Deck 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy

Question 1

The reciprocal pattern of signalling and responding through which infants indicate their needs and adults respond is called ________ by developmentalists.

A) "attaching"
B) "synchrony"
C) "rhythm"
D) "bonding"

Answer 1

"synchrony"

Question 2

When infants use facial expressions to help them understand what to do in new situations,they are engaging in what researchers call

A) social referencing.
B) deferred imitation.
C) schematic learning.
D) cross-modal transfer.

Answer 2

social referencing.

Question 3

Erikson went beyond Freud's view of infancy because Erikson

A) discussed the importance of culture.
B) recognized that fathers are important too.
C) talked about nursing and weaning.
D) claimed that it is important to respond to all of an infants' needs.

Answer 3

claimed that it is important to respond to all of an infants' needs.

Question 4

The research conducted with Romanian orphans adopted by Canadian families lends support to the concept of

A) reactive attachment disorder.
B) social referencing.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) psychoanalytic theory.

Question 5

Madeline cries and protests when she is separated from her father.This is an example of

A) separation anxiety.
B) stranger anxiety.
C) social referencing.
D) secure attachment.

Question 6

Juan is 16 months old and meeting his uncle for the first time.His uncle reaches for him,but Juan clings to his mother and refuses to let go.Juan is most likely experiencing

A) separation anxiety.
B) stranger anxiety.
C) social referencing.
D) avoidant attachment.

Question 7

A mutual interlocking pattern of attachment behaviours shared by a parent and child is known as

A) attachment.
B) synchrony.
C) an affectional bond.
D) proximity promoting behaviour.

Question 8

Peter and his father were at the doctor's office.Because Peter's father looked comfortable and happy when the doctor entered the examining room,the baby accepted the doctor's greeting with little fuss.Peter was at least ________ months old and was demonstrating ________.

A) 12; schematic learning
B) 9; deferred imitation
C) 10; social referencing
D) 18; discriminatory perception

Question 9

An infant's emotional ties to a parent,from which the child derives security,is known as

A) an affectional bond.
B) attachment.
C) synchrony.
D) social referencing.

Question 10

Which of the following is the best example of the synchrony of behaviours that underlies the development of an attachment relationship?

A) When Jeremy and Amanda refused to be satisfied with separate toys, they were each given 30 minutes in time out.
B) Dr. Hall rocked, read stories, and sang to her infant son until they were both drowsy.
C) Six-month-old Jarod and his mother have a conversation in which she imitates his babbling and he seems to imitate what she is saying.
D) Kenny and Carrie shared toys and tasks to build a sand fort in the sandbox.

Question 11

Francois sees a stranger enter the room and he immediately looks at his mother's face.His mother reacts to the stranger by smiling.Francois is using

A) internal models of experience.
B) social referencing.
C) synchrony.
D) proximity-seeking behaviour.

Question 12

It is apparent that 2-year-old Hoshi has strong attachments to both his mother and his father.You might expect that if Hoshi falls off the swing and cuts his knee,he will turn to

A) his mother.
B) neither parent, because fear and pain will overwhelm his proximity-seeking behaviour.
C) his father.
D) either parent.

Question 13

Mary Ainsworth's attachment assessment procedure,the Strange Situation,consisted of

A) adults wearing masks with a variety of common emotional expressions in order to assess infants' social referencing skills.
B) assessing children's reactions while gradually introducing them into daycare settings through progressively longer visits.
C) a series of episodes involving various combinations of an infant, the infant's mother, and a stranger together in a room.
D) evaluations of infants reared solely by one parent.

Question 14

Attachment relationships are of particular value for infants because such relationships assure infants

A) have a safe base from which to explore.
B) mature.
C) achieve high intelligence.
D) grow.

Question 15

Once a child has developed a clear attachment,several other related behaviours begin to appear.Which of the following is a good example of these attachment-related behaviours?

A) social referencing
B) difference in eating and sleeping patterns
C) difference in temperament
D) a lack of separation anxiety

Question 16

Pederson and Moran from the University of Western Ontario changed Ainsworth's Strange Situation research in one important way.They

A) observed mother-infant interactions in their homes.
B) added fathers to the experiment.
C) only studied infants with secure attachments.
D) brought the child's toys from home into the laboratory.

Question 17

According to Freud's perspective on development,if an infant's weaning is not properly managed,the result could be

A) an inability to form close emotional bonds.
B) fixation at the oral stage of development.
C) a difficult temperament.
D) obsessive attention to the details of relationships.

Question 18

When a sense of attachment is developed,you feel

A) a sense of security.
B) comfort when the person you are attached to is present.
C) comfort knowing that a safe base exists for you.
D) all of the above.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the developmental benefits of proximity between infants and caregivers?

A) Proximity protectively restricts the infant's movements and keeps the child safe.
B) Proximity contributes to the development of a strong emotional bond between the child and the caregiver.
C) Proximity permits social interactions between the child and the caregiver.
D) Proximity imprints the caregiver's identity and makes the infant wary of strangers.

Question 20

Parents should expect their child to begin to protest being left with an unfamiliar babysitter when the child is approximately

A) 6 months old.
B) 1 year old.
C) 2 months old.
D) 9 months old.

Question 21

Arthur is an independent and curious child who is always exploring.He readily separates from his mother when he is left at the nursery school,and he is happy to see her when she returns.Arthur most likely would be classified as having a(n)________ attachment.

A) ambivalent
B) secure
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) avoidant

Question 22

If you were to visit the Fedor home in the middle of the day,you would find 1-year-old Vlad playing close to his mother.Your presence would upset him,and his mother would have difficulty comforting him.If she left the room briefly,he would be extremely upset,but he would seem to both seek and avoid her when she returned.Vlad most likely would be classified as having a(n)________ form of attachment.

A) avoidant
B) disorganized
C) secure
D) ambivalent

Question 23

As an employee of the Happy Times Day Care Centre,you have many opportunities to observe children interacting with their parents.You notice that when the mother of 1-year-old Todd comes to pick him up,he seems apprehensive as he greets her.His behaviour seems contradictory because he will move toward her,but he will not make eye contact with her.Todd most likely would be classified as having a(n)_________ form of attachment.

A) secure
B) disorganized/disoriented
C) avoidant
D) ambivalent

Question 24

Your friend Saeed,age 25,says that he often felt like the parent in his family when he was a child.While he tries hard to please his family,he is very angry at his parents for failing to be the parents he needed.Using the terminology psychologists have developed to classify the security or insecurity of an adult's attachment to his parents,Saeed's attachment most likely would be classified as

A) ambivalent
B) dismissing/detached
C) disorganized
D) insecure/dependent and imbalanced

Question 25

Research has shown that children who are securely attached tend to

A) be less sociable, and happy only with the mother-child relationship.
B) be more reluctant to explore.
C) be more empathetic and emotionally mature.
D) need to be in constant proximity to the parent figure.

Question 26

Foundation is to house as ________ is to personality.

A) temperament
B) attachment classification
C) emotion
D) self-concept

Question 27

According to research,which of the following is a characteristic of children or adolescents who were securely attached as infants?

A) more positive and empathetic behaviour toward friends and siblings, but no effect on academic performance
B) social and emotional skills that tend to facilitate early sexual activity
C) greater social skills coupled by lower self-esteem
D) better grades

Question 28

Which of the following factors would be most likely to cause a change in the quality of an infant's attachment relationship?

A) an upheaval in the family, such as the death of a parent
B) the child's maturation
C) the formation of an attachment relationship with a teacher
D) the addition of new siblings to the family

Question 29

Which of the following does NOT affect the development of a secure attachment with an infant?

A) the parents' emotional availability
B) sensitivity to a child's cues and responding appropriately
C) consistency
D) parental age

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions proposed by researchers who study temperament?

A) inhibition or shyness
B) activity level
C) intelligence
D) persistence

Question 31

Studies of parent-child interactions suggest that the crucial ingredients for a secure attachment are

A) caregivers who are emotionally available and contingently responsive to a child's cues.
B) an intact family structure (two adults) and sufficient financial resources.
C) an infant who is physically and neurologically healthy and caregivers who are loving and caring.
D) parents who are firm and consistent in their discipline and give the child undivided attention.

Question 32

Which of the following is the best example of contingent responsiveness?

A) Nine-month-old Isabella avoids her mother's eyes and seems drowsy, so her mother ceases their game of peek-a-boo and allows Isabella to go to sleep.
B) The Svenson family's plan for caring for their infant hinges on care being provided by a member of the family so that the child is never left with strangers.
C) Four-year-old Andrew asks to have his training wheels removed, and his father complies.
D) Ralph and Rhonda believe that responding too quickly will spoil their child.

Question 33

Your neighbour Zalina says that her two children were very different from each other right from birth.Her son was very fussy and had difficulty developing regular schedules,while her daughter was calm,happy,and adaptable.Zalina is describing differences in her children's

A) sociability patterns.
B) personalities.
C) temperaments.
D) attachments.

Question 34

Which of the following is consistently observed in attachment relationships that are classified as insecure?

A) low levels of responsiveness to the child
B) low socioeconomic status
C) abuse
D) single-parent family structure

Question 35

Which of the following conclusions is true with respect to adolescents with a secure attachment?

A) They are more socially skilled, have more intimate friendships, and are more likely to be rated as leaders.
B) They are more likely to become sexually active early and practice riskier sex.
C) They have less supportive friendships.
D) They have lower self-esteem.

Question 36

Mercedes enjoys interacting with her baby.She tends to smile back at the baby when she smiles,talk to the baby when she vocalizes,and pick up the baby when she cries.This is an example of

A) a secure attachment.
B) contingent responsiveness.
C) ambivalent attachment.
D) social referencing.

Question 37

A team of child psychologists have classified Ann as having a disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern.What situation is likely in Ann's developmental history?

A) She may have a difficult temperament and parents who do not know how to respond to her.
B) She may have been abused or have a parent who has a traumatic developmental history.
C) She may have parents who have mental disorders, such as clinical depression.
D) She may have been born with low birth weight and have experienced health problems for the first few years of life.

Question 38

The term "temperament" refers to

A) one of three personality patterns that children typically display.
B) the typical pattern of response a child makes when she is angry or frustrated.
C) the degree to which a child will permit himself to be influenced by others.
D) inborn behavioural and emotional predispositions that form the basis of personality.

Question 39

Harrison is a 1-year-old child who is pleasant and cooperative with most adults.When his mother is at home,he does not seek or approach her as he plays.If she leaves him to go to work,he does not greet her or seek her presence when she returns.Harrison most likely would be classified as having a(n)________ attachment.

A) ambivalent
B) disorganized
C) avoidant
D) secure

Question 40

Paress went with her mother to her grandparents' home.She readily separated from her mother and played with her toys.When a friend she did not know came by to visit,she sought out and used her mother as a safe base for the rest of the day while she continued play.Paress would most likely be classified as having a(n)________ form of attachment.

A) secure
B) avoidant
C) ambivalent
D) disorganized/disoriented

Question 41

One of the difficulties with determining the impact of non-parental care on infants and young children is that

A) extended parental benefits now allow parents to stay home during the critical or sensitive periods of brain and emotional development, altering their impact.
B) the quality and monitoring processes for daycares and licensed home-care providers negates any risk of negative impacts.
C) non-parental care is poorly defined and includes a wide range of providers, from grandparents to licensed daycares.
D) stress levels of working parents are so high that this issue is more important to research than non-parental care outcomes.

Question 42

The five key aspects of temperament that encompass issues such as sociability,activity levels,emotional reactivity,and self-regulation are called the ________ of temperament.

A) domains
B) ranges
C) dimensions
D) measurements

Question 43

Jerome Kagan's research on temperament suggests that temperament results more from

A) differing thresholds for arousal in the parts of the brain.
B) the influences of environment and heredity.
C) genetically transmitted traits.
D) trait and environment interaction.

Question 44

At 2,Giovanna knows her name,knows that she is a girl and that she is a big sister.Psychologists would say that Giovanna is in the ________ stage of self-concept development.

A) cataloguing
B) subjective self
C) existential self
D) objective self

Question 45

Zitzi is a very intense,highly active,emotionally reactive 2 year old who has difficulty making transitions.His mother Andu is very easy-going and loves being with other people.Often their social outings end in disaster,with Andu having to leave the situation to take Zitzi home.What principle of temperament does their relationship illustrate?

A) frontal lobe asymmetry
B) niche-picking
C) goodness of fit
D) ambivalent insecure attachment

Question 46

Temperament is to personality as _________ is to ____________.

A) a painting; a canvas
B) a canvas; a painting
C) a carriage; a horse
D) a horse; a carriage

Question 47

Between 2 and 5 months of age,babies begin to identify changes in emotions expressed by others by

A) watching faces.
B) listening to voice tones.
C) combined multisensory cues like facial expressions, voice tones, etc.
D) Babies in this age group cannot discern other people's emotions.

Question 48

All of the following statements about parenting and early infant care in Canada are true EXCEPT

A) extended parental leave benefits have allowed more parents to stay at home with their child for the first year after birth.
B) since parental leave now includes fathers, more fathers than ever before are taking parental leave to care for their infants/children.
C) the average parental leave patterns for parenting in Canada are currently 6 months for fathers and 1 year for mothers.
D) the province of Quebec pays the highest parental leave benefits, with no wait time, of all the provinces and territories.

Question 49

Goran is 11 months old.He loves to press a button on the side of his story book that makes different animal sounds.Goran appears to know that he must press the button to hear the sounds.Psychologists would say that Goran is in the ________ stage of self-concept development.

A) self awareness
B) subjective self
C) objective self
D) cataloguing

Question 50

The set of enduring behavioural and emotional predispositions that a child uses to approach their world is called

A) personality.
B) threshold of responsiveness.
C) adaptability measure.
D) temperament.

Question 51

Proof of strong genetic heredity patterns in temperament traits was gained by studying

A) sibling groups.
B) gorillas.
C) identical twins.
D) chimpanzees.

Question 52

Between 5 and 7 months,babies are able to comprehend the emotions of others through

A) individual cues such as voice tone alone.
B) combined multisensory cues like facial expressions, voice tones, etc.
C) mirror neurons activated in the brain.
D) imitating emotional expression.

Question 53

The degree to which a child's temperament is adaptable to his environment is called

A) survival of the fittest.
B) goodness of fit.
C) niche-picking.
D) temperament matching.

Question 54

Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between parenting and temperament?

A) Parenting has little to no influence over temperament because temperament traits are inborn.
B) Parenting interactions and practices tend to strengthen or reinforce innate qualities.
C) The impact of parenting on temperament is culturally specific with certain cultures, such as the Chinese culture, having significant impacts on traits like inhibition/disinhibition.
D) Parental influence is greatest with easy-temperament children.

Question 55

The characteristics or traits one exhibits as an infant will

A) change significantly depending on maturation and experience.
B) remain stable until puberty for approximately half the population.
C) change or modify with maturation except for those individuals at the most extreme end of a given temperament continuum.
D) remain consistent over childhood and adolescence and likely into adulthood.

Question 56

An infant's understanding of others' emotions assists development in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A) self-expression of emotion.
B) anticipation of others' behaviour.
C) existential self-awareness.
D) as a reference and guide for their own behaviour.

Question 57

One of the core developmental skills required to demonstrate joint attention is

A) adequate attention span.
B) an understanding that others have interests of their own.
C) an understanding of one's own thought and emotions.
D) delayed gratification.

Question 58

A 2-year-old pointing to the window to redirect her mother's attention from the television to the birds outside is a form of ________ awareness.

A) egocentric
B) re-direction of
C) joint attention
D) interactional

Question 59

A low activity 5-year-old choosing to do a puzzle rather than participate in a game of Duck Duck Goose is an example of _________ in temperament.

A) inhibition
B) niche-picking
C) goodness of fit
D) reflective choice

Question 60

The infant temperament spectrum identified by Thomas and Chess includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) easy temperament
B) ambivalent temperament
C) difficult temperament
D) slow-to-warm-up temperament

Question 61

In Canada,the most common pattern for non-parental care for infants and toddlers is

A) grandparents outside the child's home.
B) non-relatives outside the child's home.
C) licensed daycares.
D) relatives inside the child's home.

Question 62

One crucial ingredient for secure attachment is the emotional availability of the caregiver.

Question 63

A 10-month-old mirroring her mother's anxious facial expression is an example of adapting an internal model.

Question 64

If they are happily married,mothers tend to be more responsive to their children.

Question 65

By age 5,most children have a clear model of their primary caretaker,a self model,and a model or blueprint for relationships.

Question 66

Bowlby and other ethologists argue that the tendency to recreate the parent-infant relationship in each new relationship formed continues into adulthood.

Question 67

Infants who are cared for by grandparents in their own homes receive _______________.

A) joint attention
B) nonparental care
C) goodness of fit
D) niche-picking

Question 68

Research suggests that children who attend daycare demonstrate

A) no cognitive or language gains even if the daycare is enriched.
B) increased rates of insecure attachments for both genders.
C) higher rates of aggression with peers.
D) difficulty transitioning from daycare to school.

Question 69

A pattern of attachment where an infant avoids contact with the parent and shows no preference for the parent over other people is called "ambivalent attachment."

Question 70

Researchers have found that the levels of cortisol,a stress hormone,_____________ from morning to afternoon in infants who are enrolled in centre-based care.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained unchanged
D) were minimal

Question 71

Canadian research has found that fathers are just as consistent in responding to infant cues as mothers are.

Question 72

The number of mothers who exclusively breastfed increased by approximately ______ % after child-care reforms took effect.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50

Question 73

Once secure attachment is established in the first two years of life,nothing,not even major life losses or traumas,can change it.

Question 74

Marko expresses discomfort when he meets his godmother for the first time,so he clings to his mother.This is an example of separation anxiety.

Question 75

In interactions with older infants and toddlers,mothers specialize in routine caregiving and fathers specialize in playing or roughhousing.

Question 76

According to Sigmund Freud,adult behaviours such as swearing or nail-biting may be manifestations of infant frustrations that occurred while weaning.

Question 77

A disorganized/disoriented attachment is likely to occur when the child has been abused.

Question 78

Regarding infants in centre-based non-parental care,which factor is most likely to produce positive or neutral outcomes for these children?

A) amount of time spent in centre-based care
B) high quality centre-based care
C) easy child temperament
D) age of entry combined with gender

Question 79

In Freud's oral stage,from birth to age 2,infants derive satisfaction through the mouth.

Question 80

Harlow's experiment demonstrated that feeding is the most important factor in the development of attachment.