Deck 14: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

What was the median age for first marriage among Canadian women in 2008?

A) 30
B) 21
C) 18
D) 29.1

Answer 1

29.1

Question 2

The theory that the sex differences that occur in mate preferences and mating behaviour are based on the different amounts of time and effort that men and women invest in child-rearing is called

A) parental investment theory.
B) gender-role theory
C) evolutionary theory
D) hunter-gatherer theory

Answer 2

parental investment theory.

Question 3

The _______ a woman expects to earn herself,the ________ her income requirements in a prospective mate.

A) more; lower
B) less; lower
C) less; higher
D) more; higher

Answer 3

more; higher

Question 4

According to evolutionary theories of mate selection,men prefer all of the following qualities in a mate EXCEPT

A) physically attractiveness
B) that the mate be younger
C) financial stability
D) good health

Question 5

According to the textbook,Validating couples are

A) partners who express mutual respect, even in disagreements, and are good listeners.
B) partners who argue a lot and don't listen well.
C) partners who agree to disagree and who minimize conflict by avoiding each other.
D) partners who have frequent arguments and lack the balancing effect of humour and affection.

Question 6

The sociological term for the tendency to mate with someone who has traits similar to one's own is

A) "personal investment theory."
B) "homogamy theory."
C) "heterogamy theory."
D) "social cohesion theory."

Question 7

Intimacy,commitment,and passion are the three main components in Robert Sternberg's theory of

A) marital relationship quality
B) marital intimacy
C) romantic love
D) marital bonding

Question 8

Which of the following represents a "volatile" marriage?

A) A couple who argues but has no humour or affection.
B) A couple who argues and agrees to disagree.
C) A couple who argues and does not listen during arguments.
D) A couple who argues regularly and has no affection or support.

Question 9

Richard Sternberg's theory identifies love as having three key components.What are the three components?

A) intimacy, passion, commitment
B) sincerity, consistency, convenience
C) lust, compatibility, persistence
D) significance, playfulness, maintenance

Question 10

According to Daniel Levinson,the underlying pattern or design of a person's life at a given time,including balances and conflicts among the roles,relationships,and behaviour patterns,is the person's

A) life era.
B) evolutionary plan.
C) cognitive structure.
D) life structure.

Question 11

What component of evolutionary theory suggests that women and men have different mate selection priorities because they have unequal roles and responsibilities in producing and caring for children?

A) parental investment theory
B) filter theory
C) assortive mating
D) heterogeneity

Question 12

According to Erikson,what is the central crisis of early adulthood?

A) autonomy versus dependence
B) identity versus role confusion
C) industry versus unemployment
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 13

Carol and Amir met when they were reporters for the local newspaper.They later discovered that they had attended the same college and had many friends and acquaintances in common.The possibility that Carol and Amir might marry because they are similar to each other in many ways is known as

A) social exchange theory.
B) homogamy theory.
C) social role theory.
D) attachment theory.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the relationship between cohabitation and subsequent marriage?

A) Many couples see cohabitation as a test to determine compatibility before marriage.
B) Cohabitation is the same type of relationship as marriage.
C) Those who cohabit before marriage are less satisfied with their subsequent marriage and more likely to divorce than those who marry without cohabiting.
D) Cohabiting couples are less homogamous than married couples.

Question 15

Which of the following is the best illustration of the social role theory of mate selection?

A) Women and men marry those who are similar in characteristics such as religion, temperament, and social class.
B) Mate selection practices are based on gender roles that change to reflect different social realities.
C) In their relationships, women provide sexual and domestic services and men provide economic support.
D) Men tend to marry young, healthy women, and women tend to marry mature older men.

Question 16

The capacity to engage in a supportive,affectionate relationship without losing one's own sense of self is

A) identity infusion.
B) attachment.
C) intimacy.
D) immersion.

Question 17

Which of the following is an element of evolutionary theories of mate selection?

A) Both women and men are likely to select mates who are similar to themselves on key characteristics such as ethnicity, religion, and age.
B) Men choose mates more slowly and carefully than women and will test a potential mate's reliability and trustworthiness before engaging in sexual intercourse.
C) Men prefer mates who are younger and physically attractive, and women prefer mates who have financial resources.
D) Women and men invest equally in childbearing and parenting.

Question 18

Attachment theories suggest that when we choose a partner we

A) seek to develop attachment patterns that are different from our childhood.
B) seek to maximize the benefits we get out of the relationship.
C) develop attachments that match our internal model of attachment.
D) expect our partner to take the primary responsibility in defining attachment.

Question 19

Which theory views sex differences in mate selection as adaptations to gender roles that change with different social realities?

A) parental investment theory
B) assortative mating theory
C) social role theory
D) social exchange theory

Question 20

Based upon Daniel Levinson's theory of adult development,which of the following would NOT cause the development of a new life structure?

A) retiring
B) becoming middle-aged
C) buying a new house
D) marrying

Question 21

According to researchers,which dimension of a marriage causes the mental and physical health benefits experienced by the partners?

A) length of the relationship
B) communication style
C) financial stability
D) quality of the relationship

Question 22

Juan and Sandra tend to squabble quite a bit.They disagree on almost everything and do not listen to each other,but are still quite affectionate.This is an example of which type of stable marriage?

A) validating
B) volatile
C) avoidant
D) engaged

Question 23

What happens to marital/partnership satisfaction after the birth of a first child?

A) It intensifies dramatically.
B) It drops but quickly recovers and increases.
C) It remains low until the last child leaves.
D) Women feel more satisfied but men feel a steady decline.

Question 24

Which of the following is the best example of a validating marriage,as identified by psychologists?

A) When Jack and Jill argue, they respect and listen to each other's point of view, and consequently their disagreements rarely escalate.
B) Laura and Lars squabble all the time, probably because they don't listen to each other's arguments, but they still have an affectionate and loving relationship.
C) When Morris and Millie disagree, one will immediately yield his or her point of view and agree with the other in order to avoid a conflict.
D) Deion and Kwame agree that their marriage is a battleground and that they often argue over issues that have been unresolved for years.

Question 25

Of the following couples,which would most likely report the lowest level of marital satisfaction?

A) Iman and Muhammed have been married a year, and they plan to start their family next year.
B) Sally and Sam have been married 10 years and have two children who are 8 and 6 years old.
C) Rita and Marcel are both 65 years old and have just retired from the grocery store they have owned and managed for 40 years.
D) Paul and Sarah have been married 20 years and have two children who are establishing themselves in professional careers.

Question 26

Divorce often affects the life pathways or the sequence and timing of family roles for both genders.Which of the following statements is true regarding divorce and life pathways?

A) The total number of years of child-rearing is significantly decreased for divorced men but increased for divorced women.
B) The total number of years of child-rearing is significantly increased for divorced men only if they remarry a younger woman.
C) Divorced women with children and divorced women with no children are less likely to re-marry, decreasing the total number of child rearing years.
D) Divorce reduces the number of years a remarried couple may have between the departure of the last child and the time when their elderly parents may need assistance.

Question 27

According to research,__________ is/are the most common symptom likely to be experienced by recently separated or divorced adults.

A) automobile accidents
B) feelings of failure
C) depression
D) weight loss

Question 28

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the economic effects of divorce?

A) After a divorce, women and men typically have equal earning power.
B) Remarriage is the most reliable means of economic recovery from divorce for men.
C) After divorce, women are strongly affected with serious losses in household income.
D) As a result of divorce, men typically must cope with the economic effects of the custody of children, while women cope with the rearing of the children.

Question 29

Bob and Eileen frequently get into heated arguments,do not see the humour in each other's behaviour,and are rarely affectionate.This is an example of which type of unsuccessful marriage?

A) hostile/engaged
B) hostile/detached
C) hostile
D) detached

Question 30

Concerning social networks,the amount and kind of contact within families appear to be influenced by proximity.If you live within ____ hours of your parents,you tend to maintain the relation and see them more often.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 2
D) 6

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences marital satisfaction after the birth of a child?

A) the sex of the child
B) perceptions about the fairness of the division of labour
C) the quality of the new parents' attachment to their own parents
D) the relative effectiveness of the coping strategies the couple uses to adapt to new roles

Question 32

What percentage of people between the ages of 20 and 34 years old report that they do not expect to have children?

A) 2%
B) 6-9%
C) 25-30%
D) 15-20%

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the impact of childlessness in adulthood?

A) Young adult childless couples report higher marital cohesion than do couples with children.
B) Couples who do not have children do not experience the drop in marital satisfaction that typically occurs across the first year of marriage.
C) Without the presence of children, marital satisfaction fluctuates less across time.
D) Childless married women are more likely to have full-time continuous careers.

Question 34

What do longitudinal and cross-sectional studies reveal about marital satisfaction after the birth of a child?

A) It decreases.
B) It is enhanced if both partners assume traditional gender roles.
C) It increases.
D) It does not change.

Question 35

In the weeks after giving birth,some women experience feelings of sadness that characterize the mood disturbance known as

A) agoraphobia.
B) postpartum depression.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) major depressive disorder.

Question 36

Of the following couples,which would most likely report the highest level of marital satisfaction?

A) Mario and Ansuya have been married 20 years and have a daughter who is a junior in college.
B) Michelle, a lawyer, and Pierre, a banker, have been married a year and have no children.
C) Antonio and Maria own and manage a small grocery store with assistance from their 16-year-old sons.
D) Ling and Guan have been married eight years and have two children in elementary school.

Question 37

Of the following factors,which is NOT associated with the development of postpartum depression?

A) depression during pregnancy
B) an unplanned pregnancy
C) low levels of steroid hormone production
D) presence of a major life stressor, such as loss of a job

Question 38

Disagreements rarely escalate,a level of mutual respect exists,and the couple listens to each other.This describes what type of marriage?

A) validating
B) volatile
C) avoidant
D) engaged

Question 39

According to longitudinal studies,which statement is true about the statistical likelihood of divorce in Canada?

A) The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 38% of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within 30 years of marriage.
B) The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 50% of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within 30 years of marriage.
C) The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 50% of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within the first 5 years of marriage.
D) The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 14.2 % of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within the first 5 years of marriage.

Question 40

Your friend Karen is seven months pregnant and has recently been diagnosed with depression.Your friend is at risk for

A) developing gestational diabetes
B) developing postpartum depression
C) having a premature delivery
D) developing a phobia toward the infant

Question 41

Which statement is most accurate concerning adult friendships?

A) Men are more satisfied with their friendships than women are.
B) Cross-gender relationships are less common in adulthood.
C) Friendships are changing among young men to become more emotionally supportive and less competitive.
D) Adult women friends tend to talk to each other whereas adult men friends tend to do things together.

Question 42

Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett suggests that the educational,social,and economic demands that modern cultures make on individuals age 17 to 22 has given rise to the need to create a new developmental period he calls

A) transitional adulthood.
B) emerging adulthood.
C) prolonged adolescence.
D) extended adolescence.

Question 43

Sarah is very persuasive and forceful.She was president of her class in high school and college and could always rally others to her point of view.According to Holland,what is Sarah's personality type?

A) social
B) enterprising
C) realistic
D) investigative

Question 44

Of the following factors,which is least likely to influence job satisfaction across the adult years?

A) plans for retirement
B) personality characteristics
C) onsite child-care centre
D) quality of the work and the work conditions

Question 45

Salman is the "strong silent type" who prefers work that does not require him to interact with other people.He is very skilled with hand and power tools and enjoys his job as a furniture craftsman.According to Holland,what is Salman's personality type?

A) conventional
B) enterprising
C) realistic
D) artistic

Question 46

In the Menard family,it is Sylvie Menard who sends cards to family members and who reminds her husband to call his mother on special occasions.What term describes this relationship role?

A) family archivist
B) kin-keeper
C) family key
D) parental imperative

Question 47

Why do women experience the greatest role conflict during early adulthood?

A) They are still trying to advance in their careers.
B) There is still prejudice against working moms.
C) Their children are young and need constant care.
D) They are still completing their education.

Question 48

Which of the following is not one of the defining features of early adult life in developed societies?

A) Spousal roles.
B) Parental roles.
C) Work roles.
D) Student roles.

Question 49

If a woman described her friendships,she would most likely speak of

A) self-disclosure and emotional support.
B) disagreement and struggles to be heard.
C) competition and rivalry.
D) shared activities.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about adult friendships appear to be true?

A) Men are less satisfied with friendships than women are.
B) Men's friendships involve more social support than women's do.
C) Women have fewer friends than men have, but are very close to them.
D) There are no significant differences between men's friendships and women's friendships.

Question 51

According to research at the University of Guelph,young Canadian adults aged 25 to 44 years old experience

A) the most time pressure.
B) the greatest commitment to their careers.
C) the highest level of job satisfaction.
D) the most leisure time.

Question 52

Which of the following is least likely to exert an influence upon a young adult's choice of a job or career?

A) intelligence
B) gender
C) family
D) hobbies

Question 53

Research indicates that both men and women's mate preferences have changed as women have gained economic power.Which of the following changes in men's criteria for mate selection is correct?

A) earning potential replaced attractiveness
B) earning potential replaced domestic skills
C) earning potential replaced younger age
D) earning potential replaced hip-to-waist ratio child-bearing potential

Question 54

Beverly and Gerald both work full-time and have two children.If they are typical of families in our society,how do they manage work and family life?

A) Beverly and Gerald equally divide the family work.
B) Gerald finds that his family responsibilities often spill over into his work life, causing him to miss work or take time off from work.
C) Gerald probably does more than 50% of the housework in order to allow Beverly to care for the children.
D) Beverly does the majority of the housework.

Question 55

Baldev takes pride in the fact that he rarely makes an error in his job as accountant for the Widget Company.He precisely follows formulas and guidelines when he calculates his company's production costs and profit margins.According to Holland,what is Baldev's personality type?

A) enterprising
B) investigative
C) social
D) conventional

Question 56

According to Holland,what would be the most likely personality type of an individual who works as a volunteer providing health education and treatment to persons with HIV/AIDS in less developed countries?

A) conventional
B) social
C) investigative
D) enterprising

Question 57

How does women's work experience vary from men's work experience across adulthood?

A) Women do not find paid employment to be as meaningful or satisfying as men do.
B) Women's work is more discontinuous than men's across adulthood.
C) The majority of young adult men join the labour force, but the majority of women do not.
D) Fewer women than men find work that is consistent with their personality types and personal preferences.

Question 58

According to researcher Glenn Roisman,of the five developmental domains (academic,friendship,conduct,work,and romantic)faced by young adults age 17 to 22,which two domains pose the most challenges?

A) academic and work
B) conduct and romantic
C) work and romantic
D) friendship and romantic

Question 59

In choosing an occupation,which of the following family factors tend to be most influential?

A) parents' level of educational attainment
B) parents' marital satisfaction
C) number of siblings in the family
D) parents' level of job satisfaction

Question 60

When women are employed full-time,they still spend more hours than their husbands in family work,including housework and child-care.At what point in the family lifespan does the greatest gap occur between women's total hours in family work and paid employment and men's hours in family work and paid employment?

A) when the children are teenagers
B) when the oldest child is an infant or toddler
C) when the couple have retired and their children have left home
D) when the couple is first married and have no children

Question 61

In Robert Sternberg's view of love,the intimacy component of love includes feelings of sexuality and eroticism.

Question 62

Researchers believe that couples become unhappy because their interactions become negative.

Question 63

After the first year of marriage,couples tend to continue to do things together and maintain a high level of positive interaction.

Question 64

Couple who agree to disagree and who minimize conflict by simply avoiding each other are called volatile couples.

Question 65

An individual who had an insecure attachment with her parents will inevitably form an insecure attachment bond with her intimate adult partners.

Question 66

Women whose bodies produce high levels of steroid hormones towards the end of their pregnancy are more likely to develop postpartum depression.

Question 67

The percentage of men who strongly feel that they want to become parents and view parenting as a life-enriching experience is greater than the percentage of women who feel this way.

Question 68

Marital stability and satisfaction increases in mid-life as conflicts over child-rearing and other similar matters decline.

Question 69

The best predictor of postpartum depression is having a premature delivery.

Question 70

_______________ appear(s)to be what most people look for to judge whether their marriages are satisfactory.

A) Dividing labour
B) Having an adequate income
C) Relationship quality
D) Material aspects

Question 71

Ensuring the survival of the species is the central premise of evolutionary explanations of mate selection behaviour.

Question 72

According to Erikson,a young adult who has not yet established a sense of identity would be incapable of intimacy.

Question 73

After the birth of a child,marital satisfaction tends to increase.

Question 74

If a marriage is to be stable and long-lasting,the couple must minimize conflict and arguments.

Question 75

Research studies indicate that if a relationship begins to feature an excess of nasty exchanges,divorce becomes more likely.

Question 76

Young adult childless couples report higher levels of marital cohesion than do couples with children.

Question 77

Research has shown that single mothers have higher rates of managerial advancement than married mothers.

Question 78

Validating couples squabble a lot,disagree,and don't listen to each other very well when they argue.

Question 79

Larissa and Michalis fight regularly,rarely look at each other,lack affection,and rarely support each other.This is an example of a hostile/detached couple.

Question 80

Divorced or recently separated adults are more likely to become depressed.