selective attention
B) constructive processing.
C) priming.
D) consolidation.

Question 38

You and a friend are seated in the large auditorium psychology class.There are two students seated right behind you talking about what they did last weekend.You have trouble concentrating on what the teacher is saying, but you picked up on a lot of campus gossip from the conversation going on behind you.At the end of class, you relate to your friend the latest gossip heard during class, but she does not remember hearing any gossip and is really worried about how she will complete the new assignment that the teacher discussed today.You think, "What new assignment?" This explains the difference in your and your friend's

A) short-term memory.
B) redintegrative memory.
C) selective attention.
D) procedural memory.

Question 39

The types of sensory memory include

A) declarative memory and semantic memory.
B) skill memory and fact memory.
C) procedural memory and episodic memory.
D) iconic memory and echoic memory.

Question 40

The memory system used to hold small amounts of information for relatively brief time periods of approximately a dozen seconds or so is called __________ memory.

A) episodic
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) procedural

Question 41

When short-term memory (STM)is combined with other mental processes, it acts more like a "mental scratchpad" where we do much of our thinking.This aspect of STM is known as __________ memory.

A) working
B) eidetic
C) procedural
D) integrative

Question 42

Information in long-term memory can be retained for

A) 30 minutes
B) one hour.
C) ten hours.
D) many years.

Question 43

Working memory is a part of which memory system?

A) procedural memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) sensory memory

Question 44

Information that is important or meaningful is retrieved from

A) working memory and encoded in short-term memory.
B) short-term memory and encoded in long-term memory.
C) eidetic memory and encoded in implicit memory.
D) procedural memory and encoded in semantic memory.

Question 45

When discussing the relationship between short-term and long-term memory, the authors of your textbook use the analogy of long-term memory being like a

A) computer keyboard.
B) projector used in showing old home movies.
C) huge warehouse filled with large filing cabinets.
D) small desk with seven drawers.

Question 46

The memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information is called __________ memory.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) eidetic

Question 47

We are consciously aware of which of the following for a dozen or so seconds?

A) sensory memory
B) iconic memory
C) echoic memory
D) short-term memory

Question 48

The storage capacity of long-term memory is best described as

A) a single item.
B) about seven items.
C) about seven volumes.
D) limitless.

Question 49

The critical factor determining whether information will move from short-term memory to long-term memory is its

A) length.
B) complexity.
C) meaning.
D) diversity.

Question 50

Another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem-solving, is __________ memory.

A) working
B) eidetic
C) procedural
D) integrative

Question 51

One of the many reasons for getting an education is because

A) long-term memory is almost "filled up" by age 25 so it is important to "fill it up" with important information.
B) long-term memory is stored mainly by sound (phonetically), and most education is transmitted orally in lectures.
C) the more you know, the easier it becomes to add new information to one's long-term memory.
D) it prevents the procedural long-term memories from being lost due to disuse.

Question 52

The more information you learn, the easier it becomes

A) to add new information to memory.
B) to forget previously learned information.
C) for interference and retrieval failure to occur.
D) for a person to develop Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia.

Question 53

Whenever you are doing mental arithmetic, planning a meal, or reading a book, you are using __________ memory.

A) procedural
B) working
C) eidetic
D) implicit

Question 54

As you pay attention to the psychology definitions you are reading, you become consciously aware of these definitions when they are encoded in __________ memory.

A) iconic
B) echoic
C) short-term
D) implicit

Question 55

Sydney would be described as having a wealth of knowledge.She is constantly reading about many diverse subjects.Heather has not read a book since her senior year in college and rarely watches the news to keep up with national or international events.Regarding the research on memory, we would expect

A) Sydney will find it easier than Heather to add new information to memory.
B) Heather will find it easier than Sydney to add new information to memory.
C) both women to be able to add new information to memory equally well.
D) Sydney more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia.

Question 56

Of the types of memories listed, you are normally unaware of the information being encoded in your __________ memory.

A) sensory
B) working
C) short-term
D) long-term

Question 57

Although sensory memory is involved every time we store information, we are more likely to notice which of the following in carrying out our everyday chores?

A) short-term and long-term memory
B) chunking and implicit memory
C) eidetic and redintegrative memory
D) procedural and skill memory

Question 58

Which of the following would be an example of short-term memory?

A) remembering the letters of the alphabet
B) looking up a phone number and remembering it while you dial
C) remembering your name
D) remembering how to ride a bicycle

Question 59

When discussing the relationship between short-term and long-term memory, the authors of your textbook use the analogy of short-term memory being like

A) a huge warehouse filled with desks and filing cabinets.
B) a small desk at the front of a huge warehouse filled with filing cabinets.
C) several large filing cabinets.
D) a laptop that has an unlimited number of files.

Question 60

Regarding long-term memory (LTM), which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) LTM is often referred to as working memory.
B) LTM has an unlimited storage capacity.
C) LTM typically stores information phonetically.
D) The more you learn, the harder it is to add new information to LTM.

Question 61

Short-term memories are most often stored

A) phonetically.
B) visually.
C) iconically.
D) episodically.

Question 62

Your instructor gives a pop test after just lecturing on the effects of drugs on the nervous system.On this test, you write "axon potential" instead of "action potential" and "repression" instead of "depression." Your mistakes illustrate the errors that can occur because most short-term memories are encoded

A) phonetically.
B) visually.
C) episodically.
D) procedurally.

Question 63

When discussing the relationship between short-term and long-term memory, the authors of your textbook use the analogy of a warehouse with filing cabinets and a desk.As information enters the warehouse, it is first placed on the desk.Because the desk is small, it must be quickly cleared off to make room for new information.While unimportant items are simply tossed away, personally or culturally meaningful information is placed in the files, which represent

A) working memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 64

Keeping a short-term memory alive by silently repeating it is called

A) redintegration.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) chunking.
D) elaborative processing.

Question 65

The experiment by Peterson and Peterson that required subjects to count backwards by threes after hearing a number demonstrates the

A) importance of rehearsal for short-term memory.
B) role of the relevance of information to memory.
C) superiority of short-term memory over long-term memory.
D) importance of chunking in memory.

Question 66

To keep a phone number active in their minds while inputting the numbers into their cell phones, most people use

A) proactive cueing.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) elaborative processing.
D) redintegration.

Question 67

You are introduced to Tim and Gina.Later when you see them, you cannot remember their names.If you try to guess their names, which of the following would most likely be your guess, considering how information is stored in short-term memory?

A) Thomas and Glenda
B) Tad and Gloria
C) Jim and Tina
D) George and Tanya

Question 68

In order to briefly remember a shopping list, you silently say the items on the list over and over to yourself.You are able to maintain these items in your short-term memory through

A) maintenance rehearsal.
B) redintegration.
C) priming.
D) elaboration.

Question 69

According to an experiment in which subjects were required to count backwards after hearing a nonsense syllable, it was found that, without rehearsal, information in short-term memory will fade to zero after a delay of __________ seconds.

A) six to eight
B) 12 to 18
C) 30 to 45
D) 60 to 90

Question 70

When discussing the relationship between short-term and long-term memory, the authors of your textbook use the analogy of a warehouse with filing cabinets and a desk.As information enters the warehouse, it is first placed on the desk, which represents

A) iconic memory.
B) sensory memory.
C) short-term memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 71

You have gone for the first time to one of the campus computer labs to work on your psychology assignments.However, you forgot your first-day handout, which has the psychology website listed.You spot a person from your class, and he tells you the website.You walk back to your computer and type in the website.In the process of working through the assignment, you accidentally exit completely out of the system.You cannot remember the psychology website.This illustrates how which of the following types of memory operates?

A) sensory memory
B) iconic memory
C) short-term memory
D) procedural memory

Question 72

When we want to use knowledge from long-term memory to answer a question, the information is returned to __________ memory.

A) episodic
B) eidetic
C) short-term
D) sensory

Question 73

Cheryl meets her fiancé's family and wants to remember their names.To do this, she repeats their names over and over again in her mind.This process is called

A) indexing.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) elaborative processing.
D) chunking or reordering.

Question 74

Earlier in the day, you ate breakfast at The Pine Tree Cafe.You are trying to tell a friend about this restaurant, but you can't quite recall the name.You will most likely call the restaurant

A) The Oak Grove Cafe.
B) The Lime Tree Cafe.
C) The Fair Tree Cafe.
D) The Forest Tree Cafe.

Question 75

Your roommate calls out ten items for you to get at the grocery store on your way back from class.Regarding how short-term memories are encoded, if you were asked to get ham and soap, you are most likely to mistakenly bring back

A) jam and soup.
B) roast beef and shampoo.
C) hot dogs and buns.
D) bologna and detergent.

Question 76

Which of the following types of memory is most often stored phonetically (by sound)?

A) eidetic
B) short-term
C) iconic
D) procedural

Question 77

You are being introduced to a stranger, and you want to remember his or her name.Which of the following statements regarding this situation is FALSE?

A) It is important to pay careful attention to the person's name, so that selective attention can move the name to short-term memory.
B) After hearing the name, repeat the name to yourself several times and then use the person's name in the next sentence or two that you say to this person.
C) If the name slips out of your short-term memory, you can recover it through redintegration.
D) If the name slips out of your short-term memory, it will be gone forever.

Question 78

Information is quickly "dumped" from short-term memory and forever lost unless you silently say the information over and over to yourself through a process known as

A) verbal reorganization.
B) chunking.
C) maintenance rehearsal.
D) implicit priming.

Question 79

Short-term memories can be prolonged by

A) counting aloud to prevent new input.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) brain stimulation.
D) proactive cueing.

Question 80

In which memory system will information be quickly "dumped" unless the process of maintenance rehearsal takes place?

A) sensory memory
B) short-term memory
C) semantic memory
D) procedural memory