Deck 5: Walking

Question 1

An indication of the power of motor development is that babies on jolly jumpers learn to

A) Decrease the amplitudes of their jumps while increasing the variability of their jump periods
B) Decrease the amplitudes of their jumps while decreasing the variability of their jump periods
C) Increase the amplitudes of their jumps while increasing the variability of their jump periods
D) Increase the amplitudes of their jumps while decreasing the variability of their jump periods

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A demonstration of visual kinesthesis is that

A) People tilt back when a seen wall approaches, showing that the approaching wall signals falling forward
B) People tilt back when a seen wall approaches them, showing that the approaching wall signals falling backward
C) People tilt forward when a seen wall approaches them, showing that the approaching wall signals falling forward
D) People tilt forward when a seen wall approaches them, showing that the approaching wall signals falling backward

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When babies are confronted with slopes, they may go down the slopes in a variety of ways, not in a single way. This outcome has been taken to show that

A) Motor development follows a rigid maturational progression
B) Motor development does not follow a rigid maturational progression
C) Developing a theory of motor development puts the theorist on a slippery slope that should be avoided
D) Developing a theory of motor development puts the theorist on a slippery slope that should not be avoided

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following pertains) to motor development?

A) Nerve fibers become myelinated
B) Cortical centers inhibit subcortical centers
C) Development proceeds in a cephalo-caudal head-tail) and proximal-distal medial-peripheral) direction.
D) All of the above

Question 5

The idea that the physical layout of the external environment is directly specified by the optical array emanating from it is central to the theory of

A) Ecological perception
B) Route and survey maps
C) Sway
D) Anticipatory postural adjustments

Question 6

The reason humans switch from walking to running when they locomote at speeds exceeding 2.5 m/s is that

A) All animals use a variety of gaits
B) This is how they were taught to control gait
C) Walking at rates exceeding 2.5 m/s would require that one fall more quickly than gravity permits
D) Walking at rates exceeding 2.5 m/s would require that one fall more slowly than gravity permits

Question 7

Responses based on __________ are generally __________ than responses based on __________.

A) Preflexes, faster, reflexes
B) Preflexes, slower, reflexes
C) Preflexes, no faster or slower, reflexes
D) Preflexes, slower, deliberate choice

Question 8

External environments are typically represented as

A) Survey routes and then route maps
B) Route maps and then survey maps
C) Neither as route maps nor as survey maps
D) Either as route maps or as survey maps in a random order

Question 9

Babies between 2 and 8 months can

A) Step as well on land as in water, consistent with a physical account of the disappearance of stepping during this age range
B) Step better in water than in land, consistent with a cognitive account of the disappearance of stepping during this age range
C) Step better in water than in land, consistent with a physical account of the disappearance of stepping during this age range
D) None of the above

Question 10

According to the textbook, although walking is slower and more variable when walkers are engaged in cognitively taxing tasks than when they are not, it is unclear whether this is due to

A) Motor control per se
B) Visual guidance per se
C) Both a and b
D) None of the above

Question 11

As more visual guidance is required in walking, the activity of neurons in the cortico-spinal tract

A) Remains the same
B) Increases
C) Decreases
D) Has yet to be studied

Question 12

Rats placed in well learned mazes

A) Cannot find their way to the reward site if they are placed in a new start position
B) Cannot find their way to the reward site if the maze is flooded, requiring swimming rather the previously used method of walking
C) Cannot find their way to the reward site if they are placed in a new start position and must swim rather the previously used method of walking
D) None of the above

Question 13

The same sensory input

A) Has the same effect on locomotion no matter when it is applied during the step cycle, showing that sensory input has no effect on locomotion
B) Has the same effect on locomotion no matter when it is applied during the step cycle, showing that sensory input has an effect on locomotion
C) Has different effects on locomotion depending on when it is applied during the step cycle, showing that sensory input has no effect on locomotion
D) Has different effects on locomotion depending on when it is applied during the step cycle, showing that sensory input has an effect on locomotion

Question 14

Fictive locomotion demonstrates

A) Reliance on feedback for locomotion
B) Central pattern generators
C) The ability to walk through fictional environments, using virtual reality
D) All of the above

Question 15

As discussed in the Walking chapter,

A) EMGs in APAs benefit movement and stability
B) EMGs in APAs benefit movement but not stability
C) EMGs in APAs benefit stability but not movement
D) EMGs in APAs benefit neither movement nor stability

Question 16

Reliance on mechanics to help simplify the control of robots has led to the development of

A) Active dynamic walkers
B) Active static walkers
C) Passive dynamic walkers
D) Passive static walkers Chapter 5 Answer Key

Question 17

In the tonic neck reflex, exhibited by neurologically normal infants,

A) If the baby's head turns to the left, the baby's left arm and left leg both flex while the baby's right arm and right leg both extend
B) If the baby's head turns to the left, the baby's left arm and left leg both extend while the baby's right arm and right leg both flex
C) If the baby's head turns to the left, both arms extends and both legs flex
D) If the baby's head turns to the left, both arms flex and both legs extend

Question 18

Angle-angle diagrams

A) Plot joint angles as a function of time
B) Plot angles of one joint against angles of another joint, with each point corresponding to a moment in time
C) b, and such diagrams do not help diagnose gait disorders
D) b, and such diagrams help diagnose gait disorders

Question 19

Which of the following results suggests that the brain plays a role in regulating postural stability?

A) Responses to stretch of the gastrocnemius muscle depends on the participant's expectations about whether the stretch will have destabilizing influences
B) Responses to stretch of the gastrocnemius muscle depends on the health of the cerebellum
C) Responses to stretch of the gastrocnemius muscle depends on the health of the vestibular system
D) All of the above

Question 20

Variability of footfall positions as runners approach a jump board in long jumping increase and then decrease. This outcome has been taken to suggest that

A) Runners rely on visual feedback less and less as they approach the jump board
B) Runners rely on visual feedback more and more as they approach the jump board
C) Runners rely on visual feedback less and then more as they approach the jump board
D) Runners rely on visual feedback more and then less as they approach the jump board