Deck 4: Developing Through the Life Span

Question 1

Responsiveness to sound begins during ________ development.

A) embryonic
B) zygotic
C) ovular
D) fetal

Answer 1

fetal

Question 2

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth is known as a(n)

A) embryo.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) ovum.

Answer 2

fetus.

Question 3

A stage theory of development was advanced by

A) Lawrence Kohlberg.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) Jean Piaget.
D) all of these psychologists.

Answer 3

all of these psychologists.

Question 4

As boys with explosive tempers grow older,they are especially likely to have difficulty maintaining good jobs and happy marriages.This fact is most relevant to the issue of

A) nature and nurture.
B) cognitive or social development.
C) stability and change.
D) continuity or stages.

Question 5

From 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception,the human organism is known as a(n)

A) embryo.
B) fetus.
C) zygote.
D) ovum.

Question 6

Professor Conrad is a research specialist in the study of identity formation during adolescence.It is most likely that the professor is a ________ psychologist.

A) developmental
B) biological
C) psychodynamic
D) clinical

Question 7

Boys first begin producing sperm during

A) embryonic development.
B) fetal development.
C) the first year after birth.
D) puberty.

Question 8

Mature eggs first begin to be released from the ovaries of human females a short time after the onset of

A) conception.
B) habituation.
C) puberty.
D) fetal development.

Question 9

Researchers who emphasize learning and experience tend to view development as

A) a continuous process,while those who emphasize maturation often view development as a sequence of stages.
B) a sequence of stages,while those who emphasize maturation often view development as a continuous process.
C) a cognitive process,while those who emphasize maturation often view development as a social process.
D) a social process,while those who emphasize maturation often view development as a cognitive process.

Question 10

Exceptionally timid and cautious infants tend to become shy and unassertive adolescents.This best illustrates the long-term stability of

A) temperament.
B) reflex responses.
C) teratogens.
D) habituation.

Question 11

Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that

A) differences among cultural groups largely reflect genetic differences among racial groups.
B) developmental processes are highly similar among individuals raised in different cultures.
C) differences among cultural groups are greater than person-to-person differences within cultural groups.
D) gender differences in behavior result from differences in biology rather than from differences in life experience.

Question 12

Many of the outer cells of the zygote become the

A) fetus.
B) embryo.
C) placenta.
D) brainstem.

Question 13

Ross believes that personality development is a matter of sudden qualitative changes at various turning points in the life span.His viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of

A) stability and change.
B) nature and nurture.
C) stimulation and habituation.
D) continuity and stages.

Question 14

One of the three major issues in developmental psychology involves a focus on

A) stimulation and habituation.
B) conception and prenatal development.
C) embryonic and fetal development.
D) stability and change.

Question 15

The branch of psychology that systematically focuses on the physical,cognitive,and social changes that occur throughout the human life span is called

A) social psychology.
B) personality psychology.
C) developmental psychology.
D) biological psychology.

Question 16

Stage theories of adult development are most likely to be criticized for exaggerating the

A) importance of social influence.
B) predictability of development.
C) importance of epigenetic effects.
D) interaction of nature and nurture.

Question 17

A fertilized egg is called a(n)

A) embryo.
B) zygote.
C) teratogen.
D) fetus.

Question 18

Sperm cells release ________ that eat away a mature egg cell's protective coating.

A) placentas
B) teratogens
C) enzymes
D) zygotes

Question 19

Research indicates that newborns can distinguish

A) their mother's voice from another woman's voice.
B) differences in light intensity but not differences in shape.
C) their mother's face from another woman's face.
D) differences in sound intensity but not differences in sound quality.

Question 20

One research team observed that out-of-control 3-year-olds were the most likely to become out-of-control adult gamblers.This finding is most central to the issue of

A) stability and change.
B) habituation and attention.
C) continuity and stages.
D) nature and nurture.

Question 21

Research on the perceptual abilities of newborns indicates that they

A) see nothing for the first 12 hours.
B) see only differences in brightness.
C) recognize the outlines of objects but none of the details.
D) look more at a face-like image.

Question 22

Three-month-old Andrew was obviously startled by the first ring of the telephone,but with each subsequent ring he seemed to become less reactive.This best illustrates the process of

A) vocal intonation.
B) reflexive responding.
C) biological maturation.
D) habituation.

Question 23

Biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience and that enable orderly changes in behavior are referred to as

A) schemas.
B) attachments.
C) accommodation.
D) maturation.

Question 24

Cocaine use during Shanda's pregnancy damaged her developing fetus.The cocaine was a(n)

A) enzyme.
B) teratogen.
C) zygote.
D) placenta.

Question 25

Harmful chemicals or viruses that can be transferred from a mother to her developing fetus are called

A) embryos.
B) placentas.
C) teratogens.
D) zygotes.

Question 26

A use-it-or-lose-it pruning process shuts down some ________ and strengthens others.

A) secure attachments
B) epigenetic marks
C) neural connections
D) critical periods

Question 27

As newborns,we turn our heads in the direction of human voices and we gaze longer at more face-like images.This best illustrates that we are born preferring sights and sounds that facilitate

A) development through distinct stages.
B) continuity of personality.
C) epigenetic effects.
D) social responsiveness.

Question 28

Rosenzweig,Krech,and colleagues observed that rats in an enriched environment developed ________ than did rats in an impoverished environment.

A) more reactive temperaments
B) a heavier and thicker brain cortex
C) fewer epigenetic marks
D) more complex schemas

Question 29

Automatically withdrawing our limbs to escape pain illustrates

A) habituation.
B) the influence of teratogens.
C) an epigenetic effect.
D) a reflex response.

Question 30

An unlearned,automatic response to a sensory stimulus is called a

A) neural network.
B) synapse.
C) teratogen.
D) reflex.

Question 31

The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome demonstrate that alcohol is a

A) teratogen.
B) placenta.
C) digestive enzyme.
D) stress hormone.

Question 32

Substantial prenatal stress exposure puts a child at increased risk for

A) obesity.
B) heart disease.
C) psychiatric disorders.
D) all of these outcomes.

Question 33

The immaturity of an infant's nervous system is best demonstrated by its limited

A) accommodation.
B) number of brain cells.
C) imprinting.
D) neural networks.

Question 34

A decrease in responding with repeated stimulation is called

A) a reflex response.
B) FAS.
C) habituation.
D) epigenetics.

Question 35

Noticeable facial misproportions and cognitive abnormalities are most likely to be associated with severe cases of

A) hypertension.
B) habituation.
C) diabetes.
D) fetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 36

In general,children cannot be trained to walk before they are 10 months old.This best illustrates the importance of

A) conservation.
B) attachment.
C) object permanence.
D) maturation.

Question 37

Kristen is a normal,healthy newborn.Research indicates that

A) she has most of the brain cells she is ever going to have.
B) the neural connections that will enable her to think and talk are already completely formed.
C) she is already capable of forming permanent lifelong memories.
D) all of these statements are true.

Question 38

When Joan touched her infant's cheek,he turned his head toward the side that was touched and opened his mouth.Joan was eliciting the reflex to

A) root for a nipple.
B) avoid pain.
C) habituate to touch.
D) facilitate social interaction.

Question 39

Excess neural connections within the brain are reduced through a process of

A) accommodation.
B) imprinting.
C) attachment.
D) pruning.

Question 40

Learning the rising or falling intonations of spoken language begins during

A) conception.
B) the first week after birth.
C) the embryonic stage.
D) the fetal period.

Question 41

Poor memory for early life experiences results from a baby's relative lack of

A) secure attachment.
B) maturation.
C) egocentrism.
D) stranger anxiety.

Question 42

Mr.and Mrs.Batson can't wait to begin toilet training their 1-year-old daughter.The Batsons most clearly need to be told about the importance of

A) imprinting.
B) conservation.
C) maturation.
D) object permanence.

Question 43

When tethered to a mobile,infants learned the association between

A) looking and the mobile's smell.
B) rooting and the mobile's sound.
C) swallowing and the mobile's color.
D) kicking and the mobile's movement.

Question 44

At age 10,Cameron is unable to remember the dramatic car accident he was in or the injuries he suffered when he was almost 3 years old.This best illustrates

A) an insecure attachment.
B) infantile amnesia.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) autism spectrum disorder.

Question 45

A stimulating environment is most likely to facilitate the development of a child's

A) insecure attachment.
B) stranger anxiety.
C) egocentrism.
D) neural connections.

Question 46

Piaget is best known for his interest in the process of ________ development.

A) social
B) cognitive
C) emotional
D) physical

Question 47

Research on brain development suggests that repeated learning experiences seem to

A) strengthen neural connections at the location that processes the experiences.
B) reduce the number of brain cells needed to effectively process information.
C) promote the formation of the brainstem but have no effect on the formation of the cortex.
D) have no effect on the structure of neural tissue.

Question 48

Three-year-old Zara calls all four-legged animals "kitties." Her tendency to fit all four-legged animals into her existing conception of a kitten illustrates the process of

A) conservation.
B) assimilation.
C) accommodation.
D) egocentrism.

Question 49

According to Piaget,assimilation involves

A) the absorption of nutrients into the body for growth and development.
B) training children to behave in a socially acceptable manner.
C) interpreting new experiences in terms of one's current understanding.
D) altering existing schemas in order to incorporate new information.

Question 50

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information is called a(n)

A) attachment.
B) theory of mind.
C) schema.
D) neural network.

Question 51

Identical twins typically begin walking on nearly the same day.This best illustrates the importance of ________ to motor skills.

A) responsive parenting
B) maturation
C) accommodation
D) conservation

Question 52

Dr.Wong believes that children who are not visually stimulated during the first four months of life will never develop normal visual perception.Obviously,Dr.Wong believes that this developmental stage is a

A) concrete operational stage.
B) critical period.
C) cognitive schema.
D) epigenetic mark.

Question 53

The recommended position for putting babies to sleep is

A) on their stomachs.
B) on their backs.
C) on their sides.
D) in a nearly upright sitting position.

Question 54

Dr.Hermitt believes that children whose parents are not responsive to their needs during the first two months of life will never develop basic trust.Obviously,Dr.Hermitt believes that this developmental stage is a(n)

A) concrete operational stage.
B) critical period.
C) cognitive schema.
D) theory of mind.

Question 55

Piaget suggested that cognitive development involved an individual's construction of

A) neural networks.
B) schemas.
C) attachments.
D) critical periods.

Question 56

Adjusting current schemas to make sense of new information is called

A) egocentrism.
B) accommodation.
C) assimilation.
D) maturation.

Question 57

The relative lack of neural interconnections in the hippocampus and frontal lobes at the time of birth is most likely to contribute to

A) infantile amnesia.
B) imprinting.
C) insecure attachment.
D) stranger anxiety.

Question 58

Carlos was born with cataracts in both eyes,which were removed when he was 5.However,because Carlos lacked visual experiences during early childhood he

A) lost neural connections in areas of the brain normally assigned to vision.
B) was unable to develop a sense of object permanence.
C) had trouble relating new experiences to existing schemas.
D) suffered a massive loss of sensory neurons.

Question 59

The processes of assimilation and accommodation were most clearly highlighted by

A) Rovee-Collier's infant memory theory.
B) the Harlows' attachment theory.
C) Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
D) Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Question 60

We refer to all the mental activities associated with thinking,knowing,remembering,and communicating as

A) cognition.
B) maturation.
C) accommodation.
D) assimilation.

Question 61

According to Piaget,an egocentric child can best be described as

A) selfish.
B) conceited.
C) lacking in self-esteem.
D) cognitively limited.

Question 62

Lisa attempts to retrieve her bottle after her father hides it under a blanket.This suggests that Lisa has developed a sense of

A) egocentrism.
B) object permanence.
C) conservation.
D) accommodation.

Question 63

According to Piaget,we come to know the world primarily by looking,touching,mouthing,and grasping during the ________ stage.

A) concrete operational
B) sensorimotor
C) formal operational
D) preoperational

Question 64

A susceptibility to the curse of knowledge is especially likely to be associated with

A) conservation.
B) egocentrism.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) assimilation.

Question 65

Five-year-old Tammy mistakenly believes that her short,wide glass contains less soda than her brother's tall,narrow glass.Actually,both glasses contain the same amount of soda.This illustrates that Tammy lacks the concept of

A) conservation.
B) egocentrism.
C) assimilation.
D) object permanence.

Question 66

The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived is known as

A) conservation.
B) assimilation.
C) object permanence.
D) a secure attachment.

Question 67

According to Piaget,children in the preoperational stage are able to

A) represent objects with words and images.
B) reason abstractly and test hypotheses.
C) understand the principle of conservation.
D) think logically about tangible things.

Question 68

The ability of preschool children to empathize with classmates who are feeling sad illustrates that preoperational children have developed

A) egocentrism.
B) the curse of knowledge.
C) a theory of mind.
D) a concept of conservation.

Question 69

The principle that properties such as mass,volume,and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects is called

A) imprinting.
B) conservation.
C) object permanence.
D) accommodation.

Question 70

When people recognize the inaccuracy of ethnic stereotypes and revise their beliefs,they are demonstrating the process of

A) maturation.
B) assimilation.
C) imprinting.
D) accommodation.

Question 71

The preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view is called

A) stranger anxiety.
B) egocentrism.
C) imprinting.
D) conservation.

Question 72

Mistakenly assuming that the instructions for assembling a model ship would be clear to your brother because they are clear to you best illustrates

A) egocentrism.
B) imprinting.
C) conservation.
D) object permanence.

Question 73

Remembering things one can no longer perceive is most clearly an indication of

A) assimilation.
B) basic trust.
C) egocentrism.
D) object permanence.

Question 74

Even young infants will at least temporarily look for a toy where they saw it hidden a moment before.This suggests that Piaget

A) underestimated the importance of imprinting on infant attachment.
B) overestimated the impact of culture on infant intelligence.
C) underestimated the cognitive capacities of infants.
D) overestimated the continuity of cognitive development.

Question 75

Current research on cognitive development indicates that

A) Piaget overestimated the cognitive competence of young children.
B) symbolic thinking develops earlier than Piaget believed.
C) Piaget's theory may apply only to middle-class male children.
D) Piaget overlooked the importance of imprinting on cognitive development.

Question 76

Children's emerging ability to tease,empathize,and persuade is a sign that they are developing a theory of mind and that they are not completely

A) egocentric.
B) imprinted.
C) assimilated.
D) accommodated.

Question 77

Children's ability to infer other people's intentions and feelings is indicative of their emerging

A) theory of mind.
B) conservation.
C) egocentrism.
D) object permanence.

Question 78

Compared with time spent looking at the scene of a ball falling,infants spend ________ time looking at a ball stopping in midair.Compared with time spent looking at the scene of a moving car,infants spend ________ time looking at a moving car seeming to pass through a solid object.

A) less;more
B) more;less
C) less;less
D) more;more

Question 79

If a child realizes that others may have false beliefs,we can probably say that the child is not completely

A) egocentric.
B) accommodated.
C) imprinted.
D) authoritarian.

Question 80

Although Mr.Tong was obviously busy reading an absorbing novel,his 4-year-old daughter kept interrupting him with comments and questions about the TV cartoons she was watching.Before Mr.Tong becomes irritated with his daughter for being inconsiderate,he should be alerted to Piaget's concept of

A) object permanence.
B) conservation.
C) egocentrism.
D) accommodation.