Deck 22: The Respiratory System

Question 1

Which of the following cartilages is largest?

A) Corniculate cartilage
B) Epiglottic cartilage
C) Thyroid cartilage
D) Cricoid cartilage
E) Arytenoid cartilage

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The nose is divided into right and left halves called the __________.

A) nasal cavities
B) nasal fossae
C) nasal septa
D) nasal vestibules
E) nasal apertures

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium?

A) Their shape
B) Their size
C) Their function
D) Their epithelial type
E) The presence or absence of cilia

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In a healthy person,which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow?

A) Atmospheric pressure
B) Respiratory rate
C) Bronchiole diameter
D) Quantity of surfactant
E) Contraction of the diaphragm

Question 5

Which of the following is caused by the chemical reactions of gases of the respiratory system?

A) Regulation of blood pressure
B) The synthesis of vasodilators
C) Aids in defecation
D) Regulation of pH

Question 6

The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the _________.

A) trachea
B) pharynx
C) larynx
D) alveoli
E) lungs

Question 7

Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells?

A) Nasal cavity
B) Trachea
C) Primary bronchus
D) Terminal bronchiole
E) Larygopharynx

Question 8

Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases?

A) Boyle's
B) Valsalva's
C) Dalton's
D) Charles's
E) Henry's

Question 9

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the __________.

A) vital capacity
B) inspiratory reserve volume
C) expiratory reserve volume
D) residual volume
E) inspiratory capacity

Question 10

The respiratory system contains a total of five __________.

A) segmental bronchi
B) choanae
C) laryngeal cartilages
D) lobes
E) tracheal cartilages

Question 11

Which of the following is the term for the lungs resistance to expansion?

A) Pulmonary ventilation
B) Pulmonary compliance
C) Pulmonary stenosis
D) Pulmonary surfactant
E) Pulmonary impedance

Question 12

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

A) Control of pH
B) Promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood
C) Helps regulate blood pressure
D) Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators
E) Aids in defecation

Question 13

The heart indents into the __________ of the left lung.

A) oblique fissure
B) hilum
C) apex
D) cardiac notch
E) base

Question 14

Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the _________.

A) aorta
B) pulmonary artery
C) pulmonary vein
D) inferior vena cava
E) superior vena cava

Question 15

Deep,rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what?

A) Tachypnea
B) Dyspnea
C) Orthopnea
D) Hyperpnea
E) Kussmaul respiration

Question 16

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the _________.

A) pharynx
B) epiglottis
C) oral cavity
D) tongue
E) lips

Question 17

How is the vital capacity calculated?

A) Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume
B) Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
C) Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
D) Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
E) Respiratory volume + tidal volume

Question 18

Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages?

A) Vestibular and vocal
B) Laryngeal and corniculate
C) Corniculate and cricoid
D) Cricoid and arytenoid
E) Thyrohyoid and cricoids

Question 19

What are the most numerous cells in the lungs?

A) Mucosal cells
B) Type I alveolar cells
C) Type II alveolar cells
D) Dust cells
E) Vibrissal cells

Question 20

Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side?

A) Left segmental bronchus
B) Right segmental bronchus
C) Right lobar bronchus
D) Left main bronchus
E) Right main bronchus

Question 21

Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa?

A) Apnea
B) Adult respiratory distress syndrome
C) Acute bronchitis
D) Acute rhinitis
E) Asthma

Question 22

Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?

A) Squamous-cell carcinoma
B) Oat-cell carcinoma
C) Adenocarcinoma
D) Pulmonary edema
E) Cor pulmonale

Question 23

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia,reduced motility of the remaining cilia,goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion,and thick sputum?

A) Asthma
B) Oat-cell carcinoma
C) Atelectasis
D) Chronic bronchitis
E) Emphysema

Question 24

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli?

A) Cor pulmonale
B) Pulmonary hemosiderosis
C) Emphysema
D) Atelectasis
E) Collapsed lung

Question 25

Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue?

A) Apoxia
B) Hypoxia
C) Anoxia
D) Cyanosis
E) Eupnea

Question 26

Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?

A) Hypoxemic hypoxia
B) Ischemic hypoxia
C) Anemic hypoxia
D) Histotoxic hypoxia
E) Idiopathic hypoxia

Question 27

During exercise,which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?

A) Increased H⁺ level in the blood
B) The Bohr effect
C) Reduced blood pH
D) Reduced oxyhemoglobin
E) Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

Question 28

In the air we breathe,which gas is found in the highest concentration?

A) Oxygen
B) Water vapor
C) Nitrogen
D) Carbon dioxide
E) Hydrogen

Question 29

In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries,the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen?

A) 5% to 10%
B) 10% to 15%
C) 20% to 25%
D) 30% to 40%
E) 70% to 85%

Question 30

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock.Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life?

A) There is reserve oxygen in Tom's lungs.
B) There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood.
C) The ambient PO₂ can support life that long.
D) The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes.
E) Tom's hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.

Question 31

Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation?

A) Epinephrine
B) Fever
C) Thyroid hormone
D) Low pH
E) Erythrocyte count

Question 32

The addition of CO₂ to the blood generates __________ ions in the RBCs,which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen.

A) sodium
B) potassium
C) nitrogen
D) hydrogen
E) chloride

Question 33

Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except _________.

A) carbaminohemoglobin
B) carbonic acid
C) carbonate
D) bicarbonate ions
E) dissolved gas

Question 34

In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria,leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis?

A) Pneumonia
B) Dyspnea
C) Pneumothorax
D) Tuberculosis
E) Rhinitis

Question 35

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H₂CO₃ down to water and carbon dioxide?

A) Hemoglobinase
B) Carboxyhemoglobinase
C) Carbonic anhydrase
D) Bisphosphoglycerase
E) Carbaminoreductase

Question 36

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________ oxygen molecules.

A) 6
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 37

Normally,the systemic arterial blood has a PO₂ of ___________ mm Hg,a PCO₂ of ___________ mm Hg,and a pH of ___________.

A) 40;95;7.4
B) 95;40;7.4
C) 7.4;40;95
D) 95;7.4;40
E) 40;7.4;95

Question 38

Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition?

A) A Bohr effect
B) Adult respiratory distress syndrome
C) A pneumothorax
D) Atelectasis
E) Ondine's curse

Question 39

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?

A) Sickle-cell disease
B) Emphysema
C) Squamous-cell carcinoma
D) Asthma
E) Atelectasis

Question 40

Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?

A) An increase in membrane thickness
B) An increase in alveolar surface area
C) An increase in respiratory rate
D) A decrease in membrane thickness
E) A decrease in nitrogen solubility

Question 41

The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the ___________.

A) pontine respiratory group
B) dorsal respiratory group
C) ventral respiratory group
D) medulla oblongata
E) pons

Question 42

According to the Bohr effect,a low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO₂.

Question 43

Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute;your tidal volume is 500 mL;your vital capacity is 4700 mL;and your dead air space is 150 mL.Your alveolar ventilation rate is __________ mL/min.

A) 2,400
B) 3,600
C) 4,200
D) 5,600
E) 6,400

Question 44

Erythrocytes do not carry out aerobic respiration;thus,they do not consume any of the oxygen they are transporting.

Question 45

Respiratory arrest is an irreversible condition.

Question 46

Hemoglobin releases the same amount of oxygen to all the tissues regardless of variations in their metabolic rate.

Question 47

Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to __________,which controls the accessory muscles of respiration.

A) the diaphragm
B) spinal integration centers
C) the cerebral cortex
D) the vagus nerve

Question 48

Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition?

A) The bends
B) Oxygen toxicity
C) Rapture of the deep
D) Caisson disease
E) Hypoxemic hypoxia

Question 49

The pleurae and pleural fluid help prevent the spread of pulmonary infection to the pericardium.

Question 50

The rate of oxygen diffusion is affected by the pressure gradient of carbon dioxide.

Question 51

Which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm?

A) DRG
B) PRG
C) NRG
D) SRG

Question 52

Among its other purposes,how is the Valsalva maneuver used?

A) To aid in defecation and urination
B) As part of the procedure for giving CPR to a person in respiratory arrest
C) To ventilate the lungs during eupnea
D) To expel more than the usual tidal volume from the lungs
E) To clear carbon monoxide from the body and replace it with oxygen

Question 53

Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly,producing a syndrome called _________.

A) decompression sickness
B) hyperbaric disease
C) cerebral embolism
D) pulmonary barotrauma
E) pulmonary edema

Question 54

Breathing is controlled solely by the medulla oblongata and pons.

Question 55

Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate.What would be the probable reason for doing so?

A) A low BPG level causes acidosis of blood.
B) Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload CO₂ very well.
C) Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O₂ very well.
D) Erythrocytes low in BPG do not load O₂ very well.
E) A decline in BPG level is accompanied by a decline in hemoglobin level.

Question 56

Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air.It is produced by __________ of the respiratory tract.

A) squamous alveolar cells
B) great alveolar cells
C) the pleurae
D) ciliated cells
E) goblet cells

Question 57

The blood transports more CO₂ in the form of ___________ than in any other form.

A) carbaminohemoglobin
B) carboxyhemoglobin
C) bicarbonate ions
D) dissolved CO₂ gas
E) bisphosphocarbonate

Question 58

Gas transport is the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa.

Question 59

Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute;spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL;your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL;and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL.Your vital capacity is __________ mL.

A) 2,400
B) 3,000
C) 3,800
D) 4,700
E) 5,800

Question 60

The maximum amount of air the lungs can contain is known as inspiratory capacity.

Question 61

Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions?

A) Hypoventilation due to acidosis
B) Hypoventilation due to alkalosis
C) Hyperventilation due to acidosis
D) Hyperventilation due to alkalosis

Question 62

The expansion of the lungs during inspiration generates a pressure gradient causing air to flow into the lungs.This is an example of Boyle's law.

Question 63

What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer?

A) Mesothelioma
B) Adenocarcinoma
C) Squamous cell carcinoma
D) Small-cell carcinoma

Question 64

The serratus anterior is active in eupnea.

Question 65

Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen,20.9% oxygen,0.04% carbon dioxide,and 0.5% water.At sea level, (760 mmHg)what is the PCO₂?

A) 597 mm Hg
B) 159 mm Hg
C) 0.3 mm Hg
D) 3.7 mm Hg

Question 66

The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers?

A) PRG
B) Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
C) Medullary baroreceptors
D) Central chemoreceptors

Question 67

Which center bears the primary responsibility for generating the respiratory rhythm,but is influenced by several other centers?

A) PRG
B) DRG
C) VRG
D) SRG

Question 68

After the terminal bronchi air enters the alveoli next.

Question 69

The anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations?

A) After eating a large meal
B) After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving
C) After waking up from a long nap
D) After watching TV for an hour

Question 70

Upon inspiration,what is the name of the air in the conducting zone that is not available for gas exchange?

A) Alveolar dead space
B) Tracheal dead space
C) Anatomical dead space
D) Conducting dead space

Question 71

If one inspires through their nose,which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?

A) Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
B) Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
C) Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
D) Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus

Question 72

Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?

A) ↑ PO₂,↓ PCO₂,↑ temperature,↑ BPG
B) ↓ PO₂,↑ PCO₂,↑ temperature,↑ BPG
C) ↓ PO₂,↑ PCO₂,↓ temperature,↑ BPG
D) ↑ PO₂,↓ PCO₂,↑ temperature,↓ BPG

Question 73

Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A) Shift it right
B) Shift it left
C) Decrease the slope
D) Increase the slope

Question 74

Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases?

A) Henry's
B) Charles's
C) Boyle's
D) Dalton's

Question 75

How is alveolar air different than inspired air?

A) Alveolar air has a higher PN₂ than inspired air.
B) Alveolar air has a lower PCO₂ than inspired air.
C) Alveolar air has a higher PO₂ than inspired air.
D) Alveolar air has a higher PH₂O than inspired air.

Question 76

Emotional states are integrated by the __________,which generates an output that creates such respiratory variations as laughing and crying.

A) VRG
B) PRG
C) DRG
D) SRG