Deck 10: Speaking and Singing

Question 1

The analysis of speech errors has led to the notion that speech production involves several functional levels. Which of the following is not considered to be one of those levels?

A) The semantic level
B) The syntactic level
C) The Freudian level
D) The phonological level

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of these statements is true?

A) Different vowels are produced by varying manners of articulation ways of constricting the air stream in the oral cavity) and places of articulation locations where the air stream is constricted). Motor delays
B) Different vowels are produced by varying places of articulation ways of constricting the air stream in the oral cavity) and manners of articulation locations where the air stream is constricted).
C) Different consonants are produced by varying manners of articulation ways of constricting the air stream in the oral cavity) and places of articulation locations where the air stream is constricted)
D) Different consonants are produced by varying places of articulation ways of constricting the air stream in the oral cavity) and manners of articulation locations where the air stream is constricted).

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Speech spectrograms, which make speech "visible,"

A) Do not show what acoustic properties define phonemes
B) Show clearly what acoustic properties define phonemes
C) Only show what acoustic properties define phonemes when speakers articulate clearly
D) Only show what acoustic properties define phonemes when speakers speak Mandarin Chinese

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Whereas phonemes convey meaning and phones may convey meaning but don't have to,

A) Allophones always convey meaning
B) Allophones sometimes convey meaning
C) Allophones never convey meaning
D) Allophones either convey meaning or not depending on which kind of phone one is speaking on.

Question 5

Achievement of desired relative positions of the articulators can be achieved with a system that is metaphorically described by a pulley with weights on either side, corresponding, say, to the upper and lower lip. What this metaphor is referring to is a neural network that relies on

A) Excitation of the upper lip by an upper lip controller
B) Excitation of the lower lip by a lower lip controller
C) A bilabial closure unit that activates the upper lip controller and the lower lip controller, and also allows the upper and lower lip controllers to inhibit one another
D) All of the above

Question 6

Imagine that painless electrodes could be attached to a person's throat and the electrodes picked up subvocal electromyographic activity that was directly related to the speech the person herad. This outcome would provide strong support for

A) Distinctive features
B) Glottals
C) Constrictives
D) The motor theory of speech perception

Question 7

Research on bird brains has shown that, at least for different types of birds,

A) The left hemisphere of the bird's brain is generally specialized for singing.
B) New neurons appear to grow in the bird's brain when songs are learned.
C) Mirror neurons seem to play a role in bird song learning
D) All of the above

Question 8

Which of these structures is above the larynx in the human body?

A) The pharynx
B) The mouth, jaws, and lips
C) The nasal tract and velum
D) All of the above

Question 9

Which finding inspires the belief that inhalation is affected by planning?

A) Timing of the activity of the diaphragm and external intercostals is affected by muscle feedback about the volume and change of volume of the lungs
B) Experienced singers regulate the amount of air they inhale and the speed with which they do so depending on the length and loudness of the phrase they are about to sing
C) The internal intercostals do not contract until the lungs have also begun to contract, thereby taking advantage of the inertia of lung contraction
D) None of the above

Question 10

The difference between the sound of "v" and "f" is attributable to

A) Vibration of the vocal folds in "v" but not in "f"
B) Vibration of the vocal folds in "f" but not in "v"
C) Closing of the velum in "v" but not in "f"
D) Closing of the velum in "f" but not in "v"

Question 11

Which of the following is not one of the three subsystems of the vocal tract?

A) The coarticulation subsystem
B) The respiratory subsystem
C) The laryngeal subsystem
D) The articulatory subsystem

Question 12

When speech speeds up

A) Intonation flattens
B) Extraneous syllables are eliminated
C) Vowels shortens but consonants do not
D) All of the above

Question 13

Contrary to what would be expected if speech perception were complete "disembodied,"

A) People take longer to move the hand out away from the body) to affirm a sentence about pulling a drawer than to affirm a sentence about pushing a drawer
B) People take longer to move the hand in toward from the body) to affirm a sentence about pushing a drawer than to affirm a sentence about pulling a drawer
C) Both a and b
D) None of the above

Question 14

Three major types of language dysfunction accompany brain damage. The dysfunctions and their defining features are correctly matched up in which of the following? -- aphasia a language planning deficit), apraxia a phoneme sequencing deficit), and dysarthria a motor execution deficit).

A) Aphasiaa phoneme sequencing deficit), apraxia a language planning deficit), dysarthria a motor execution deficit).
B) Aphasiaa language planning deficit), apraxia a phoneme sequencing deficit), dysarthria a motor execution deficit)
C) Aphasiaa motor execution deficit), apraxia a phoneme sequencing deficit), dysarthria a language planning deficit).
D) Aphasiaa language planning deficit), apraxia a motor execution deficit), dysarthria a phoneme sequencing deficit).

Question 15

Gently tugging on facial muscles involved with production of the word "had" biases the person whose facial muscles are tugged to

A) Hear "had" rather than "head" when an acoustically neutral stimulus is played, consistent with the concept of motor resonance
B) Hear "head" rather than "had" when an acoustically neutral stimulus is played, consistent with the concept of motor resonance
C) Hear "had" or "head" with equal likelihood when an acoustically neutral stimulus is played, consistent with the concept of motor resonance
D) Hear "had" or "head" with equal likelihood when an acoustically neutral stimulus is played, contrary to the concept of motor resonance

Question 16

Up-down and front-back are important dimensions in speech control because they usefully describe

A) The relation between the position of the tongue body and the consonants that result
B) The relation between the position of the tongue body and the vowels that result
C) The relation between the position of the tongue body and the loudness that results
D) The relation between the position of the tongue body and the pitch that results

Question 17

Word games such as speaking Pig Latin and "talking backwards" are important for understanding speech production because these activities

A) Demonstrate the psychological reality of syllables
B) Demonstrate the psychological reality of phonemes
C) Demonstrate that scientists can clown around from time to time
D) a and b but not c

Question 18

Evidence has been obtained for the hypothesis that speech production is geared to achieve relative positions of the articulators to achieve appropriate acoustic results. Which of the following constitutes such evidence?

A) If the lower lip is gently and slightly pulled down while a speaker is about to say "p," the upper lip moves down at a higher than normal rate
B) If the lower lip is gently and slightly pulled down while a speaker is about to say "f," the upper lip does not move down at a higher than normal rate
C) Both b and c
D) If the lower lip is gently and slightly pulled down while a speaker is about to say "p" or "f," the upper lip moves down at the same rate

Question 19

The textbook described a parallel distributed processing system, developed by Jordan, to explain coarticulation. This connectionist system relies on

A) Input units, hidden units, output units, plan units, and state units
B) "Don't care" target values
C) Back-propagation
D) All of the above

Question 20

Speed production is affected by feedback, as shown by which of the following results?

A) Delayed auditory feedback can give rise to stuttering
B) People can speak intelligibly while holding pipes in their mouths
C) Deafness leads, over the long term, to changes in vocal quality
D) All of the above Chapter 10 Answer Key