Deck 12: Children Who Are Blind or Have Low Vision  

Question 1

Which statement about most people who are visually impaired is correct?

A) They cannot read print.
B) They come from homes where the parents are blind.
C) They are not totally blind.
D) They have related speech defects.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The layer of specialized cells at the back of the eye is the

A) retina.
B) lens.
C) optic nerve.
D) pupil.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Functional vision is

A) what a person can do with his or her available vision.
B) a measure of how a person sees with glasses.
C) a measure of visual acuity.
D) a measure of whether a person functions well despite visual impairment.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The definition of the term visual impairment that appears in IDEA includes

A) specific standards of acuity for diagnosing the degree of impairment.
B) a specific mention of educational performance.
C) blind students, but not those who are partially sighted.
D) no mention of correction.

Question 5

The part of the eye that expands or contracts according to the amount of light available is the

A) choroid.
B) lens.
C) iris.
D) conjunctiva.

Question 6

The most important factors in how a child with visual impairments develops are

A) opportunities to learn and the presence or absence of other disabilities.
B) the type of classroom model and reading materials chosen.
C) the child's learning style and whether it is a good fit with the teacher's classroom philosophy.
D) opportunities to practice activities of daily living and strong peer support.

Question 7

Most people with visual impairments

A) cannot travel independently in their communities.
B) rely on their other senses and on training to gain information about the world.
C) learn to read either large-print books or Braille materials.
D) cannot function at an independent level in their own homes.

Question 8

The level of visual impairment that implies that a student's primary source of information is visual is

A) legal blindness.
B) blindness in one eye.
C) total blindness.
D) low vision.

Question 9

Visual acuity of 20/200 means that a person sees at

A) 200 feet what a normally sighted person sees at 20 feet.
B) 100 feet what a normally sighted person sees at 10 feet.
C) 20 feet what a normally sighted person sees at 200 feet.
D) 10 feet what a normally sighted person sees at 100 feet.

Question 10

Most of the visual impairments in school-age children are

A) caused by accident or injury.
B) caused byanoxia.
C) congenital in origin.
D) adventitious in origin.

Question 11

Which statement about educational definitions of blindness is correct?

A) They primarily rely on measures of visual acuity.
B) They are primarily based on how a student uses his or her vision in an educational setting.
C) They are used to determine the type of educational placement that is most appropriate for a child.
D) They are somewhat misleading because someone who is considered "educationally blind" may actually have a good deal of functional vision.

Question 12

The definition of legal blindness is

A) a field of vision of less than 20 degrees.
B) vision of 20/200 or worse in the better eye with correction.
C) vision of 20/200 or worse in the better eye with correction or a field of vision of less than 20 degrees.
D) vision of 20/200 or worse in the better eye without correction or a field of vision of greater than 20 degrees.

Question 13

A clouding of the lens of the eye is called

A) a cataract.
B) glaucoma.
C) retinopathy of prematurity.
D) myopia.

Question 14

Children who are blind tend to ask inappropriate or off-the-topic questions in order to

A) gain knowledge of the physical world.
B) prove that they understand their surroundings.
C) maintain contact with conversation partners.
D) conquer fear of strangers.

Question 15

The frontmost portion of the eye is the

A) cornea.
B) pupil.
C) lens.
D) ciliary body.

Question 16

The condition associated with babies who receive excessive oxygen after birth is called

A) glaucoma.
B) fetal pigmentosa fibroplasia.
C) retinopathy of prematurity.
D) congenital cataracts.

Question 17

Research into growth and development of children with visual impairments (Ferrell, 2000) indicates that

A) any differences between children with visual impairments and other children are related to their disability.
B) children are rarely affected by societal expectations, as long as they receive support from their parents and peers.
C) there is great variability among children with visual impairments, including the ages at which they acquire developmental milestones.
D) growth and development tend to lag during the preschool and early elementary years but catch up later on.

Question 18

The use of descriptive words without firsthand knowledge through other senses, such as "blue," by a child who is blind, is referred to as

A) echolalia.
B) precocious speech.
C) orientation.
D) verbalism.

Question 19

Impairments in vision can be associated with

A) the passage of light from the lens to the retina.
B) the transmission of neural energy from the retina to the brain.
C) damage to the retina.
D) All of the above

Question 20

Which of the following groups has the highest incidence, according to the American Printing House for the Blind?

A) Blind students who are considered prereaders
B) Blind students who are dependent on auditory input
C) Blind students who use Braille
D) Blind students who are nonreaders

Question 21

Instruction in the use of low vision touches on three areas. Which of the following is NOT one of those three areas?

A) Environmental adaptations
B) Listening to recorded materials
C) Integration of vision into activities
D) Enhancement of visual skills

Question 22

For an infant who has a visual impairment as well as additional disabilities, early intervention can help parents learn to

A) interpret their child's attempts at communication with others.
B) understand their child's feelings, needs, and cues.
C) let go of the child so he or she can be institutionalized.
D) deal with the comments of misinformed friends and relatives.

Question 23

Which of the following is a daily living skill typically associated with the elementary years for a child with visual impairment?

A) Toileting
B) Handling small amounts of personal money
C) Ordering and maintaining special devices and equipment
D) Use of eating utensils

Question 24

Early onset of visual impairment can affect the development of bonding because

A) babies with visual impairment are unlikely to make visual contact with caregivers.
B) babies are less likely to make eye contact with their mothers.
C) parents typically reject visually impaired infants before bonding can take place.
D) children with visual impairment typically have cognitive deficits as well.

Question 25

Which of the following is an informal assessment, performed by a vision specialist or an orientation and mobility specialist, designed to provide recommendations for educational programming?

A) Criterion-based vision assessment
B) Measure of educational effectiveness
C) Functional vision assessment
D) Normed visual assessment

Question 26

Since vision helps children develop concepts, teachers and families of children with visual impairments must

A) provide the child with hands-on experiences of every concept.
B) make all the features of concepts explicit.
C) check the child's verbalizations for understanding of concepts.
D) All of the above.

Question 27

Describe concept development and explain its importance to teaching children with visual impairment.

Question 28

How might a family respond to visual impairment of a family member?

Question 29

Hatlen (2000) has described the necessary school program for students with visual impairments as the expanded core curriculum, which is:

A) the existing core curriculum plus additional areas mandated under the law.
B) the existing core curriculum plus orientation and mobility.
C) the existing core curriculum provided in special schools for students with visual impairments.
D) the existing core curriculum plus the additional areas of learning needed by students who are visually impaired, including those with additional disabilities.

Question 30

How might a visual impairment affect a child in one of the following areas: cognitive, physical, or language development?

Question 31

The Snellen Chart measures

A) ocular pressure.
B) cognitive ability.
C) distance vision.
D) functions of daily living.

Question 32

Orientation and mobility training refers to the process of teaching students to

A) read and write in Braille.
B) travel safely in their environment.
C) work and play with sighted peers.
D) use psychological and cognitive strategies.

Question 33

Which of the following would NOT be among the specialized areas of the expanded core curriculum for students who are visually impaired?

A) Visual efficiency skills
B) Orientation and mobility
C) Mathematics
D) Use of assistive technology

Question 34

Which of the following is generally NOT accepted as an orientation and mobility system for people with visual impairments?

A) Human guide
B) Dog guide
C) Electronic travel aids
D) Echo travel

Question 35

Which statement about teaching a child to use Braille is correct?

A) Instruction should begin long before the child enters school.
B) Instruction is best done by a parent.
C) Instruction should not include activities associated with a traditional basal reading series.
D) Instruction in Braille is recommended only for students who cannot read print, not for those who are legally blind.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT an important purpose of early intervention for infants and toddlers with visual impairment?

A) Promote early cognitive development, since there may be particular periods of early development when optimal learning occurs.
B) Prevent the development of secondary disabilities.
C) Make a diagnosis of visual impairment and/or additional disabilities.
D) Help parents make the most of the learning opportunities that arise in the routines of daily life with their baby.

Question 37

Braille is

A) a variation of Morse code.
B) a specialized language of the blind.
C) a code rather than a language.
D) based on a series of twelve raised dots.

Question 38

Which statement about assessment of students with visual impairments is correct?

A) Assessment is based on a battery of tests that have been normed on the population of children who have visual impairments.
B) Assessment is made especially difficult by the lack of standardized assessment instruments for this population.
C) Assessment should be performed immediately before these children begin school.
D) Assessment is facilitated by the similarities and common patterns of behavior exhibited by this group.

Question 39

Describe the concept of the expanded core curriculum and areas of potential modification to curricula for students with visual impairments.

Question 40

A device that increases visual access to print for the student with visual impairment is the

A) closed-circuit television (CCTV).
B) Braillewriter.
C) talking sign.
D) global positioning satellite.

Question 41

How have technological advances facilitated learning for persons with visual impairments?