Deck 3: Risk Factors and Early Intervention  

Question 1

Which of the following statements about risk is NOT true?

A) Certain clusters of risk factors make it more likely that developmental problems will occur.
B) Risk factors guarantee developmental problems.
C) Environment can influence the impact of risk factors.
D) Cultural conditions and caregiver attention can influence the impact of risk factors.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The perinatal period of life ranges from

A) the 20^th week of pregnancy to birth.
B) the 12^th week of pregnancy to the 28^th day of life.
C) the 12^th week of life to birth.
D) conception to the last trimester of pregnancy.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Infants of women who smoke during pregnancy

A) are more likely to experience Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
B) are heavier than the average newborn.
C) are not likely to develop asthma.
D) develop more slowly than other infants.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Low birthweight is associated with

A) potential for retinopathy of prematurity (blindness).
B) extreme difficulty in breathing.
C) a tendency toward hemorrhaging.
D) All of the above.

Question 5

The postnatal period for biological risk factors covers which of the following?

A) The 28^th day of life until the end of the first year
B) After one week of life until the end of the first year
C) Immediately following birth until the 28^th day of life
D) After one hour of until the 28^th day of life

Question 6

Which statement about hypoxia is correct?

A) Hypoxia is a normal result of caesarean delivery.
B) Hypoxia is a decreased availability of oxygen in the body tissues.
C) Hypoxia is rarely associated with any cell damage in the brain.
D) Hypoxia has no researched link with mental retardation.

Question 7

The 1997 amendments to IDEA specified that whenever possible, services be provided to children in natural environments. Which of the following would NOT be considered a natural environment for a young child?

A) Mommy and Me classes
B) Day care
C) Center-based intervention program for children with disabilities
D) Home

Question 8

Adverse events during which period of life often account for the most severe developmental outcomes?

A) Prenatal
B) Perinatal
C) Postnatal
D) Preconceptional

Question 9

The negative effects on a newborn child when the mother is a carrier of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

A) may include deafness, blindness, severe mental retardation, and even death.
B) may be avoided if the disease is identified and treated during the first trimester of pregnancy.
C) are a particular problem with pregnant adolescents.
D) All of the above.

Question 10

Symptoms associated with fetal alcohol syndrome typically include tendencies toward all of the following EXCEPT

A) hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattentiveness.
B) altered facial features such as widely spaced eyes and upturned nose.
C) developmental delays in language and cognition.
D) abuse of alcohol when the infant reaches adolescence.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the mother's age is true?

A) Older pregnant women will probably have poorer prenatal assistance than younger mothers-to-be.
B) Very young mothers are at greater risk of having a child with Down syndrome.
C) Maternal nutrition tends to have little connection with a newborn's size, health, and weight.
D) Younger mothers-to-be tend to be less responsive to their infant's cues.

Question 12

Low-birthweight babies are those who are born weighing

A) less than 4 pounds.
B) less than 5 ½ pounds.
C) 2 pounds less than the current average for babies born in a region.
D) less than 2 pounds.

Question 13

Children with alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

A) have the physical abnormalities associated with fetal alcohol syndrome but not the cognitive and behavioral characteristics.
B) have the cognitive and behavioral characteristics associated with fetal alcohol syndrome but not the physical abnormalities.
C) become alcoholics themselves later in life.
D) are easily identifiable at birth.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about tobacco consumption is NOT true?

A) Infants born to smoking mothers tend to be heavier at birth.
B) Tobacco use by the mother has a serious impact on the developing fetus.
C) Pregnant women who smoke have a relatively higher degree of pregnancy complications.
D) Maternal smoking results in more colds, asthma, and other respiratory problems.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about toxic substances present in the environment is NOT correct?

A) There is suspicion that environmental toxins adversely affect the structural or functional components of the nervous system.
B) Researchers are concerned that environmental toxins could have a relationship to the rising number of cases of Attention Deficit Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and other developmental disabilities.
C) There is concern that environmental toxins could cause asthma and cancer.
D) There is a clear relationship between environmental toxins and disabilities in children.

Question 16

Which of the following statements about alcohol consumption is NOT true?

A) Not all children of mothers who drink alcohol will experience developmental delays.
B) Not enough is known to justify a pregnant woman drinking any amount of alcohol.
C) A four-ounce drink every two days shows some benefit for the mother-to-be and fetus.
D) Alcohol intake by the mother is one of the leading causes of intellectual disabilities today.

Question 17

Which of the following is not considered to be a biological risk condition?

A) Child abuse
B) Prenatal exposure to drugs
C) Low birthweight
D) Chromosomal abnormalities

Question 18

The use of immunization has virtually eliminated which condition as a cause of deafness, blindness, heart malformation, and intellectual disabilities in the United States?

A) Chicken pox
B) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
C) Diphtheria
D) German measles (rubella)

Question 19

Which of the following is not one of the categories of biological risk?

A) Postnatal
B) Prenatal
C) Perinatal
D) Preconceptional

Question 20

Which of the following criteria is NOT specifically used to identify 3- to 5-year-olds eligible for early childhood special services?

A) The child demonstrates developmental delays.
B) The child's physical condition carries a high probability of developmental delay.
C) The child comes from a family where two languages are spoken.
D) The child is medically at risk for developmental delay.

Question 21

The surest way a potential mother can reduce her chance of delivering an at-risk infant is by

A) getting plenty of vigorous exercise during pregnancy.
B) asking the doctor to use a fetal heart monitor during the last stage of labor.
C) eating natural rather than processed foods.
D) seeking out and using early prenatal care.

Question 22

Early intervention programs focus on which of the following areas?

A) Cognitive development
B) Motor skills development
C) Communication skills development
D) All of the above

Question 23

The most common environmental risk factor(s) for young children is (are)

A) accidents.
B) exposure to lead.
C) fetal alcohol syndrome.
D) occupational hazards.

Question 24

Which statement about early intervention programs is correct?

A) They are built on the assumption that an interdisciplinary approach best serves the needs of a young child with a disability.
B) They tend to be center-based for younger and more fragile children.
C) They tend to be home-based for older and stronger children.
D) They are designed to provide services to children who have biological risks but not environmental risks.

Question 25

Which of the following statements about screening and assessment is NOT true?

A) The ability to predict which at-risk children will develop disabilities is relatively poor.
B) Parents are least likely to provide correct information about their child's performance.
C) Children with severe disabilities are relatively easy to identify.
D) Neonatal complications do not accurately predict later IQ test performance.

Question 26

Fill in the missing word in this statement. "The weight of successful development in the early years falls most heavily on the child's ___________with primary adult caregivers."

A) conflicts
B) relationships
C) interactions
D) communication

Question 27

How does poverty relate to risk? Provide examples with your answer.

Question 28

Newborns weighing 3 1/2 pounds or less are considered

A) low birthweight.
B) very low birthweight.
C) in danger of death.
D) in good health.

Question 29

Young children who qualify for early intervention under IDEA include those

A) with identified disabilities.
B) who are categorized as developmentally delayed.
C) who are at risk.
D) All of the above.

Question 30

Identify and describe the two major categories of risk. Give some examples of each.

Question 31

Which statement about chorionic villus sampling is correct?

A) It enables the physician to study the genetic makeup of the fetus.
B) It is based on a sample of amniotic fluid taken by needle from the mother's abdomen.
C) It is usually conducted by a physician between the 14^th and 17^th weeks of pregnancy.
D) It reduces the chance of spontaneous abortion.

Question 32

Which of the following procedures is used to provide information about the health of the fetus?

A) Chorionic villus sampling
B) Fetal heart monitoring
C) Amniocentesis
D) All of the above

Question 33

Which condition can be detected through amniocentesis?

A) AIDS
B) fetal alcohol syndrome
C) polydrug use
D) Down syndrome

Question 34

Children who live in poverty are best described as being at

A) biological risk.
B) environmental risk.
C) cultural risk.
D) established risk.

Question 35

Which statement about genetic counseling is correct?

A) It allows parents to modify their newborn through chemotherapy.
B) It always relies on amniocentesis.
C) It can assist couples in evaluating their risk of having children with disabilities.
D) It generally leads to a decision about abortion.

Question 36

Name and explain the effects of three substances that are associated with risk to the fetus when consumed by pregnant women.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a component of an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)?

A) A statement of the family's strengths and needs (resources, priorities, and concerns)
B) A listing of specific services designed to meet the unique needs of each child and family
C) A statement about the agency, school district, and family's financial commitment to the early intervention options
D) A statement of major outcomes to be achieved by the child and family

Question 38

How might the father create a biological risk for his child?

Question 39

Describe the physical and cognitive effects a mother's use of alcohol during pregnancy can have on her child.

Question 40

Which statement about early intervention is correct?

A) It is a comprehensive set of services provided to children from one to eight years of age.
B) Its basic component is a professional who works collaboratively to minimize the child's risk status.
C) It seeks to establish the cause of a child's disability.
D) It was mandated by P.L. 94-142 for all developmentally delayed infants and toddlers (0-2 years old).

Question 41

How does prematurity differ from low birthweight?

Question 42

Research shows that assistive technology (AT) can help young children with disabilities learn valuable skills. What skill areas might be improved in young children by using computers and special software?

Question 43

What are the goals of early intervention?