Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

Which of the following types of memory is of shortest duration?

A) short-term memory
B) explicit memory
C) implicit memory
D) sensory memory

Answer 1

sensory memory

Question 2

Which measure of memory retention is used by fill-in-the-blank test questions?

A) relearning
B) rehearsal
C) recall
D) recognition

Answer 2

recall

Question 3

Memory is best defined as:

A) the conscious encoding of information.
B) stored knowledge that has been semantically encoded.
C) the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.
D) the retrieval of stored information in precisely the same form in which it was encoded.

Answer 3

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information.

Question 4

Information-processing models compare human memory to a:

A) battery.
B) flashlight.
C) course syllabus.
D) computer's operation.

Question 5

The importance of parallel processing is emphasized by a model of memory known as:

A) mnemonics.
B) connectionism.
C) conditioning.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 6

The process of getting information into memory is called:

A) spacing.
B) chunking.
C) encoding.
D) registering.

Question 7

Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the voice quality,lyrics,and musical accompaniment of a memorable vocal performance best illustrates:

A) parallel processing.
B) massed practice.
C) automatic processing.
D) distributed practice.

Question 8

Which measure of memory did Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on the retention of nonsense syllables?

A) recall
B) recognition
C) relearning
D) recitation

Question 9

The process of retrieval refers to:

A) the persistence of learning over time.
B) the organization of information into manageable units.
C) getting information out of memory storage.
D) conscious repetition of information to be remembered.

Question 10

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system is called ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) long-term
C) working
D) implicit

Question 11

Three basic measures of memory retention are:

A) chunking,rehearsing,and semantic processing.
B) encoding,storage,and retrieval.
C) recall,recognition,and relearning.
D) sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory.

Question 12

Annika has difficulty forming long-term memories of classroom lessons because she can't focus her attention long enough to mentally grasp what is being taught.Annika most clearly demonstrates difficulty with:

A) echoic memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) encoding.
D) retrieval.

Question 13

After learning the web address of a local retail store,Alex was able to remember it only long enough to post it in his frequent contacts file.In this case,the web address was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

A) implicit
B) short-term
C) echoic
D) long-term

Question 14

Simply identifying previously learned items in a multiple-choice test question constitutes a measure of retention known as:

A) relearning.
B) recognition.
C) rehearsal.
D) recall.

Question 15

Memory acquisition is to memory retention as ________ is to ________.

A) recall;recognition
B) rehearsal;relearning
C) imagery;mnemonics
D) encoding;storage

Question 16

Which pioneering researcher was the first to make extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory?

A) George Miller
B) William James
C) Alan Baddeley
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 17

Ebbinghaus' retention curve best illustrates the value of:

A) chunking.
B) the peg-word system.
C) rehearsal.
D) implicit memory.

Question 18

As compared with long-term memory,short-term memory is ________ permanent and ________ limited in storage capacity.

A) less;more
B) more;less
C) less;less
D) more;more

Question 19

A classic three-stage information-processing model that distinguishes between sensory memory,short-term memory,and long-term memory was first introduced by:

A) Alan Baddeley.
B) Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving.
C) Hermann Ebbinghaus.
D) Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin.

Question 20

An eyewitness to a bank robbery is asked to identify suspects from a police lineup.Which test of memory is being used?

A) recall
B) relearning
C) recognition
D) rehearsal

Question 21

Forming conscious mental images of the location of your bedroom door requires:

A) procedural memory.
B) working memory.
C) shallow processing.
D) echoic memory.

Question 22

Effortful processing is to automatic processing as ________ is to ________.

A) encoding;retrieval
B) short-term memory;long-term memory
C) the spacing effect;the testing effect
D) explicit memory;implicit memory

Question 23

Our two-track mind is most clearly illustrated by the difference between

A) massed practice and distributed practice.
B) encoding and retrieval.
C) implicit memory and explicit memory.
D) short-term memory and long-term memory.

Question 24

In Alan Baddeley's model of working memory,focusing attention is the task of a hypothetical:

A) peg-word system.
B) central executive.
C) retention curve.
D) neural network.

Question 25

People can develop classically conditioned emotional reactions without any conscious recollection of how or when those reactions were learned.This best illustrates ________ memory.

A) implicit
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) working

Question 26

By showing people three rows of three letters each for only a fraction of a second,Sperling demonstrated that people have ________ memory.

A) working
B) implicit
C) iconic
D) procedural

Question 27

Effortful processing is encoding that requires:

A) implicit memory.
B) conscious attention.
C) visual imagery.
D) echoic memory.

Question 28

Without being aware of it,Kelsey encoded the exact locations on the basketball court from which she had taken each of her many shots during yesterday's tournament game.This best illustrates:

A) distributed practice.
B) automatic processing.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) working memory.

Question 29

Four-year-old Aaron doesn't recall ever seeing a hypodermic needle,and he can't remember the series of painful injections he received when he was a 2-year-old.When shown a hypodermic needle,however,he reacted with a classically conditioned fear response.Aaron's fear reaction indicates that he retains a(n)________ memory.

A) iconic
B) echoic
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 30

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model did not consider the formation of:

A) short-term memories.
B) implicit memories.
C) sensory memories.
D) long-term memories.

Question 31

To remember her way from her new home to her school,Julie consciously formed a mental image of each street corner at which she needed to turn.This best illustrates:

A) echoic memory.
B) effortful processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) implicit memory.

Question 32

As a child,Megan devoted years learning how to read.As an adult,she effortlessly understands the sentences in a novel,which she reads at a pace of nearly 400 words per minute.Her adult reading speed best highlights the value of:

A) echoic memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 33

Memories for well-learned automatic skills such as how to tie your shoes are called ________ memories.

A) iconic
B) procedural
C) working
D) explicit

Question 34

Iconic memory refers to

A) the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory.
B) photographic,or picture-image,memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.
C) the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of events.
D) the visually encoded images in long-term memory.

Question 35

During the course of a day,people may unconsciously encode the sequence of the day's events.This best illustrates:

A) the spacing effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) procedural memory.
D) the self-reference effect.

Question 36

Unconsciously encoding incidental information regarding space,time,and frequency best illustrates:

A) working memory.
B) the spacing effect.
C) automatic processing.
D) mnemonics.

Question 37

Alan Baddeley's model of working memory includes:

A) forming implicit memories of learned motor skills.
B) visual and auditory rehearsal of new information.
C) automatic processing of classically conditioned associations.
D) all of the above processes.

Question 38

Conscious memories of facts and personal experiences are called ________ memories.

A) echoic
B) procedural
C) explicit
D) iconic

Question 39

Automatic processing and effortful processing refer to two types of:

A) encoding.
B) sensory memory.
C) conscious awareness.
D) short-term memory.

Question 40

We typically encode explicit memories by means of:

A) classical conditioning.
B) effortful processing.
C) sequential processing.
D) automatic processing.

Question 41

Which of the following is a form of sensory memory?

A) procedural memory
B) working memory
C) echoic memory
D) short-term memory

Question 42

Students often have longer-lasting memories of information from a one-semester course than from an intensive three-week course.This best illustrates the importance of:

A) chunking.
B) automatic processing.
C) implicit memory.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 43

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.

A) short-term memory;long-term memory
B) explicit memory;implicit memory
C) visual stimulation;auditory stimulation
D) shallow processing;deep processing

Question 44

The organization of individual items into larger familiar units is called:

A) the self-reference effect.
B) chunking.
C) massed practice.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 45

Arnold was not paying attention to his professor's lecture.But when the professor asked him what she had just said,he was surprised that he had a fleeting memory of her last few words.Arnold's experience best illustrates ________ memory.

A) procedural
B) echoic
C) implicit
D) iconic

Question 46

Which of the following is a mnemonic that makes effective use of vivid imagery?

A) acronym formation
B) the spacing effect
C) the peg-word system
D) echoic memory

Question 47

Young adults have ________ working-memory capacity than children and ________ working-memory capacity than older adults.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

Question 48

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared,Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges.Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of ________ memory.

A) iconic
B) working
C) procedural
D) short-term

Question 49

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as:

A) the testing effect.
B) deep processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) chunking.

Question 50

Short-term memory capacity can be increased through:

A) iconic memory.
B) chunking.
C) echoic memory.
D) shallow processing.

Question 51

Memory aids that involve the use of vivid imagery and clever ways of organizing material are called:

A) procedural memories.
B) implicit memories.
C) iconic memories.
D) mnemonics.

Question 52

Lynnae's long-term memory of what she reads is improved if she responds to fill-in-the-blank questions after completing sections of her reading assignments.Her experience best illustrates:

A) the self-reference effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) the testing effect.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 53

The letters Y,M,O,M,R,E are presented.Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word memory.This provides an illustration of:

A) chunking.
B) automatic processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the peg-word system.

Question 54

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics,Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks.This best illustrates the benefits of

A) implicit memory.
B) the peg-word system.
C) hierarchical organization.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 55

Deep and shallow processing refer to different types of:

A) chunking.
B) encoding.
C) sensory memory.
D) automatic processing.

Question 56

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply reading information is best demonstrated by:

A) the self-reference effect.
B) automatic processing.
C) the testing effect.
D) chunking.

Question 57

Peterson and Peterson asked people to count aloud backward after they were presented with three consonants.This study found that ________ memories will quickly disappear without active processing and rehearsal.

A) long-term
B) sensory
C) short-term
D) implicit

Question 58

To remember a list of the school supplies she needs,Marcy mentally visualizes each item at a certain location in her house.Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of:

A) iconic memory.
B) chunking.
C) a mnemonic technique.
D) the spacing effect.

Question 59

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

A) 3
B) 7
C) 12
D) 24

Question 60

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of:

A) chunking.
B) the peg-word system.
C) distributed practice.
D) the self-reference effect.

Question 61

Encoding a word on the basis of its meaning produces a better memory of the word than encoding a word on the basis of its sound.This best illustrates the value of:

A) iconic memory.
B) deep processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) chunking.

Question 62

Most people misrecall the sentence,"The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the impact of

A) iconic memory.
B) the peg-word system.
C) semantic processing.
D) procedural memory.

Question 63

Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family vacation trip.

A) basal ganglia
B) hippocampus
C) cerebellum
D) amygdala

Question 64

Using your working memory to link an unfamiliar textbook glossary term with the first letter sound required to pronounce the term illustrates:

A) shallow processing.
B) the peg-word system.
C) procedural memory.
D) automatic processing.

Question 65

The hippocampus helps process ________ memories for long-term storage.

A) procedural
B) explicit
C) automatic
D) implicit

Question 66

Rephrasing text material in your own words is an effective way to promote:

A) implicit memory.
B) the peg-word system.
C) iconic memory.
D) deep processing.

Question 67

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is:

A) essentially limitless.
B) roughly equal to seven units of information.
C) typically much greater in young children than in adults.
D) greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65.

Question 68

Recalling a visual scene of last month's party and holding it in working memory would be most likely to activate the:

A) right frontal lobe.
B) left frontal lobe.
C) right cerebellum.
D) left cerebellum.

Question 69

Which of the following questions about the word pen would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen that word in today's test?

A) Does the word consist of three letters?
B) Is the word written in capital letters?
C) Would the word fit in this sentence: "The boy put the ________ on his desk"?
D) Does the word rhyme with den?

Question 70

The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the:

A) hippocampus and basal ganglia.
B) cerebellum and frontal lobes.
C) frontal lobes and hippocampus.
D) basal ganglia and cerebellum.

Question 71

Deep processing of verbal information involves encoding the ________ of words.

A) meanings
B) sounds
C) sizes
D) shapes

Question 72

Encoding verbal information based on the meaning of words is called:

A) echoic memory.
B) the acronym effect.
C) semantic processing.
D) chunking.

Question 73

Psychologist Karl Lashley found that rats retained at least a partial memory of how to navigate a maze after he:

A) administered a drug to the rats that prevented LTP.
B) removed small pieces of the rats' cerebral cortex.
C) injected the rats with stress hormones.
D) deprived the rats of any opportunity to sleep.

Question 74

One reason adults typically recall little of their first three years of life is that during infancy they were unable to verbally label their experiences.This best illustrates that the formation of long-term memories often requires:

A) massed practice.
B) shallow processing.
C) parallel processing.
D) semantic processing.

Question 75

Semantic memory is best described as ________ memory of _________.

A) explicit;personally experienced events
B) implicit;personally experienced events
C) explicit;facts and general knowledge
D) implicit;facts and general knowledge

Question 76

Recalling your social security number and holding it in working memory would most clearly require activation of the:

A) amygdala.
B) basal ganglia.
C) cerebellum.
D) left frontal lobe.

Question 77

Explicit memory of personally experienced events is known as:

A) context-dependent memory.
B) procedural memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) episodic memory.

Question 78

Wei Dong was asked to memorize a long list of words that included ship,effort,professor,and inquire.He later recalled these words as boat,work,teacher,and question.This best illustrates the impact of:

A) shallow processing.
B) the spacing effect.
C) implicit memory.
D) semantic processing.

Question 79

Consciously recalling that Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth best illustrates

A) semantic memory.
B) state-dependent memory.
C) procedural memory.
D) episodic memory.

Question 80

The self-reference effect best illustrates the value of:

A) deep processing.
B) massed practice.
C) implicit memory.
D) the peg-word system.