Deck 4: Psychological Foundations

Question 1

People indicate their first awareness of an intention to carry out a voluntary action

A) Before relevant brain activity suggests the intention has formed
B) After relevant brain activity suggests the intention has formed
C) When the relevant brain activity suggests the intention has formed
D) This experiment has never been done

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Directing a great deal of attention to a task

A) Tends to help it early in practice and tends to help it late in practice
B) Tends to help it early in practice and tends to hurt it late in practice
C) Tends to hurt it early in practice and tends to hurt it late in practice
D) Tends to hurt it early in practice and tends to help it late in practice

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A skilled tennis player who has never skated will probably learn to play squash a tennis-like sport) more quickly than a skilled skater who has never played tennis. This outcome is predicted by the theory of

A) Schemas
B) Generalized programs
C) a and b
D) None of the above

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to the inter-element inhibition theory of sequencing

A) The first response in a sequence inhibits the most other responses in the sequence
B) The last response in a sequence receives the most inhibition of all the responses in the sequence
C) Each response inhibits itself once it is triggered
D) All of the above

Question 5

According to the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis

A) There are many ways that behavior can get out of control
B) There are many ways that behavior can unfold
C) There are many ways to fold a piece of paper
D) None of the above

Question 6

Based on Nikolai Bernstein's views of skill acquisition, one would expect

A) Pistol shooters to keep their wrist and elbow joints locked early in practice and unlocked later in practice
B) Pistol shooters to keep their wrist and elbow joints unlocked early in practice and locked later in practice
C) Pistol shooters to keep their wrist and elbow joints locked forever
D) Pistol shooters to keep their wrist and elbow joints unlocked forever Chapter 4 Answer Key

Question 7

Buffers hold information

A) For more time than short-term memory does
B) For more time than long-term memory does
C) For less time than long-term memory does
D) For the same amount of time that short-term memory does and that long-term memory does

Question 8

According to Fitts 1964), skill learning generally proceeds in which order?

A) Automatic, associative, cognitive
B) Associative, automatic, cognitive
C) Cognitive, automatic, associative
D) Cognitive, associative, automatic

Question 9

According to the Power Law of Learning,

A) The rate of improvement on a task increases with practice
B) The rate of improvement on a task decreases with practice
C) The rate of improvement on a task increases as the learner gains power
D) The rate of improvement on a task decreases as the learner gains power

Question 10

Whereas the response chaining theory of sequencing says that feedback from one response triggers the next response or a later response), the element-to-position theory of sequencing says that

A) Each response sequence is an element of the series of response sequences that an organism performs in its lifetime
B) Each response is associated with all the sequences of which it is a part
C) Each response in a sequence is associated with a serial position in that sequence
D) Each response in a sequence is associated with a chemical element

Question 11

Procedural knowledge is illustrated by _________ , whereas declarative knowledge is illustrated by ___________.

A) Knowing that 2 times 2 equals 4, riding a bicycle
B) Not knowing that 2 times 2 equals 4, later knowing that 2 times 2 equals 4
C) Knowing that 2 times 2 equals 4, later not knowing that 2 times 2 equals 4
D) None of the above

Question 12

When people generate brief, highly prepared movement sequences the times to begin the sequences ___________ as the sequences lengthen, and the times between the movements within the sequences ____________ as the sequences lengthen

A) Shorten, shorten
B) Shorten, lengthen
C) Lengthen, shorten
D) Lengthen, lengthen

Question 13

Ideo-motor theory says

A) Motor behavior and ideas are separate
B) Motor behavior and ideas identical
C) Representations of perceptual consequences of actions play a role in initiating those actions
D) Representations of perceptual consequences of actions play no role in initiating those actions

Question 14

The hierarchical theory of sequencing provides a basis for explaining which phenomenon that the response chaining theory, element-to-position theory, and inter-element inhibition theory do not?

A) Supervisory behavior
B) Slavish behavior
C) Rule-governed behavior
D) All of the above

Question 15

Mental imagery can contribute to skill acquisition. This outcome is best accounted for with

A) The Power Law of Learning
B) Response chaining theory
C) Hierarchical learning theory
D) All of the above

Question 16

Memory codes are

A) Sequences of dots and dashes that form chunks
B) Sequences of dots and dashes that never form chunks, so they remain forever expressed in a mysterious code
C) Distinct forms of representation such as sounds, sights, or smells associated with memories
D) Rules for imitation

Question 17

Plans or motor programs may be continually edited to enable forthcoming movement sequences. The best source of evidence for this hypothesis is that

A) Successive movement sequences that are similar can be performed more quickly than successive movement sequences that are different
B) Successive movement sequences that are different can be performed more quickly than successive movement sequences that are similar
C) The brain is similar to a computer
D) The brain is different from a computer

Question 18

A patient whose left and right hippocampus were surgically removed

A) Did not improve on mirror tracing and did not recognize the person who administered the tests
B) Did improve on mirror tracing but did not recognize the person who administered the tests
C) Did improve on mirror tracing and did recognize the person who administered the tests
D) Did not improve on mirror tracing but did recognize the person who administered the tests

Question 19

The response chaining theory of sequencing has the following problem or problems

A) Successive movements often occur too quickly for any one movement to be elicited by sensory feedback from the preceding movement.
B) The same output can be followed by different outputs on different occasions.
C) Interrupting sensory feedback does not always interrupt movement.
D) All of the above

Question 20

Which phenomenon is best predicted by the closed-loop theory of skill learning?

A) Specificity of practice
B) Generality of practice
C) Closing the loop
D) Chunking