Deck 5: Toddlerhood

Question 1

You and your roommate are watching a documentary on developing countries and your roommate notices that children in developing countries seem to be small for their ages.What would you tell him about this situation?

A)The differences are just in his imagination.
B)Most children in developing countries eat a diet that is deficient in protein.
C)Most children in developing countries work so hard that they do not grow as fast as children from developed countries.
D)Being on television makes everyone look thinner; the children's weights are actually fine

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In the United States,________ toddlers have the highest rates of iron deficiency prevalence rates.

A)African American
B)White
C)Latino
D)Asian

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to the World Health Organization,what percentage of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein?

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How many neurons does the brain contain when the toddler is 2 years old?

A)twice as many as at birth
B)four times as many as at birth
C)half as many as at birth
D)the same total number of neurons

Question 5

Your sister is very concerned about your toddler nephew.When they were at the pediatrician's office,the doctor measured your nephew's head circumference and his head is not growing as quickly as his body.What should you tell your sister?

A)She should find a good surgeon.The fontanels must have closed too soon.
B)You suggest that your nephew must have microcephaly.
C)This is to be expected,as the body grows faster than the head during toddlerhood.
D)You should remind her that she also has a very small head.

Question 6

Children who do not eat a balanced diet with enough protein are _________.

A)likely to develop the same as other children
B)more likely to have poorly functioning immune systems
C)always getting enough food
D)likely to have only temporary damage to their physical development

Question 7

Protein deficiency not only limits the growth of children in developing countries,but also makes them vulnerable to ____.

A)anorexia and food addictions
B)disease and early death
C)low intelligence and behavior disorders
D)autism spectrum disorder and Asperger's syndrome

Question 8

By the time infants in developing countries reach their first birthday,their height and weight is as low as the bottom ____ of infants of the same age in developed countries.

A)2%
B)5%
C)10%
D)15%

Question 9

Perhaps the most crucial micronutrient deficiency worldwide is ____.

A)vitamin C
B)fluoride
C)iodine
D)folic acid

Question 10

For young children who lack iodine,what difficulties can be seen in their cognitive development?

A)They actually outperform developed countries due to their work ethic.
B)There are no differences in IQ.
C)They show IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points.
D)They show IQ gains of 5 to 10 points.

Question 11

Your roommate's brother has a child who is 9 months old.He was watching a documentary concerning iodine deficiency.He was very concerned and was talking about what he could do to help his son.What did you tell your roommate to tell his brother?

A)There are injections that can retroactively help with iodine deficiency.
B)Provide the child with iodized salt.
C)Iodine deficiency is not that big of a deal and there is nothing that can be done.
D)Many infants who have iodine deficiencies have very high IQ scores later in life.

Question 12

In young children,a lack of iodine inhibits cognitive development,resulting in an estimated IQ deficiency of ____ points.

A)0-5
B)5-10
C)10-15
D)15-20

Question 13

Why do infants from developing countries lag behind in their growth compared to infants from developed countries?

A)They have reduced access to medical care.
B)Their mothers carry them more,which thwarts their growth.
C)Their fathers help the infants to walk as soon as they begin crawling.
D)They begin eating more solid food,but it is protein deficient.

Question 14

What disease caused by a protein deficiency lowers the effectiveness of the immune system,making toddlers more vulnerable to disease and,over time,can lead to coma and death?

A)marasmus
B)cachexia
C)kwashiorkor
D)anemia

Question 15

Which of the following is a protein deficiency that primarily affects toddlers in developing nations and leads to a range of symptoms such as lethargy,irritability,and thinning of hair?

A)kwashiorkor
B)micronutrients
C)eczema
D)tuberculosis

Question 16

What is the solution to the dilemma of iodine deficiency in children?

A)adding iodine to meat,which is a very costly process
B)adding iodine to salt,which costs a few cents per person per year
C)adding iodine to the local drinking supply
D)injecting iodine into children subcutaneously every two months

Question 17

Approximately one-third of the world's population has a dietary deficiency of ____.

A)salt
B)iodine
C)iron
D)B-complex vitamins

Question 18

Iron,zinc,and vitamins A,B-12,C,and D are referred to as ____.

A)vitamins
B)micronutrients
C)macrovitamins
D)essential chemicals

Question 19

During toddlerhood,children do not need as much of this to maintain a constant body temperature.

A)warm clothes
B)mother's body
C)body hair
D)body fat

Question 20

Infants in developing and developed countries grow at about the same rate from birth to six months.Why are they similar?

A)Infants from developed and developing countries consume breast milk.
B)Infants from developed and developing countries start eating solid foods at birth.
C)Infants from developed and developing countries do very little to expend calories.
D)All infants have access to nutritious and well-balanced foods.

Question 21

According to the text,___________ is the number of synaptic connections among neurons.

A)synaptic pruning
B)synaptic density
C)synaptic space
D)synaptic network

Question 22

After watching a news report that stated American children do not get enough sleep,you become worried because your son,who is 2 years old,is only sleeping 13 hours a day-12 at night and a one-hour nap.Which of the following statements is supported by research?

A)Your son sleeps less than the average amount and he needs more sleep.
B)Your son sleeps more than the average amount and you should speak to your pediatrician.
C)Your son sleeps the average amount and you should not be worried.
D)Sleep research is inconsistent; therefore,this news story is invalid.

Question 23

Compared to neonates,toddlers sleep ____ fewer hours per day.

A)6-7
B)5-6
C)4-5
D)3-4

Question 24

The process of synaptic pruning occurs most often __________.

A)during early childhood into adolescence
B)during mid-late adolescence and into adulthood
C)after steep increases in synaptic density during toddlerhood and early adolescence
D)during toddlerhood and in late adulthood

Question 25

What technique of measuring brain responses requires that the individual lay still inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use?

A)EEG
B)fMRI
C)EKG
D)CBF

Question 26

On average,a toddler sleeps ____ hours per day.

A)13-14
B)12-13
C)10-11
D)8-9

Question 27

Early brain development is distinguished by the steep increase in ____.

A)synaptic density
B)neuronal density
C)neuropathways
D)neuronal lipids

Question 28

What have researchers found in measuring brain activity in toddlers?

A)sharp decrease in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months
B)steady decline in cortical activity after 12 months
C)steady increase in cortical activity after 12 months
D)sharp increase in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months

Question 29

About how many synapses will be removed in the frontal cortex from early childhood to adolescence?

A)1 / 3
B)1 / 4
C)1 / 8
D)1 / 20

Question 30

A(n)____ is to electrical activity as a(n)____ is to magnetic field.

A)PET; ECG
B)ECG; PET
C)EEG; fMRI
D)fMRI; EEG

Question 31

According to the text,toddlers not only sleep less than infants,but they tend to ____.

A)sleep more during the day
B)sleep more at night
C)have more nightmares
D)have more REM sleep

Question 32

Dr.Syndai wants to assess real-time activity of lower brain structures and not just the cerebral cortex.Her patient is a girl in middle childhood who is old enough to understand that she must remain still for the test.Which of the following devices would Dr.Syndai use?

A)ECG
B)EEG
C)fMRI
D)CT

Question 33

Synaptic density reaches its peak during which stage of development?

A)toddlerhood
B)childhood
C)infancy
D)early adulthood

Question 34

Sophia's grandmother is always saying that her 2-year-old granddaughter soaks up new information like a sponge.This statement is ______________.

A)just an old wives' tale
B)true due to synaptic pruning
C)true due to an increase in synaptic density
D)not true because Sophia doesn't even like water

Question 35

The ____ is the part of the brain that is the location of our most distinctively human qualities,such as reasoning,planning,and creativity.

A)frontal lobe
B)parietal lobe
C)occipital lobe
D)temporal lobe

Question 36

An electroencephalograph (EEG)measures the electrical activity of the ____.

A)brain
B)heart
C)pancreas
D)liver

Question 37

During toddlerhood,new synapses in the frontal cortex are produced at a rate of ____ per second.

A)2 thousand
B)2 million
C)2 billion
D)2 trillion

Question 38

During toddlerhood,where is the peak production of new synapses?

A)temporal lobes
B)occipital lobes
C)frontal lobes
D)parietal lobes

Question 39

Comparing the human brain at age two to the human brain at birth,it is clear that ____.

A)there are 50% more neurons
B)there are 50% fewer neurons
C)the number of neurons has not changed
D)there is no way to determine that change in the brain has occurred

Question 40

Every time a synapse fires,it emits a tiny burst of electricity.What technology measures this phenomenon?

A)electrocardiogram
B)electroencephalogram
C)echocardiogram
D)electromyogram

Question 41

In traditional cultures,sleeping alone is ____.

A)rare
B)common
C)common until age 2
D)common until adulthood

Question 42

You come from a family that is very athletic.You and several other family members had athletic scholarships in college and an uncle who played professional baseball.You have tried to get your 18-month-old interested in kicking a small soccer ball.Although he wants to play with you and approaches the ball,he has not been able to kick it.After taking a developmental course,you find that ____.

A)your son is very far behind in motor development
B)he is actually too young to be expected to kick a ball
C)if you work with him and make it fun,he will be able to kick the ball
D)your son is likely disabled

Question 43

What is one reason that infants who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again when they are between 18 and 24 months old?

A)They become more aware that they are sleeping by themselves.
B)They have more nightmares.
C)They watch too much television.
D)They drink too many liquids before bedtime.

Question 44

On average,children begin to walk without the support of others around what age?

A)9 months
B)11 months
C)13 months
D)15 months

Question 45

Zachary loves to play with his little sister,Dayla.Zachary kicks a ball hoping Dayla will kick it back,but she is too young.She just started walking without support.How old are Zachary and Dayla?

A)at least 9 months and 15 months
B)about 10 months and at least 24 months
C)about 9 months and at least 18 months
D)at least 24 months and 36 months

Question 46

Your brother was hoping that his daughter would grow up to be a gifted soccer player.She is still not making much progress in learning to walk and she is 14 months old.What would you tell your brother?

A)He should probably give up on the notion that she will ever play soccer.
B)That there is considerable variation when children begin walking and it has nothing to do with later development of athletic ability.
C)Not to worry,children do not start walking until they are 18 months old.
D)The age when a toddler begins walking is negatively correlated with intelligence,so she is most likely gifted.

Question 47

Two possible reasons why toddlers have an increased frequency of waking at night are ____.

A)teething and an increased sense of self
B)increased physiological response and increased hormone production
C)nocturnal enuresis and increased fidgeting
D)decreased autonomic nervous system and increased parasympathetic response

Question 48

What is one of the reasons that toddlers who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again when they are between 18 and 24 months old?

A)They have more difficulties with digestion.
B)They begin having difficulties with insomnia.
C)They have a resurgence of teething.
D)They have a huge growth spurt that tends to be painful.

Question 49

Toddlers in traditional cultures are still held and carried for about half their waking hours.What effect does this have on the development of their motor skills? Toddlers in traditional cultures ____.

A)are considerably behind toddlers in developed countries
B)are only slightly delayed compared to toddlers in developed countries
C)are equal to toddlers in developed countries
D)are actually more advanced than toddlers in developed countries because they experience fewer injuries associated with walking earlier

Question 50

In many traditional cultures,when a mother becomes pregnant with another child,the toddler who is accustomed to sleeping with her may ____.

A)continue to sleep with their mother but be placed at the foot of the bed
B)continue to sleep with their mother until the birth of their sibling
C)be ousted from her bed to sleep with siblings or father
D)be ousted from her bed to sleep with grandmother and grandfather

Question 51

Toddlers become better at using what perceptual system to adjust their walking and running in response to changes in surfaces?

A)auditory system
B)visual system
C)tactile system
D)vestibular system

Question 52

Mikael is a toddler who can stand on one leg,run with stiff legs,and kick a ball.Mikael is at least ____.

A)6 months old
B)12 months old
C)18 months old
D)24 months old

Question 53

An infant who climbs up a set of stairs is displaying an example of ____.

A)gross motor movement
B)fine motor movement
C)ambidextrous motor movement
D)outward motor movement

Question 54

The average infant takes ____ nap(s)per day,whereas the average toddler takes ____ nap(s)per day.

A)2; 3
B)3; 2
C)2; 1
D)1; 2

Question 55

Your 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past two months.You and your spouse were very happy with this new development and were looking forward to many more months of it.But he has started waking up at night again and has been pretty fussy during the day.What is the likely reason that he is waking up now?

A)He has been drinking too much before bedtime.
B)His molars are coming in and he is teething.
C)He has been eating too much.
D)He is going through a growth spurt.

Question 56

In regards to gross motor development,toddlers in traditional cultures are allowed ____.

A)slightly more mobility
B)slightly less mobility
C)much more mobility
D)much less mobility

Question 57

Which of the following is a proper sequencing of gross motor development during toddlerhood?

A)running with stiff legs,standing on one leg,kicking a ball,walking without support
B)walking without support,standing on one leg,running with stiff legs,kicking a ball
C)standing on one leg,walking without support,kicking a ball,running with stiff legs
D)kicking a ball,standing on one leg,walking without support,running with stiff legs

Question 58

When can the average toddler first kick a ball or throw a small object?

A)6 months
B)12 months
C)18 months
D)24 months

Question 59

During toddlerhood,as a sense of self and the separation with others increase,one may see a higher rate of ____.

A)narcolepsy
B)waking at night
C)napping
D)enuresis

Question 60

When children first begin to walk,they spread their feet apart and take small,stiff-legged steps,shifting their weight from one leg to the other.These movements are where the ____ stage of development gets its name.

A)infancy
B)toddlerhood
C)adolescence
D)old age

Question 61

At what age do children show a definite handedness preference during self-feeding?

A)24 months
B)18 months
C)12 months
D)6 months

Question 62

In Kenya,Makena,who is 2 years old,is learning to control her elimination.Who is probably guiding her in this process?

A)her mother
B)her father
C)her aunt
D)her older sister

Question 63

A study from 1957 of American children reported that 92% were toilet trained by the time they were ____.

A)3 months old
B)6 months old
C)12 months old
D)18 months old

Question 64

Many parents in developed countries remove sharp objects and other potentially harmful items when their toddlers become mobile.What is this called?

A)baby safety
B)baby proofing
C)object protection
D)compulsive behavior

Question 65

Who is likely to toilet train toddlers in traditional countries?

A)parents
B)grandparents
C)older siblings
D)no one

Question 66

What is a sign that your toddler is ready to be toilet trained?

A)She shows her dolly how to go "potty."
B)She can hold her urine but has no control over bowel movements.
C)She asks for a dry diaper.
D)She is able to anticipate when she needs to use the toilet.

Question 67

Your friend is frustrated because she has tried to toilet train her 24-month-old son for the past week,but progress is slow and taking longer than she would like.Which of the following statements is a proper response to your friend?

A)"I'm surprised he's not potty trained yet.You might want to see a pediatrician."
B)"Be patient,it is not going to happen overnight.Some children take months or even years to become potty trained."
C)"Most toddlers learn how to use the potty in two weeks,so you're almost there."
D)"You really shouldn't toilet train until the child stays dry throughout the night.So I don't think he's ready just yet."

Question 68

Today,most American pediatricians believe that it is best to be patient with toddlers and their progress toward toilet training.When do they recommend toilet training now?

A)when the toddler is 20 months old
B)when the toddler seems ready
C)anytime before kindergarten
D)when the cost of diapers gets too expensive

Question 69

One would not expect a toddler to brush their own teeth,with a little assistance,until what age?

A)second year of life
B)third year of life
C)fourth year of life
D)fifth year of life

Question 70

Which of the following are signs that a toddler might be ready to begin toilet training?

A)increased regular sleep-wake cycles,staying dry during naps,and increased motions to remove a diaper
B)staying awake during nap time,increased motions to remove a diaper,and increased temper tantrums at bedtime
C)increased motions to remove a diaper,increased crying when a diaper put on,and increased regular feeding patterns
D)staying dry for a few hours during the day,having regular bowel movements,and increased anticipation of urine or bowel movement

Question 71

At age 5,about one-fourth of toddlers may occasionally ____.

A)refuse to wear a diaper
B)have delays in fine motor movement
C)wet their bed at night
D)have delays in gross motor movement

Question 72

At 12 months,an infant will be able to ____.

A)hold a container while placing rocks into it
B)kick a ball while running
C)write their name with a crayon
D)brush their teeth

Question 73

Children are likely to wear what garment at night for a period after learning toilet training?

A)regular underwear and pajamas
B)diapers
C)plastic underwear
D)training pants

Question 74

What percentage of five year olds has an occasional accident in toilet training,usually at night?

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)80%

Question 75

What percentage of American toddlers were toilet trained by 18 months,according to a study completed in 1957?

A)2%
B)42%
C)62%
D)92%

Question 76

What is one fine motor skill that toddlers can do during their third year of life?

A)climb a rope
B)brush their teeth
C)button their shirts
D)tie their shoes

Question 77

In regards to fine motor development,an infant who is 1 year old can ____,and a toddler who is 3 years old can ____.

A)tie their shoes; draw a circle with a crayon
B)draw a circle with a crayon; tie their shoes
C)draw a semi-straight line; hold a cup
D)hold a cup; draw a semi-straight line

Question 78

What percentage of toddlers are currently toilet trained in the United States by their third birthday?

A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 79

Most toddlers show signs of readiness to begin the process of toilet training between what ages?

A)6?-18 months
B)12-24 months
C)18-30 months
D)24-48 months

Question 80

During the first year of toddlerhood,one would expect a toddler to be able to ____.

A)hold a cup and scribble with a crayon
B)use a fork and knife with coordination
C)stand on one foot,run,and kick a ball
D)be potty-trained and able to brush their teeth