Deck 8: Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs

Question 1

A 2x3 factorial design has six

A) independent variables
B) different conditions
C) levels of the independent variable
D) subjects per condition

Answer 1

different conditions

Question 2

A 3x3x3 factorial design has

A) three independent variables, each with three levels
B) 27 different conditions
C) the potential for three different main effects
D) all of the above

Answer 2

all of the above

Question 3

In a study of cognitive mapping, all subjects point as accurately as they can to six different geographical targets. Half the subjects are aided by being told where true North is. The remaining subjects are not given the North orientation. Which of the following is true about this design?

A) it's a mixed factorial design
B) there are 8 different conditions
C) if 24 subjects are needed in the first condition, then 96 subject are needed altogether
D) it's a 2x2 P x E factorial design

Answer 3

it's a mixed factorial design

Question 4

A 2x4 factorial design has

A) eight different conditions
B) an independent variable with four levels
C) two different independent variables
D) all of the above

Question 5

In a single experiment, amount of reward and type of reward are varied. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of three "amount of reward" groups. Each subject is tested once with one type of reward and once again with a second type of reward. What type of design is this?

A) 2x2 single factor, multilevel
B) 2x3 mixed factorial
C) 2x3 independent groups factorial
D) 3x3 repeated-measures factorial

Question 6

A 2x2x4 factorial design

A) has three dependent variables
B) includes eight different conditions
C) includes an independent variable with three levels
D) has sixteen different conditions

Question 7

In the study by Grant et al., subjects studied text materials either in a noisy or a quiet environment and also recalled the material either in a noisy or a quiet environment. What was true about this study?

A) there were two different conditions (noisy; quiet)
B) it was a 2x2 matched groups factorial design
C) they found an interaction and two significant main effects
D) no significant main effects were found in this study, but there was an interaction

Question 8

In a 2x2 design, the following results occur:

Which of the following is true?

A) there is one main effect and no interaction
B) there is an interaction but no main effects
C) there are two main effects but no interaction
D) there are two main effects and an interaction

Question 9

In a 2 (gender) x 2 (type of therapy) factorial design, males were helped by therapy A, but females were helped by therapy B. This describes

A) a main effect for gender
B) a main effect for therapy type
C) an interaction between gender and therapy type
D) none of the above

Question 10

In a 2x2 design, the following results occur:

Which of the following is true?

A) there is one main effect and no interaction
B) there is an interaction but no main effects
C) there are two main effects but no interaction
D) there are two main effects and an interaction

Question 11

In a factorial study, what is a main effect?

A) it refers to any statistically significant finding in the study
B) it refers to any statistically significant difference between the levels of a single
C) it occurs when the effect of one variable depends on the level of the other variable
D) it is any result that is significant at the .01 rather than the .05 level

Question 12

All factorial designs

A) have at least two independent variables
B) have the potential for producing at least three main effects
C) have the potential for producing at least two interaction effects
D) have at least one manipulated independent variable and one nonmanipulated independent variable

Question 13

In a 2x2 design, the following results occur:

Which of the following is true?

A) there is one main effect and an interaction
B) there is an interaction but no main effects
C) there are two main effects but no interaction
D) there are two main effects and an interaction

Question 14

In a 2x2 design, the following results occur:

Which of the following is true?

A) there is one main effect and an interaction
B) there is an interaction but no main effects
C) there are two main effects but no interaction
D) there are two main effects and an interaction

Question 15

A 3x3x3 factorial design has three

A) levels
B) conditions
C) independent variables
D) dependent variables

Question 16

In a 2x2 design, the following results occur:

Which of the following is true?

A) there is one main effect and no interaction
B) there is an interaction but no main effects
C) there are two main effects but no interaction
D) there are two main effects and an interaction

Question 17

In the above study, suppose that 10 subjects are tested in condition represented by the upper left hand cell of the factorial matrix. How many subjects need to be recruited to complete the study?

A) 30
B) 60
C) 20
D) 10

Question 18

A mixed factorial design has

A) at least one between-subjects factor and at least one within-subjects factor
B) at least one manipulated factor and at least one subject variable
C) both males and females serving as subjects
D) both two-level and multilevel factors operating

Question 19

All of the following are true about factorial designs except

A) they have at least two independent variables
B) the independent variables can be either between-subjects or within-subjects
C) they are best analyzed with a 1-factor ANOVA
D) if both main effects and interactions occur, interactions should be interpreted first

Question 20

In a factorial study, a main effect

A) refers to any F ratio in the ANOVA that is significant
B) occurs when differences are found for the different levels of an independent variable
C) occurs when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another
D) is determined by calculating row means (as opposed to column means)

Question 21

In a stylus maze study, some subjects are shocked for errors and others are not shocked. Also, some are told they'll earn $10 if they learn the maze in 5 trials and others are told they'll earn $100. The results are that whether or not shock was present had no effect on behavior, but those who could earn $100 learned faster than those earning just $10. This result is most clearly an example of

A) a main effect of shock
B) a main effect of incentive (money)
C) an interaction between shock and incentive
D) all of the above
The next four questions refer to the following experiment:
A researcher studied the influence of crowding (low, medium, and high crowding) on reading comprehension between two types of third graders. Half the children randomly assigned to each crowding condition were classified as "good" and half "poor" on an assessment of verbal fluency. In the study, each child read a 750-word passage and was tested on it later.

Question 22

The next questions refer to the following experiment:
A researcher investigated the effect of a child's attractiveness and gender on judgments of personality and intelligence. Male teachers were shown photos of children to obtain their "first impressions" of children. Each teacher was shown four photos (the order was randomized for each teacher): an attractive boy, an unattractive boy, an attractive girl, and an unattractive girl. The teachers rated the apparent friendliness of the child and also estimated the child's intelligence.
With 30 teachers tested per cell of this design, how many teachers participated in the experiment?

A) 30
B) 120
C) 60
D) 90

Question 23

Which of the chapter's research examples used a mixed design?

A) the study on noisy vs. quiet environments
B) the closing time study
C) the study about beliefs about work as exercise in hotel workers
D) the study about stereotype threat

Question 24

A ceiling effect is said to occur when

A) there is one main effect, but not two
B) performance is very high for one group, but just average for a second group
C) performance is so close to perfect for both groups that any true difference between them is obscured
D) everyone participating is the experiment performs better than they ever have before

Question 25

The next questions refer to the following experiment:
A researcher investigated the effect of a child's attractiveness and gender on judgments of personality and intelligence. Male teachers were shown photos of children to obtain their "first impressions" of children. Each teacher was shown four photos (the order was randomized for each teacher): an attractive boy, an unattractive boy, an attractive girl, and an unattractive girl. The teachers rated the apparent friendliness of the child and also estimated the child's intelligence.
This study includes the gender of of the children in the photos as

A) a manipulated variable
B) a subject variable
C) a dependent variable
D) se an uncontrolled extraneous variable

Question 26

The next questions refer to the following experiment:

A researcher studied the influence of crowding (low, medium, and high crowding) on reading comprehension between two types of third graders. Half the children randomly assigned to each crowding condition were classified as “good” and half “poor” on an assessment of verbal fluency. In the study, each child read a 750-word passage and was tested on it later.

Twenty poor comprehenders are tested in the low crowding condition. To keep the same N in all the cells, how many children will participate in the experiment?

A) 40
B) 80
C) 120
D) 20

Question 27

The next questions refer to the following experiment:
A researcher investigated the effect of a child's attractiveness and gender on judgments of personality and intelligence. Male teachers were shown photos of children to obtain their "first impressions" of children. Each teacher was shown four photos (the order was randomized for each teacher): an attractive boy, an unattractive boy, an attractive girl, and an unattractive girl. The teachers rated the apparent friendliness of the child and also estimated the child's intelligence.
Which of the following is true about the study?

A) there are two different dependent variables
B) there are four independent variables
C) although it is a repeated-measures study, there is a failure to control for possible
D) one of the two independent variables is a subject variable

Question 28

The next questions refer to the following experiment:
A researcher simultaneously investigated learning style and teaching style. Students were identified as either visual/concrete learners or verbal/abstract learners, on the basis of a learning style survey. For each type of student, half were taught a statistics lesson using a computer program that included a lot of graphics, while the other half used a computer program with fewer graphics and more verbal material. After working through the program, all students were given a test on statistics.
How would you describe the design of this study?

A) it's a 2x2 P x E mixed factorial
B) it's a 4x4 mixed factorial
C) it's a 2x2 nonequivalent groups factorial
D) it's a 2x2 P x E factorial

Question 29

Which of the following is true about a P x E factorial design?

A) it is a single-factor design
B) both variables are manipulated variables
C) it includes both a subject variable and a manipulated variable
D) both variables must be between-subjects variables

Question 30

For which of the following within-subjects factors will counterbalancing not be involved?

A) participants try to point accurately to six different geographic locations
B) in a release from PI study, a comparison is made between trials 1 and trial 4
C) word lists are presented at either 2 or 4 seconds per item
D) participants compare Coke and Pepsi for perceived sweetness

Question 31

Which of the chapter's research examples used a P x E mixed design?

A) the study on the best environment for studying
B) the study on simulated driving with cell phones
C) the study on the closing time effect
D) the study on stereotype threat

Question 32

In a 3x3 factorial design, how many different F ratios will be calculated in the ANOVA?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 9
D) 3

Question 33

In a memory study using a 2x2 factorial, one of the factors is the presentation rate of the words, the two levels being 2 and 4 seconds per item. The researcher finds that recall is 98% accurate at 2 seconds per item and 99% accurate at 4 seconds per item (not a statistically significant difference). The most reasonable conclusion is that

A) a ceiling effect has occurred
B) an interaction has occurred
C) presentation rate has no significant effect on memory
D) there is a main effect for presentation rate

Question 34

In a 2x3 mixed factorial design, with 10 people needed to fill the upper left hand cell of the matrix, how many people will be needed to complete the experiment?

A) 60
B) 20
C) 30
D) could be 20 or 30 (need more information)

Question 35

The next questions refer to the following experiment:

A researcher studied the influence of crowding (low, medium, and high crowding) on reading comprehension between two types of third graders. Half the children randomly assigned to each crowding condition were classified as “good” and half “poor” on an assessment of verbal fluency. In the study, each child read a 750-word passage and was tested on it later.

This is a _______ design.

A) 2x2
B) 3x3
C) 1x4
D) 2x3

Question 36

One of the chapter's research examples concerned the so-called closing time effect. The researchers found that the gender of the rater made a difference and the time of the ratings also made a difference. That is, the study produced

A) an interaction between the gender factor and the time factor
B) a main effect for the gender factor
C) a main effect for the time factor
D) two main effects

Question 37

The next questions refer to the following experiment:

A researcher studied the influence of crowding (low, medium, and high crowding) on reading comprehension between two types of third graders. Half the children randomly assigned to each crowding condition were classified as “good” and half “poor” on an assessment of verbal fluency. In the study, each child read a 750-word passage and was tested on it later.

This study includes

A) a repeated-measures factor
B) a subject variable
C) counterbalancing
D) three independent variables

Question 38

Suppose you have a 2x2 design in which one of the variables is a between-subjects factor and one of the variables is a within-subjects factor. Further suppose that there will be 30 subjects in the upper left-hand cell of the 2x2 array. How many subjects are needed to complete the study?

A) 60
B) 30
C) 120
D) cannot be determined with the available information

Question 39

The next questions refer to the following experiment:
A researcher investigated the effect of a child's attractiveness and gender on judgments of personality and intelligence. Male teachers were shown photos of children to obtain their "first impressions" of children. Each teacher was shown four photos (the order was randomized for each teacher): an attractive boy, an unattractive boy, an attractive girl, and an unattractive girl. The teachers rated the apparent friendliness of the child and also estimated the child's intelligence.
How would you describe the design of this study?

A) it's a 2x2 mixed factorial
B) it's a 2x4 between-subjects factorial
C) it's a 2x2 repeated-measures factorial
D) it's a 2x4 PxE factorial

Question 40

The next questions refer to the following experiment:

A researcher studied the influence of crowding (low, medium, and high crowding) on reading comprehension between two types of third graders. Half the children randomly assigned to each crowding condition were classified as “good” and half “poor” on an assessment of verbal fluency. In the study, each child read a 750-word passage and was tested on it later.

Which of the following is true?

A) there are 4 different conditions
B) this is a multilevel, independent groups design
C) this is a P x E factorial design
D) there is a design flaw - a failure to counterbalance

Question 41

The next questions refer to the following experiment:
A researcher simultaneously investigated learning style and teaching style. Students were identified as either visual/concrete learners or verbal/abstract learners, on the basis of a learning style survey. For each type of student, half were taught a statistics lesson using a computer program that included a lot of graphics, while the other half used a computer program with fewer graphics and more verbal material. After working through the program, all students were given a test on statistics.
Which of the following is true about the study?

A) there are two different dependent variables
B) there are four independent variables
C) random assignment is not required, but counterbalancing is
D) counterbalancing is not required, but random assignment is

Question 42

ATI designs look for

A) interactions between subject aptitudes and various types of treatment
B) Any Type of Interaction
C) interactions between two different subject variables
D) causal relationships between aptitude and treatment

Question 43

A factorial design using both a between-subjects factor and a within-subjects factor is known as a(n) _______ design.

Question 44

If a study is a P x E factorial design, it could also be a

A) single-factor multilevel design
B) nonequivalent groups factorial design
C) independent groups factorial design
D) a mixed factorial design

Question 45

The next questions refer to the following experiment:
A researcher simultaneously investigated learning style and teaching style. Students were identified as either visual/concrete learners or verbal/abstract learners, on the basis of a learning style survey. For each type of student, half were taught a statistics lesson using a computer program that included a lot of graphics, while the other half used a computer program with fewer graphics and more verbal material. After working through the program, all students were given a test on statistics.
This study includes learning style as

A) a manipulated variable
B) a subject variable
C) a dependent variable
D) an uncontrolled extraneous variable

Question 46

A PxE design, common in educational research, that uses some type of student aptitude as the subject variable, is known as a(n) ______ design.

Question 47

Jenkins and Dallenbach did a famous study on the phenomenon of retroactive interference in the 1920s, in which they found that getting a good sleep before an exam might not be a bad idea. Which of the following was true about their study?

A) they tested two large groups: one slept between study and recall, and the other stayed awake
B) they found a main effect for retention interval but not for whether or not the participants slept
C) the design was a 2x4 repeated measures factorial design
D) the subject variables was whether or not the participants were able to sleep; the manipulated variable was retention interval

Question 48

In a factorial study, when the effect of one variable depends on the level of a second variable, then a(n) ________ is said to exist.

Question 49

A factorial design using both a manipulated and a subject variable is referred to as a(n) ______ design.

Question 50

Following a statistically significant interaction in a 2x2 factorial, the next step, statistically, is to do an analysis of __________.

Question 51

Fisher thought that factorial designs were especially useful in agriculture, because the best crop yields might result from combinations of various factors. That is, Fisher saw that the advantage of factorials lies in their ability to uncover

A) statistically significant differences
B) nonlinear effects
C) main effects
D) interactive effects

Question 52

A researcher discovers that extroverts solve problems better than introverts when in a large room, but that introverts do better than extroverts in a small room. Which of the following is true?

A) this outcome describes a main effect for room size
B) this outcome describes a main effect for personality type
C) this outcome describes a person by environment (P x E) interaction
D) in this study, there were two main effects (room size and personality type) but no interaction

Question 53

How can a mixed factorial design also be a PxE factorial?

A) when the "E" factor is a repeated measure
B) when the "P" factor is a manipulated variable
C) when the "P" factor is a subject variable
D) when the "E" factor is a between-subjects variable

Question 54

A study by Shute compared students who scored high or low on a measure of their tendency to be "exploratory." Half of each group then learned about electricity through a "rule-application" strategy, while the other half learned through a "rule-induction" strategy. Which of the following was true?

A) this is a 2x2 mixed design
B) she was predicted a main effect for strategy type
C) the study includes a subject variable and a manipulated variable
D) this is an independent groups design

Question 55

Describe the defining features of a factorial design and explain its unique advantage over designs that have a single independent variable.

Question 56

Examining row and/or column means enables the researcher to determine if any _________ exist in a factorial study.

Question 57

Any experimental design that includes more than one independent variable is called a(n) ________ design.

Question 58

An ATI design would be considered an example of which of the following?

A) P x E design
B) mixed design
C) nonequivalent groups design
D) matched groups design

Question 59

An experimenter fails to find a difference between two groups of subjects on a problem solving task because both groups solve virtually all the problems; the study has produced a(n) _________ effect.

Question 60

The next questions refer to the following experiment:

A researcher simultaneously investigated learning style and teaching style. Students were identified as either visual/concrete learners or verbal/abstract learners, on the basis of a learning style survey. For each type of student, half were taught a statistics lesson using a computer program that included a lot of graphics, while the other half used a computer program with fewer graphics and more verbal material. After working through the program, all students were given a test on statistics.

With 25 students tested per cell of this design, how many students will be needed in all?

A) 100
B) 50
C) 25
D) not enough information to tell (could be 25 or 50)

Question 61

Suppose you had to train someone to be an ethical and competent experimenter. What would you emphasize?

Question 62

Use the research example on studying in noisy versus quiet environments to illustrate the concept of an interaction in a factorial design.

Question 63

Using just two participants, Jenkins and Dallenbach studied retroactive inference in a famous study. What were there two independent variables, how would you describe their design, and what happened in the study?

Question 64

Distinguish between a mixed factorial design and a P x E factorial design and explain why the latter reflects the spirit of Lewin's beliefs about how to best understand behavior.

Question 65

What is a ceiling effect and how can one's presence cloud the interpretation of a research outcome in a factorial design?

Question 66

For a 2x2 factorial, how do the participant needs vary for designs that are (a) independent groups, (b) repeated measures, and (c) mixed?

Question 67

What is the basic difference between a mixed factorial design and a PxE factorial design?

Question 68

Use research example on closing times to illustrate the concept of a main effect.

Question 69

Sometimes, in a study with both a main effect (or two) and an interaction, the interaction is the only important finding. Explain, using the caffeine study to illustrate.

Question 70

In a study that produces both a main effect and an interaction, why is it important to interpret the interaction first?