Deck 7: Middle Childhood

Question 1

Myopia is more likely to occur in _____,as it is positively correlated with _____.

A)developed countries; reading,writing,and using computers
B)developing countries; reading,writing,and using computers
C)developed countries; hunting,farming,and gathering
D)developing countries; hunting,farming,and gathering

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What term describes nearsightedness?

A)myopia
B)presbycusis
C)hyperopia
D)protanopia

Answer 2

A

Question 3

____ is a measure of the ratio of weight to height.

A)Body growth scale
B)Body mass index
C)Progressive development index
D)Physiological rating

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Myopia is also known as ____.

A)farsightedness
B)nearsightedness
C)binocular vision
D)monocular vision

Question 5

Your sister came home from a pediatrician's visit with your 9-year-old nephew and was very worried because the doctor told her that your nephew has myopia.She was also very unhappy because the pediatrician failed to give her medication to treat it.What would you tell her about myopia?

A)It simply means nearsightedness.
B)It is an intense fungal infection of the sclera.
C)It results in permanent retinal damage.
D)It is a disease of the eye that occurs only in children with cancer.

Question 6

Which of the following pairs has the highest concordance rate for myopia?

A)monozygotic twins in a developed nation
B)monozygotic twins in a developing nation
C)dizygotic twins in a developed nation
D)dizygotic twins in a developing nation

Question 7

Your sister is happy that your niece loves to read and she reads constantly.What is a potential problem that can occur as a function of reading?

A)hyperopia
B)protanopia
C)myopia
D)retinopathy

Question 8

Agility is ____.

A)synchronization of different body parts
B)moving quickly and precisely
C)a response to changing information
D)the ability to manage equilibrium

Question 9

Hearing improves in middle childhood because the tube in the inner ear that is often the site of ear infections in toddlerhood and early childhood has now matured to be longer and narrower than it was before.How does this help with ear infections?

A)The tympanic membrane becomes less permeable.
B)It allows the immune system to concentrate its efforts on this area.
C)Children develop immunity to the bacteria that cause ear infections during this time.
D)Less bacteria-containing fluid flows from the mouth to the ear.

Question 10

In middle childhood,physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace.How many pounds per year does the average child gain in weight during this time?

A)2 to 4 pounds
B)5 to 7 pounds
C)7 to 9 pounds
D)10 to 12 pounds

Question 11

When he was 6 years old,Perry used to chase his older brother,Marcus,in the backyard,but got winded sooner than Marcus did.Now that Perry is a 9-year-old,he can run faster and longer than ever before and has less trouble keeping up with Marcus's pace.This is a result of increased ____ in middle childhood.

A)lung capacity
B)fine motor movement
C)flexibility
D)myopic vision

Question 12

From ages 6 to 12 years,how many primary teeth do children lose?

A)a quarter of them
B)half of them
C)three-quarters
D)all of them

Question 13

How many primary teeth do children have?

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40

Question 14

In middle childhood,physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace.How many inches per year does the average child gain in height during this time?

A)2 to 3 inches
B)5 to 6 inches
C)8 to 9 inches
D)11 to 12 inches

Question 15

What is the measure of the ratio of weight to height called?

A)growth index
B)body fat index
C)body mass index
D)W-H index

Question 16

Your sister has an 8-year-old who seems to be losing his teeth at a rapid pace.This is her first child and she is concerned.What would you tell her? From age 6 to 12 years,children ____.

A)lose all of their primary teeth-this is normal
B)lose some of their teeth,but at a very slow rate
C)do not lose any teeth-she needs to consult a dentist immediately
D)only lose the front few teeth

Question 17

According to Mutti et al.(2002),what percentage of children in developed countries need glasses by the end of middle childhood?

A)15%
B)25%
C)35%
D)45%

Question 18

During which of the following time periods of life are boys and girls most likely to be the slimmest?

A)infancy
B)middle childhood
C)adolescence
D)late childhood

Question 19

Children during middle childhood can run faster and longer.What allows children to achieve these results during this time in the lifespan?

A)The heart grows 80% larger during this time.
B)Competition leads to increased willingness to put forth more effort.
C)Cognitive desire increases.
D)Lung capacity expands.

Question 20

Improvements in _____ in middle childhood allow a child to stay steady on a bike without training wheels or walk on a board across a river.

A)balance
B)strength
C)hand-eye coordination
D)reaction time

Question 21

As compared to earlier times,physical development during middle childhood is best described as:

A)"Bodies are stronger and immune systems are better developed."
B)"Bodies are much more susceptible to disease and illness."
C)"Bodies are much pudgier with a higher body mass index."
D)"Bodies are much weaker and immune systems are stressed and taxed."

Question 22

By the end of middle childhood,what abilities have nearly reached adult maturity?

A)gross motor skills
B)psycho-motor skills
C)vestibular-motor skills
D)fine motor skills

Question 23

In the United States in 1969,80% of children were involved in daily physical education programs.What was the percentage in 2005?

A)8%
B)24%
C)56%
D)80%

Question 24

In a Guatemalan study that examined nutrition and development,children who were classified as having ____ were more likely than children with ____ to explore new environments in middle childhood and persist in a frustrating situation.

A)low body mass index; high body mass index
B)high body mass index; low body mass index
C)low nutrient levels; high nutrient levels
D)high nutrient levels; low nutrient levels

Question 25

Generally,by the end of middle childhood the fine motor abilities have ____,whereas gross motor development ____.

A)remained the same; has grown exponentially
B)reached their pinnacle; grew very little
C)nearly reached adult maturity; will continue to advance for many years to come
D)tripled in strength; has declined rapidly

Question 26

Your brother was an All-American baseball shortstop.His 8-year-old son is not nearly as good at catching a baseball as your brother would like.He was hoping that your nephew would also be interested in and good at baseball.Although you think that your brother should support his son's interests rather than have your nephew pursue what your brother wants him to do,what can you tell your brother about his son's athletic abilities?

A)Gross motor skills continue to develop for quite a while,he should be patient.
B)His son is probably not going to be athletic.He is too clumsy.
C)Perhaps your brother should enroll his son in gymnastics to help him improve his coordination.
D)His son's chance of being a great baseball player are doomed.Your nephew's fine motor skills seem to be abnormal.

Question 27

6-year-olds can ____,whereas 8-year-olds can ____.

A)divide numbers in their head; add numbers in their head
B)add numbers in their head; divide numbers in their head
C)write in cursive; write letters of the alphabet
D)write letters of the alphabet; write in cursive

Question 28

Across cultures,advances in fine motor development are especially evident in two areas-what are they?

A)throwing and catching
B)drawing and writing
C)jumping and hopping
D)walking backwards and rolling

Question 29

Barrett and Frank (1987)studied children from Guatemala who were classified as having high nutrient levels or low nutrient levels.Compared to children with low nutrient levels,children with high nutrient levels were ____.

A)more likely to explore and to persist in a frustrating situation
B)likely to cling to their mothers more
C)significantly more anxious
D)less likely to be energetic

Question 30

Children are considered to be overweight if they ____.

A)eat more than 2,000 calories a day
B)fail to exercise for more than 30 minutes per day
C)have a BMI that exceeds 18
D)have 20% or more body fat

Question 31

At age 7,Felix is a much better soccer player than he was at age 4.Not only is he a fast runner but he can dribble the soccer ball down the field by alternating right-foot,left-foot kicks.He can also fake out defenders by pretending to kick the ball with his right foot but actually using his left foot.Felix's improvement in soccer illustrates growth in which of the following areas?

A)balance
B)agility
C)reaction time
D)strength

Question 32

In the U.S.,the percentage of children involved in daily physical education programs during middle childhood decreased from ____ in 1969 to just ____ in 2005.

A)80%; 8%
B)70%; 7%
C)60%; 6%
D)50%; 5%

Question 33

In the United States,____% of boys and ____% of girls between 5-18 years of age are involved in organized sports.

A)25; 75
B)52; 66
C)66; 52
D)75; 25

Question 34

____ is the ability to move quickly and precisely,whereas ____ is the response to changing information.

A)Agility; reaction time
B)Reaction time; agility
C)Coordination; strength
D)Strength; coordination

Question 35

What percentage of American middle school children in 1969 participated in daily physical education?

A)80%
B)60%
C)40%
D)20%

Question 36

Not many 3- or 4-year-olds can ____ successfully,but nearly all ____-year-olds can.

A)tie their shoe; 8-9
B)kick a ball; 5-6
C)pet a dog; 8-9
D)run and jump; 6-7

Question 37

Development in what allows children in middle childhood to respond rapidly to changing information,like hitting a tennis ball or catching a baseball?

A)reaction time
B)eye-hand coordination
C)myelination
D)muscular virility

Question 38

In many developing countries,children become valuable as factory workers in middle childhood because of their ____.

A)ability to perform gross motor tasks such threading a needle on a sewing machine
B)cognitive ability to perform complex conceptual tasks such as designing products
C)emotional stability,because some adult factory employees are hot-tempered
D)ability to perform intricate fine motor tasks such as weaving rugs

Question 39

Which of the following fine motor tasks is within the appropriate developmental age range for a 6-year-old?

A)writing the letters of the alphabet,their name,and numbers from 1 to 10
B)writing complete sentences,reading a 2nd-grade level book,and spelling words such as "hippopotamus"
C)running a 4-minute mile,jumping over hurdles,and dribbling a soccer ball
D)writing in cursive,drawing in three-dimensional shapes,and using symbolism in storytelling

Question 40

When are children less vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition?

A)infancy
B)early childhood
C)middle childhood
D)adolescence

Question 41

What has research discovered regarding childhood obesity in children who were adopted? Adopted children ____.

A)have BMIs that are more similar to their adoptive parents
B)are likely to have the same interest in sedentary games as their biological parents
C)crave sweets and fats like their biological parents
D)have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents

Question 42

Why are rates of overweight and obese children especially high among African American and Latino children?

A)they have no place to play outside
B)they are genetically more likely to become overweight and obese
C)their mothers are less likely to prepare nutritious meals
D)they tend to watch the most television per day

Question 43

In the U.S.,rates of overweight and obesity are higher in ____.

A)ethnic minority groups
B)high income families
C)first-generation families
D)White American families

Question 44

According to Fryar et al.(2012),there has been a ________ of childhood obesity rates in the U.S.since 2005-2006.

A)slight increase
B)sharp increase
C)slight decrease
D)sharp decrease

Question 45

Your brother was happy to report to you that your 7-year-old niece and 8-year-old nephew both watch about three hours of educational television per day.He is convinced that this is a great way for his children to learn additional information that is not presented in school.What do you think? Your niece and nephew are likely to ____.

A)develop technical skills that other children their ages do not possess
B)skip a grade level soon
C)be on their way to becoming overweight or obese
D)be two of the smartest children at their schools

Question 46

According to Ogden et al.(2014),________ have the lowest rates of childhood obesity.

A)White males
B)African American females
C)Latino males
D)Asian American females

Question 47

According to Ogden et al.(2014),________ have the highest rates of childhood obesity.

A)White males
B)African American females
C)Latino males
D)Asian American males

Question 48

Children are considered to be ____ if their BMI exceeds 18 and ____ if their BMI exceeds 21.

A)overweight; obese
B)obese; overweight
C)underweight; emaciated
D)emaciated; underweight

Question 49

In a longitudinal study that followed a sample of American children from age 4 to 11,TV-watching predicted gains in ____.

A)body fat
B)academic scores
C)cognitive ability
D)socioemotional maturity

Question 50

Why are the rates of overweight and obese children in developing countries rising?

A)There is a worldwide shortage of protein.
B)Their children are becoming lazy.
C)Their diets are becoming more like the diets of developed countries.
D)They are also acquiring the technology to play games on the Internet for hours.

Question 51

You and your roommate are having a discussion of the "Westernization" of many developing countries.You are concerned about the ill effects of some of Western culture.In terms of the healthy weight of children in developing countries,why would you be concerned about the potential changes in their diets that can come with Westernization? Children in developing countries ____.

A)can now get pre-packaged Western foods that contain precisely the nutrients that they require
B)require that their diets contain fluoride because of the great risk of tooth decay
C)need extra calories to be healthy and Western diets are not sufficient
D)are eating more unhealthy foods as a result of Western diets

Question 52

As children spend more time watching TV,they are more likely to be ____ and spend less time ____.

A)overweight or obese; exercising
B)underweight or thin; using a computer
C)of average weight; reading
D)overweight or underweight; in school

Question 53

Your little brother,who is 8 years old,has gained a lot of weight over the past couple of years and your parents are concerned.At his annual physical exam,the doctor indicated that he had a BMI of 23.This means that your brother ____.

A)is obese
B)is overweight
C)is of normal weight
D)is actually underweight for his age

Question 54

Which of the following changes is the largest contributor to the increased rate of overweight and obese children?

A)dietary change
B)genetic change
C)chromosomal change
D)biological change

Question 55

Children are considered to be obese if they ____.

A)eat more than 4,000 calories a day
B)fail to exercise for more than 10 minutes per day
C)have a BMI that exceeds 21
D)have 40% or more body fat

Question 56

In a longitudinal study that followed a sample of American children from age 4 to 11,TV-watching predicted gains in body fat.The study found that these were ____.

A)positively correlated-as TV consumption increased,body fat increased
B)negatively correlated-as TV consumption increased,body fat decreased
C)uncorrelated-there is no relationship between TV consumption and body fat
D)neutrally correlated-as TV consumption increased,body fat remained the same

Question 57

In a longitudinal study,Proctor et al.(2003)found that children who watched at least three hours of television a day ____.

A)gained 40% more body fat than those who watched less than 1.5 hours a day
B)earned better grades than those who watched less than 1.5 hours a day
C)increased their reaction time scores by 35% compared to children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day
D)were more likely to develop Type II diabetes than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day

Question 58

You are a single parent of two children who are 7 and 9 years old.You have noticed that both of them are starting to look like they are gaining weight.According to the text,what is the most important thing that you can do to ensure that they will not become overweight or obese?

A)prepare healthy foods for meals
B)never let them eat desserts
C)increase their activity levels
D)allow them to snack while playing video games

Question 59

As a contributor to the ____ rate of obesity,over recent decades people have become ____ likely to prepare meals at home and ____ likely to buy meals away from home.

A)increased; less; more
B)increased; more; less
C)decreased; less; more
D)decreased; more; less

Question 60

Across countries,rates of overweight and obesity are highest in the most ____ regions and lowest in the ____ regions.

A)affluent; poorest
B)poorest; affluent
C)largest; smallest
D)smallest; largest

Question 61

What percentage of children remain obese / overweight in adulthood?

A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 62

Adopted children tend to have a ____ that is closer to their ____ than to their ____.

A)BMI; biological parents; adoptive parents
B)BMI; adoptive parents; biological parents
C)blood glucose level; biological parents; adoptive parents
D)blood glucose level; adoptive parents; biological parents

Question 63

According to national U.S.studies,in 1978 nearly ____ of children ages 5-10 had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood,which can cause brain damage; by 2001,the rate had fallen to ____.

A)30%; 1%
B)40%; 5%
C)50%; 10%
D)60%; 15%

Question 64

In 1978,nearly 30% of children aged 5 to 10 years had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood,which can cause brain damage.What was the rate in 2001?

A)1%
B)11%
C)21%
D)31%

Question 65

Your sister constantly worries about your nephew,who is currently a toddler.She knows that this is a time of important physical and behavioral development and worries that every bump,bruise,or sniffle could negatively affect his future health and well-being.What can you tell her as your nephew approaches middle childhood?

A)It is the safest and healthiest time of life.
B)She needs to be very careful because there is a spike in injury rates during this time.
C)More children get sick and injured during this time than when they were younger.
D)Most children suffer no illnesses or injuries during this time.

Question 66

Your roommate believes that overweight children are happy children.What is the truth about this myth?

A)Not only are they the happiest,they have the most friends.
B)Obese children,not overweight children,are the happiest children in most cultures.
C)Overweight children are at risk for a variety of emotional and behavior problems.
D)Although overweight children tend to be happier compared to their peers,this is only true in adolescence,not earlier in childhood.

Question 67

In developed and developing countries,middle childhood is ____.

A)the most dangerous period of life
B)the safest and healthiest time of life
C)a time when there is a spike in injury due to accidents
D)equal in safety to infancy and early childhood

Question 68

Which of the following stages of life has the lowest death rate?

A)infancy
B)late toddlerhood
C)middle childhood
D)early adolescence

Question 69

What can be said regarding the relationship between genetics and obesity?

A)Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity,not a definite destiny.
B)Genetics is destiny.If an individual has the FTO gene,he or she will become obese.
C)There really is no genetic relationship,only environment.
D)Eating sweets and carbs changes chromosomes so that the individual's offspring will have difficulties with obesity.

Question 70

Even in middle childhood,obesity can result in ____.

A)diabetes
B)nephrosis
C)stroke
D)cardiac arrest

Question 71

Socially,being obese ____ the likelihood that a child will be socially ____ and the object of ____ by peers.

A)decreases; accepted; envy
B)decreases; rejected; ridicule
C)increases; included; envy
D)increases; excluded; ridicule

Question 72

_____ of parents of obese children view their children as overweight.

A)90 to 95%
B)80 to 85%
C)70 to 75%
D)Less than 50%

Question 73

A compelling study of the Pima Indians in Arizona and Mexico was conducted.The Pima Indians who live in Mexico continue to eat a diet that is high in vegetables and low in fat and sugars,while the Pima Indians who live in Arizona eat more like mainstream Americans.Which of the following best describes the result of this study?

A)The Mexican Pima Indians have a BMI that is 80% higher than the American Pima Indians.
B)The Mexican and American Pima Indians have equal BMIs.
C)The American Pima Indians have an average BMI that is 50% higher than the Mexican Pima Indians.
D)The study was a hoax to argue that eating a traditional diet was healthier,which is not true.

Question 74

You have a friend whose parents are obese.Since he graduated from college,he has devoted a significant amount of his efforts to doing well in his new job,leaving him with less time to exercise and prepare healthy meals.Consequently,he has gained weight.He is concerned that since he must have the FTO gene,he is doomed to be obese like his parents.What would you tell him?

A)Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity,not a definite destiny.If he eats nutritious meals and begins to exercise,he should lose the weight.
B)Genetics is destiny.He might as well not worry about becoming obese since he is definitely going to be obese no matter what he does.
C)His weight gain has nothing to do with his parents.There really is no genetic relationship.
D)His parents must have eaten quite a bit of sweets and carbs before he was conceived and he now has the genes for obesity.

Question 75

By middle childhood,obesity is a risk factor for ____.

A)not being popular in middle school
B)ADHD,primarily hyperactivity-impulsivity type
C)schizophrenia
D)a variety of emotional and behavior problems

Question 76

Your brother and sister-in-law do not like to cook and neither one of them seems to have a very good understanding of nutrition.Their 9-year-old son has a BMI of 24,but they are not concerned because they feel that he will simply outgrow being obese.Why should they be more concerned? As adults,overweight and obese individuals ____.

A)spend a considerable amount of their budget on fast food
B)are more likely to have high blood pressure,heart attacks,and cancer
C)are more likely to have ADHD
D)are more likely to be married to their jobs and ignore their families

Question 77

During middle toddlerhood,more children have received ____ and their _____ stronger,which contributes to a lower death rate.

A)vitamin B; lungs are
B)calcium; heart is
C)immunizations; immune system is
D)viral infections; muscles are

Question 78

An asthma attack can be triggered by ____.

A)an immunization
B)exercise or emotional stress
C)high levels of lead in gasoline
D)a genetic predisposition to heart disease

Question 79

____ is a chronic illness of the lungs characterized by wheezing,coughing,and shortness of breath.

A)Asthma
B)Eczema
C)Allergies
D)Psoriasis

Question 80

What are some of the health problems that obese adults have?

A)high blood pressure,heart attacks,and cancer
B)insomnia,incontinence,and bowel obstruction
C)halitosis,male pattern baldness,and trichophyton
D)chronic fever,hunger,and flatulence