Deck 8: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

The developmental ability that initiates the developmental crisis of initiative versus guilt is

A) the ability to see another's point of view.
B) altruism.
C) social referencing.
D) the ability to plan.

Answer 1

the ability to plan.

Question 2

A central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's views of development during the preschool period is that

A) language, cognition, and motor skills are developmentally intertwined, and one aspect of development supports other aspects of development.
B) the basis for children's social and personality development is their cognitive development.
C) children's sexual development is triggered by social and emotional interactions with peers.
D) families must balance their children's emerging skills and desire for autonomy with the parental need to protect and control their children.

Answer 2

families must balance their children's emerging skills and desire for autonomy with the parental need to protect and control their children.

Question 3

Researchers have found that children begin to respond differently to violations of social conventions and moral rules between the ages of __________________.

A) 2 and 3
B) 6 and 7
C) 1 and 2
D) 4 and 5

Answer 3

2 and 3

Question 4

Freud's view of children's development during the preschool years focused on ________ development.

A) psychosocial
B) psychosexual
C) psychocognitive
D) psychophysical

Question 5

Concerning child poverty,the Early Years Study recommended

A) school-based breakfast programs.
B) increased food and shelter allowances for poor families.
C) stricter enforcement of child-welfare laws.
D) radical social policy change to support young children.

Question 6

Children who can classify other people into groups of those they "like" and those whom they do not,they are demonstrating

A) person perception.
B) perception-bound thought.
C) egocentrism.
D) reciprocity of relationships.

Question 7

The preschool years,from age 2 to 6,include which two of Erikson's stages of development?

A) oral; anal
B) trust versus mistrust; identity development versus confusion
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt
D) vertical relationships; horizontal relationships

Question 8

According to Erikson,a preschooler's development is centered on her

A) new mobility and her accompanying desire for autonomy.
B) identification with her mother and the resulting competition for her father.
C) increased operational efficiency and the expanded capacity of cognitive short-term storage space.
D) improved manipulative and locomotor skills.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of family functioning as conceptualized by Diana Baumrind in her study of parenting styles?

A) warmth or nurturance
B) discipline
C) clear and consistent rules
D) maturity demands

Question 10

When children in early childhood categorize their peers into those who are "nice" and those who are "not nice",they are exhibiting

A) person perception.
B) social-cognitive theory.
C) information-processing theory.
D) cognitive development theory.

Question 11

Positive parenting practices tended to reduce aggressive behaviours by age 25 to ______%

A) 25
B) 30
C) 42
D) 52

Question 12

By the age of ________,children may say that it is more wrong for a child to hit another person than it is to forget to say "please."

A) 1 year
B) 2 to 3 years
C) 6 years
D) 4 to 5 years

Question 13

Shaking hands with another person when you meet them is an example of a(n)

A) moral rule.
B) social convention.
C) understanding of others' intentions.
D) person perception.

Question 14

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the attachment relationships of children in early childhood?

A) In early childhood, the child's internal model of attachment appears to generalize and become a property of all the child's social relationships.
B) A preschooler does not yet understand that relationships continue to exist in the absence of the attachment figure.
C) Two- and three-year-olds who are securely attached to their parents are more likely than insecurely attached children to have positive relationships with their preschool teachers.
D) The nature of the attachment relationship undergoes change at about age eight.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about preschoolers' social-cognitive perspectives?

A) Preschoolers may demonstrate an understanding that intentional wrongdoing deserves greater punishment than accidental violations of rules.
B) By kindergarten age, a child can demonstrate person perception by identifying her smartest playmate.
C) Preschoolers' judgments about others may be inconsistent because they may be based on the child's most recent interactions with the person being judged.
D) Preschoolers are generally unable to differentiate between violations of social conventions and violations of moral rules.

Question 16

By age 5,children are more likely to remember the faces of people of their own race than those of people of a different race.This phenomenon is called

A) racial-bias effect.
B) cross-race effect.
C) ethnocentric effect.
D) similarity-difference effect.

Question 17

Yelena,age 7,says her best friend Ashley is the prettiest,smartest,nicest girl in the class.Yelena's description demonstrates the new found skill of early childhood called

A) social judgment.
B) person perception.
C) meaning in friendship.
D) observation and categorization.

Question 18

Young children rely on two factors as they categorize or classify people:

A) their most recent interactions with a person and that person's observable characteristics.
B) the other person's moral rules and social graces.
C) their own internal models of attachment and their metacognitions about the other person.
D) their own powers of observation and previous social experiences with similar people.

Question 19

Children whose parents have high maturity demands,compared to children whose parents have low expectations,possess all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) more altruism.
B) more generosity.
C) higher self-esteem.
D) more noncompliance.

Question 20

Canadian research indicates that children in high-risk family situations

A) outgrow their behaviour problems by adolescence.
B) always have behaviour problems.
C) are more empathetic to other children with family problems.
D) benefit from positive and nurturing parents.

Question 21

In Canada,the dominant family structure is

A) the lone-parent family.
B) the divorced family.
C) the two-parent family in which the couple is married.
D) the two-parent family in which the couple is living common-law.

Question 22

In the four dimensions of parent-child interactions,the dimension that uses sarcasm,insults,and mixes anger with punishment is called

A) punitive/aversive.
B) hostile/ineffective.
C) positive.
D) consistent.

Question 23

The optimum family structure for children's development is

A) any structure that meets the child's needs.
B) a structure that contains at least one biological parent.
C) undetermined due to lack of research.
D) two natural parents.

Question 24

Parents who tend to be vulnerable to a range of problems (e.g.,higher rates of emotional disorders,chronic stress,etc.)fall under the category of

A) custodial grandparents.
B) lone parents.
C) gay parents.
D) lesbian parents.

Question 25

In the four dimensions of parent-child interactions,the dimension that uses intimidation by shouting or by using physical punishment is called

A) punitive/aversive.
B) hostile/ineffective.
C) positive.
D) consistent.

Question 26

The parenting style that is quite militant,where there are high levels of demand and control,and low levels of warmth and communication,is the ________ type.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) uninvolved

Question 27

In Canada,approximately what percentage of children aged 0 to 4 years live in two-parent homes?

A) 38%
B) 72%
C) 50%
D) 77%

Question 28

Maccoby and Martin conceptualized parenting on the dimensions of ________ and ________.

A) the child's form of attachment; the child's maturity level
B) communication; discipline
C) level of control or demand; level of acceptance
D) the parent's personality; the child's temperament

Question 29

According to Diana Baumrind,the ________ parent is high in nurturance but low in maturity demands,control,and communication.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) neglecting
D) authoritative

Question 30

Children whose parents use the authoritative parenting style tend to

A) be more compliant.
B) have high self-esteem.
C) be independent.
D) all of the above

Question 31

Which of the following is the best example of inductive discipline?

A) Beverly's parents explained that she was being punished because it was wrong to take money from her mother's purse without permission.
B) Jarod was punished for fighting even though the other child started the fight.
C) As punishment for their careless mental mistakes during practice, the team had to run five extra laps.
D) Mr. Smith said, "Because I said so!" when his daughters asked why they were forbidden to go to the mall.

Question 32

Parents' explaining why a punished behaviour is wrong is called

A) uninvolved discipline.
B) permissive discipline.
C) inductive discipline.
D) hostile discipline.

Question 33

According to Diana Baumrind,the ________ parent is high in control and maturity demands but low in nurturance and communication.

A) authoritarian
B) neglecting
C) permissive
D) authoritative

Question 34

Chao and Willms' research found that the largest proportion of Canadian parents were

A) authoritarian.
B) permissive.
C) enmeshed.
D) authoritative.

Question 35

When children live in households headed by both parents,stress levels _____________.

A) decreased.
B) stayed the same.
C) increased.
D) increased for families living in urban areas.

Question 36

In Canada,approximately what percentage of children aged 0 to 4 years live in lone-parent homes?

A) 8%
B) 16%
C) 19%
D) 22%

Question 37

The permissive parenting style consists of

A) low nurturance and high communication.
B) high control and low communication.
C) low maturity demands and low nurturance.
D) high nurturance and low maturity demands, control, and communication.

Question 38

Which parenting style is linked to the best outcome for the child?

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Question 39

Neglectful or uninvolved parenting may have its origins in

A) the immaturity of the parents.
B) inadequate bonding time between parent and child.
C) parental depression or overwhelming stress.
D) low socioeconomic status.

Question 40

Authoritarian and authoritative parents would vary most widely on which of the following dimensions of parenting?

A) control
B) expectations
C) warmth and nurturance
D) maturity demands

Question 41

Two preschoolers are sitting at a table side-by-side,and each is stacking a different set of blocks.They are engaged in ________ play.

A) parallel
B) associative
C) first pretend
D) sociodramatic

Question 42

Group-entry skills are important if a child is to engage in ________ play.

A) dialogic
B) parallel
C) cooperative
D) sensorimotor

Question 43

Behaviour intended to harm another person or an object is called

A) aggression.
B) friendship.
C) cooperative play.
D) prosocial behaviour.

Question 44

One factor which increases the impact of lone parenthood is

A) gender of the parent.
B) income level of the family.
C) amount of contact with the non-custodial parent.
D) age of the child.

Question 45

Aisha shouted,"Get up! I get to sit next to Daddy!" and then she pushed her sister.Aisha's behaviour is an example of ________ aggression.

A) physical aggression
B) social-cognitive
C) frustration-synthesis
D) hostile

Question 46

What differentiates aggression from rough play?

A) intentionality
B) if the participants aren't friends
C) if the children have been told to stop and won't
D) injuries

Question 47

Children of same-sex parents

A) experience sex-role identity confusion.
B) are less psychologically healthy than their peers.
C) are likely to be heterosexual.
D) are more intelligent than their peers.

Question 48

Which of the following is an explanation for the negative effects of divorce on children?

A) Divorce reduces the financial and emotional resources available to support children, but does not affect the percentage that go on to post-secondary education.
B) Divorce increases the likelihood that the family climate will shift away from authoritative parenting.
C) Divorce does not cause long-lasting disruption in family functioning.
D) Divorce terminates children's attachment bonds with the parent who leaves the home.

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a reason why children's physical aggression decreases across the preschool years?

A) As children improve their cognitive skills, they are less frustrated and are therefore less likely to act aggressively.
B) As their egocentrism declines, children are increasingly able to understand other children's thoughts and feelings.
C) Children come to understand that prosocial, altruistic behaviour will accomplish their desires more effectively than aggressive behaviour.
D) The development of dominance hierarchies and the corresponding knowledge of each other's place in the pecking order serve to reduce physical aggression.

Question 50

When children are 4 to 8 years old,their physical aggression ________.

A) remains the same
B) decreases
C) increases
D) is directed only toward peers

Question 51

According to Richard Tremblay's research on aggression,which of the following correctly illustrates indirect aggression?

A) calling someone who hurt your feelings "stupid"
B) secretly tripping someone because you are mad at them
C) shoving someone out of your way to get into the checkout line first
D) bumping into someone purposely so that they fall against the wall

Question 52

When 4-year-old Alexandra wants an item or an activity,she will attack her parents with her fists until they laughingly and protestingly give her what she wants.Her parents' decision to give into Alexandra's demands in this fashion

A) will reinforce her behaviour and possibly create a long-lasting pattern of aggression and defiance.
B) will be effective in teaching her prosocial behaviour because their behaviour will be a model for her.
C) will eventually help her moderate and regulate her emotions by protecting her from frustration and unhappiness.
D) is appropriate and understandable because unresolved conflict would not be an effective parenting strategy.

Question 53

In the first few years after divorce,children show all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A) school performance usually declines.
B) more aggressive, defiant, or negative behaviour.
C) a greater likelihood of experimenting with drugs and alcohol in pre-adolescence (10-12).
D) a greater likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour in adolescence (13-19).

Question 54

Which item does not belong with the others in these descriptive characteristics of 3-year-old boys who have poor social relationships?

A) inductive influences
B) rejected by peers
C) aggressive behaviour
D) poor group-entry skills

Question 55

Borrowing a crayon is an example of ________ play.

A) psychosocial
B) parallel
C) associative
D) solitary

Question 56

Which of the following is a known persistent long-term negative consequence of divorce for children?

A) a lack of financial resources and the emotional support to succeed in post-secondary education
B) high counseling/therapy needs due to their perception of an "unhappy childhood"
C) chronic immaturity and regressed behaviour due to a fear of growing up
D) significantly higher rates of chosen lifelong single status or singlehood

Question 57

When Ginette plays alone,she especially likes to arrange and talk to her collection of toy horses.This is a form of play known as ________ play.

A) parallel
B) sociodramatic
C) solitary
D) dialogic

Question 58

All of the following are known to be long-term effects experienced by children whose parents divorce EXCEPT

A) higher rates of unmarried pregnancies.
B) higher risk of mental health problems in adulthood.
C) lack of financial and emotional support to succeed in college.
D) fear of intimacy in relationships.

Question 59

When several children work together to accomplish a goal,it is referred to as

A) solitary play.
B) parallel play.
C) associative play.
D) cooperative play.

Question 60

Jill calls her friend "stupid" because it hurts the friend's feelings and makes her cry.Jill's behaviour is an example of ________ aggression.

A) instrumental
B) inductive
C) indirect
D) frustration-synthesis

Question 61

All of the following factors have been suggested as explanations for children's aggression EXCEPT

A) frustration.
B) modelling.
C) reinforcement.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 62

By the age of 2 or 3,children seem to understand that violating a social convention,such as failing to say "thank you," is less serious than violating a moral rule,such as taking another child's toy without permission.

Question 63

A style of communicating that involves suggestions,support,and agreement between the participants is called ________,and this style is typically used between ________.

A) sex-typed; age-peers unequal in social status
B) constricting; boys
C) facilitating; peers
D) enabling; girls

Question 64

The style of communicating that tends to derail,shorten or end interaction,inhibiting or causing partners to withdraw,is common among

A) boys.
B) girls.
C) children under 12 years.
D) adolescents.

Question 65

Roberta is a 3-year-old preschooler who has just written on the walls of her bedroom.Roberta knew this was not allowed.Her mother asks her to go to her "time out chair," and explains and reminds Roberta of what she has done and why she is being punished.This is an example of inductive discipline.

Question 66

If Ravi has gender stability,then he

A) knows Mommy will still be a girl even if she wears Daddy's cap and overalls and does Daddy's job of changing the oil in the car.
B) has recently begun to think of activities and personal characteristics as "for girls" or "for boys."
C) knows he will grow up and be a daddy.
D) must be about 2 years old.

Question 67

The parenting style that is most likely to use inductive discipline is the authoritarian type.

Question 68

According to Erikson,the challenges of the autonomy versus shame stage of early childhood are triggered by disruptions in the child's attachment bond with her parents.

Question 69

The most consistently negative outcomes for children's behaviour and development have been associated with the authoritarian style of parenting.

Question 70

A Canadian study by Landy and Tam found that positive and supportive parenting can reduce the incidence of problems,especially for children in high-risk family situations such as low-income or parental depression.

Question 71

Tomas likes to play dress-up and wear his Mom's clothes.He rarely plays with the other boys outside,preferring to be in the company of his two sisters.Tommy exhibits

A) an enabling style.
B) instrumental aggression.
C) cross-gender behaviour.
D) gender constancy.

Question 72

The behaviour expected for males and females in a given culture is known as

A) gender concepts.
B) sex roles.
C) gender constancy theory.
D) gender schema theory.

Question 73

Behaviour intended to help another person is called

A) aggression.
B) prosocial behaviour.
C) instrumental aggression.
D) positivity.

Question 74

Social-cognitive theorists have emphasized the role of ________ in shaping children's sex-role behaviour and attitudes.

A) peers
B) media
C) parents
D) story books

Question 75

The authoritative parenting style is high in nurturance,communication,clarity and consistency,and maturity demands.

Question 76

Which of the following parental behaviours is NOT linked to higher rates of altruistic or prosocial behaviour in their children?

A) allowing children to develop their own rules of behaviour
B) providing parental models of altruistic behaviour
C) having children do helpful things
D) creating a loving and warm family environment

Question 77

Recent theory suggests that cognitive growth and social growth occur separately.

Question 78

Theorists Maccoby and Martin completely rejected Baumrind's theory of parenting styles,and created their own four-step model which focuses on nurturance and demand.

Question 79

When 4-year-old Muhammed thinks of activities,behaviours,or personal characteristics as being "for mommy" or "for daddy," he is using

A) gender schema.
B) gender concepts.
C) gender stereotypes.
D) sex-typing.

Question 80

Which of the following is an example of prosocial behaviour that is characteristic of a preschooler?

A) helping a friend solve a problem
B) trying to comfort another child who appears hurt or sad
C) holding open a door so that a heavily laden person can pass through
D) volunteering to give no-longer-used toys to a needy child