Deck 15: The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes

Question 1

Acetylcholine (ACh)binds to both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

All autonomic output originates in the central nervous system.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The autonomic effect on a target cell depends only on the neurotransmitter reaching that target cell.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The autonomic nervous system controls all of the following except the __________.

A) adrenal gland
B) smooth muscle in the walls of the aorta
C) cardiac muscle in the right atrium
D) skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis
E) parotid salivary gland

Question 5

All sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic fibers secrete adrenaline.

Question 6

The autonomic nervous system carries out many somatic reflexes that are crucial to homeostasis.

Question 7

Under normal circumstances,both divisions of the autonomic nervous system are active simultaneously.

Question 8

Sympathetic nerve fibers are not associated with situations involving __________.

A) anger
B) digestion
C) exercise
D) stress
E) arousal

Question 9

The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true regarding parasympathetic tone?

A) It holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate.
B) It accelerates the resting heart rate above its intrinsic rate.
C) It might increase or decrease heart rate depending on the situation.
D) It affects heart rate only after myocardial infarction.
E) It does not affect heart rate.

Question 11

Autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in all of the following except __________.

A) changing the diameter of the pupil
B) adjusting heart rate and force
C) altering salivary mucus secretion
D) regulating gastrointestinal motility
E) maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck

Question 12

Most autonomic efferent pathways involve one neuron.

Question 13

Binding of norepinephrine (NE)to an alpha-adrenergic receptor is usually excitatory,and binding to a beta-adrenergic receptor is usually inhibitory.

Question 14

Fibers of the vagus nerve end very near or within their target organs.

Question 15

Most preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in the dorsal root ganglia.

Question 16

All preganglionic fibers of the ANS pass through the sympathetic chain of ganglia,synapsing at least once there.

Question 17

Which one of the following best describes the order of a visceral reflex?

A) Sensory receptor → interneuron → afferent nerve fiber → efferent nerve fiber → gland
B) Sensory receptor → efferent nerve fiber → interneuron → afferent nerve fiber → gland
C) Sensory receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → gland
D) Sensory receptor → efferent nerve fiber → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → gland
E) Sensory receptor → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → afferent nerve fiber → gland

Question 18

The parasympathetic division stimulates digestion.

Question 19

The autonomic nervous system is composed of ganglia in the central nervous system and ganglia in the periphery.

Question 20

Acetylcholine (ACh)always has an excitatory effect.

Question 21

The motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system usually involves __________ neurons.

A) no
B) one
C) two
D) three
E) four

Question 22

Which of the following is not a feature of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A) It originates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord.
B) It has long postganglionic fibers.
C) It has long preganglionic fibers.
D) Its ganglia are adjacent to the spinal column.
E) It has an extensive neural divergence and a relative widespread effect.

Question 23

Sympathetic fibers arise only from the __________ region(s)of the spinal cord.

A) cervical,thoracic,and lumbar
B) thoracic and lumbar
C) thoracic
D) cervical
E) lumbar

Question 24

Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are _________ and secrete __________.

A) myelinated;norepinephrine (NE)
B) myelinated;acetylcholine (ACh)
C) myelinated;acetylcholine (ACh)and norepinephrine(NE)
D) unmyelinated;acetylcholine (ACh)
E) unmyelinated;norepinephrine(NE)

Question 25

Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in the __________.

A) vagus
B) trigeminal
C) splanchnic
D) facial
E) sciatic

Question 26

Which of the following is true regarding the autonomic nervous system?

A) It controls skeletal muscle contraction.
B) It has no ganglia along its nerves.
C) It uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine exclusively.
D) Its denervation would cause hypersensitivity.
E) It usually controls conscious actions.

Question 27

The sympathetic chain of ganglia is found at the __________ levels of the spinal cord.

A) cervical and thoracic
B) thoracic and lumbar
C) thoracic,lumbar and sacral
D) sacral,lumbar and coccygeal
E) cervical,thoracic,lumbar,sacral,and coccygeal

Question 28

Preganglionic fibers run from the _________ to the __________.

A) posterior root ganglia;gray matter
B) posterior root ganglia;autonomic ganglia
C) gray matter;posterior root ganglia
D) gray matter;autonomic ganglia
E) autonomic ganglia;visceral effectors

Question 29

Which of the following structures releases neurotransmitter molecules in a paravertebral ganglion?

A) Preganglionic sympathetic fiber
B) Postganglionic sympathetic fiber
C) Somatic motor fiber
D) Preganglionic parasympathetic fiber
E) Postganglionic parasympathetic fiber

Question 30

The neurotransmitter(s)associated with autonomic ganglia is(are)__________.

A) norepinephrine (NE)
B) acetylcholine (ACh)and norepinephrine (NE)
C) acetylcholine (ACh)
D) dopamine
E) dopamine and norepinephrine (NE)

Question 31

The solar plexus is used as a name for the __________.

A) spinal nerve route
B) carotid plexus
C) the celiac and mesenteric ganglia
D) splanchic nerves
E) sympathetic nerve route

Question 32

The background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is called ___________.

A) "fight-or-flight" activity
B) visceral motor activity
C) autonomic reflex arc activity
D) visceral tone
E) autonomic tone

Question 33

The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is _________.The effect of somatic fibers on target cells is __________.

A) always excitatory;always excitatory
B) excitatory or inhibitory;always excitatory
C) excitatory or inhibitory;excitatory or inhibitory
D) always inhibitory;excitatory or inhibitory
E) always inhibitory;always excitatory

Question 34

The adrenal medulla secretes mostly ___________.

A) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
B) dopamine
C) endorphins
D) acetylcholine (ACh)
E) epinephrine (adrenaline)

Question 35

The parasympathetic division arises from the __________ regions of the spinal cord.

A) brain,thoracic,and lumbar
B) brain,sacral,and coccygeal
C) brain,lumbar,sacral,and coccygeal
D) sacral and lumbar
E) brain and sacral

Question 36

Which of the following structures is not associated with the autonomic nervous system?

A) Preganglionic neuron
B) Postganglionic neuron
C) Splanchnic nerve
D) Oculomotor nerve
E) All of these are associated with the autonomic nervous system.

Question 37

Most preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system synapse with __________.

A) no neurons
B) somatic neurons
C) parasympathetic neurons
D) 10-20 postganglionic neurons
E) effectors directly

Question 38

Which of the following is not a reason that somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes?

A) The effector pathway in the somatic reflex arc is myelinated.
B) The effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more neurons.
C) The effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more chemical synapses.
D) Some of the neurons in the effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc are unmyelinated.
E) The effector organs in the somatic reflex are closer to the spinal cord.

Question 39

In response to high blood pressure,stretch receptors called __________ in the walls of arteries carrying blood to the head,will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to __________ its beats per minute.

A) baroreceptors;decrease
B) proprioceptors;decrease
C) baroreceptors;increase
D) proprioceptors;increase
E) chemoreceptors;increase

Question 40

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A) Its effects are local.
B) The terminal ganglia are very close to or within their target organs.
C) It originates in the craniosacral regions of the CNS.
D) It has short preganglionic fibers.
E) It has short postganglionic fibers.

Question 41

The binding of __________ to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will __________ it.

A) acetylcholine;excite
B) norepinephrine;excite
C) monoamine oxidase;inhibit
D) acetylcholine;inhibit
E) acetylcholinesterase;excite

Question 42

The __________ is an especially important center of autonomic control.

A) pons
B) medulla oblongata
C) hypothalamus
D) midbrain
E) pituitary gland

Question 43

__________ is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions.

A) Orgasm
B) Bronchodilation
C) Gastrointestinal secretion
D) Heart rate
E) Vasomotor tone

Question 44

Atropine is sometimes used to dilate the pupil for an eye examination.Which receptor would atropine block?

A) Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor
B) Nicotinic receptor
C) Muscarinic receptor
D) Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor
E) Beta receptor

Question 45

Which one of the following is made up of primarily adrenergic fibers?

A) Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
B) Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
C) Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division
D) All motor fibers of the somatic motor system
E) Preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division

Question 46

Damage to the __________ may affect near vision accommodation.

A) celiac ganglion
B) oculomotor nerve (CN III)
C) facial nerve (CN VII)
D) glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
E) cardiac plexus

Question 47

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the enteric nervous system?

A) Its reflex arcs are associated with the spinal cord.
B) It does not arise from the spinal cord.
C) It innervates smooth muscle.
D) It innervates glands.
E) It does not arise from the brainstem.

Question 48

Sympathetic effects tend to last __________ than parasympathetic effects.One reason is that __________.

A) shorter;acetylcholine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down
B) longer;norepinephrine can diffuse into the bloodstream without being broken down
C) about the same;the two divisions use the same neurotransmitters
D) shorter;acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
E) longer;acetylcholine is broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Question 49

White rami carry _________ neurons,while gray rami carry _________ neurons.

A) myelinated postganglionic;unmyelinated preganglionic
B) unmyelinated postganglionic;myelinated preganglionic
C) myelinated preganglionic;unmyelinated postganglionic
D) unmyelinated preganglionic;myelinated postganglionic
E) myelinated preganglionic;myelinated postganglionic

Question 50

Propranolol,a beta-blocker,is typically used to __________.

A) increase heart rate
B) decrease heart rate
C) produce vasoconstriction of the coronary arteries
D) produce vasodilation of blood vessels of skeletal muscle
E) produce bronchodilation

Question 51

Which of the following is more effective in producing bronchodilation?

A) Acetylcholine
B) Nicotine
C) Muscarine
D) Norepinephrine
E) Thyroxine

Question 52

Antagonistic effects of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of __________.

A) blood clotting
B) blood flow to the skeletal muscles
C) sweating
D) hair erection
E) gastrointestinal motility

Question 53

A possible explanation for the effect of caffeine is that it blocks the receptor for a neuromodulator in the brain called __________,which inhibits ACh release by cholinergic neurons.

A) glycine
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) melatonin
E) adenosine

Question 54

A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a ___________ neuron,and releases the neurotransmitter ___________.

A) preganglionic;acetylcholine (ACh)
B) postganglionic;norepinephrine (NE)
C) preganglionic;norepinephrine (NE)
D) postganglionic;acetylcholine (ACh)
E) somatic;norepinephrine (NE)

Question 55

Sympathetic fibers do not release __________.

A) acetylcholine
B) nitric oxide (NO)
C) substance P
D) neuropeptide Y
E) norepinephrine

Question 56

If a cell has α₁ adrenergic receptors,it is sensitive to __________.

A) acetylcholine (ACh)
B) norepinephrine (NE)
C) muscarine
D) alpha adrenaline
E) nicotine

Question 57

Which of the following is not under dual control of the ANS?

A) Pupil diameter
B) Heart rate
C) Salivary gland activity
D) Adrenal medulla activity
E) Gastrointestinal motility

Question 58

Muscarinic receptors bind __________.

A) epinephrine
B) norepinephrine
C) monoamine oxidase (MAO)
D) acetylcholinesterase
E) acetylcholine

Question 59

Drugs that are monoamine oxidase (MAO)inhibitors would most likely __________.

A) activate the parasympathetic division and allow for normal digestive system activities
B) block ACh receptors on skeletal muscle and cause flaccid paralysis
C) stimulate β-2 receptors and cause an increase in heart rate and dilation of bronchioles
D) decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant
E) inhibit uptake of dopamine and cause depression

Question 60

The enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine (NE)is called __________.

A) noradrenalinase
B) adenosine
C) monoamine oxidase (MAO)
D) norepinephrinase
E) norepinephrine hydroxylase

Question 61

The enteric nervous system controls the digestive system with no extrinsic control necessary.

Question 62

__________ nerve(s)pass(es)throughout sympathetic ganglia without synapsing.

A) Facial
B) Trigeminal
C) Vagus
D) Celiac
E) Splanchnic

Question 63

Which of the following is associated with the "flight-or-fight" reaction?

A) Pupillary constriction
B) Glycogen synthesis
C) Increased gastric motility
D) Reduced urinary output
E) Reduced heart rate

Question 64

Autonomic function receives input from all these except __________.

A) spinal cord
B) cerebral cortex
C) hypothalamus
D) medulla oblongata
E) somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system

Question 65

Vasomotor tone is controlled by using the sympathetic division for vasodilation and the parasympathetic division for vasoconstriction.