Deck 5: Gender

Question 1

is to biological categories as gender is to ________categories.

A) androgynous
B) psychological
C) pathological
D) social

Answer 1

D
social

Question 2

Which statement best reflects adolescents' family relationships in traditional cultures?

A) Boys have more contact with their mothers than do girls.
B) Boys have more contact with peers than do girls.
C) Girls have more contact with peers than do boys.
D) Girls have more contact with their fathers than do boys.

Answer 2

B
Boys have more contact with peers than do girls

Question 3

Cross-cultural analyses have shown that in traditional cultures a boy is considered a man when he is able to

A) divide and conquer.
B) clothe and feed himself.
C) work, war, and wager.
D) provide, protect, and procreate.

Answer 3

D
provide, protect, and procreate

Question 4

use of derogatory names for men who prefer the company of women illustrates

A) pressure to conform to culturally prescribed gender norms.
B) a subordinate role of men in matriarchal societies.
C) the absence of passionate manhood.
D) instrumental traits of males.

Question 5

likely, Brittany lives in a(n)

A) traditional preindustrial culture.
B) urban Westernized area.
C) large single-family household.
D) industrialized European nation.

Question 6

idea that attaining manhood is considered a difficult achievement is best reflected by

A) a large population of males who do not conform to traditional ways.
B) many cultures having a special word meaning "failed man."
C) a large proportion of matriarchal societies.
D) many cultures having a distinct name for adolescent males.

Question 7

Which of the following best represents a gender difference versus a sex difference?

A) Girls tend to have a more negative body image than boys.
B) Girls develop breasts at puberty, whereas boys do not.
C) Boys tend to reach the growth spurt two years later than girls.
D) Boys grow facial hair during adolescence, whereas girls do not.

Question 8

your text, which of the following is put forth as a function of female circumcision? Female circumcision

A) is a form of male control over female sexuality.
B) is a traditional method of practicing hygiene.
C) provides equality with males who are also circumcised.
D) shows females' ability to endure pain.

Question 9

Which of the following is most true of adolescent relationships in traditional cultures? Boys and girls

A) live very different lives and spend little time together.
B) spend a great deal of time working together.
C) spend most of their time with friends and at school.
D) spend very little time with their immediate family.

Question 10

Mehinaku culture has been affected very little by

A) research procedures.
B) gender expectations.
C) village traditions.
D) globalization.

Question 11

Which of the following tasks best reflects the socialization of adolescent girls in traditional cultures? Preparation for

A) leaving the family home.
B) entering the workplace.
C) establishing peer relationships.
D) marriage and gender-specific adult roles.

Question 12

Chinas (1991) studied adolescent girls and women in a traditional village in

A) Canada.
B) Columbia.
C) Japan.
D) Mexico.

Question 13

cultures with narrow patterns of socialization, it tends to be the most narrow in terms of

A) gender expectations.
B) peer relationships.
C) religious expectations.
D) intellectual development.

Question 14

Kedrick is likely to be

A) ridiculed and called names like "little girl."
B) married earlier than most of his peers.
C) considered a tribal religious leader when he reaches manhood.
D) more desirable to the women in his village.

Question 15

Shannon's attributes most likely violate her friends' views of

A) vocational choices.
B) psychological roles.
C) gender roles.
D) adolescent personality.

Question 16

your text, use of the term sex refers to the

A) theoretical notion of socially constructed identities.
B) mate selection patterns in various societies.
C) biological status of being male or female.
D) psychological status of being male or female.

Question 17

Which of the following most accurately represents manhood requirements in traditional cultures?

A) Acquiring useful skills and developing character qualities.
B) Discovering new ideas through formal education.
C) Learning how to raise a family by working alongside female family members.
D) Separating from home and village ties.

Question 18

Awareness of gender roles and expectations tends to ________ during adolescence.

A) decrease
B) intensify
C) stabilize
D) disappear

Question 19

Therefore,

A) girls generally have more freedom than boys.
B) boys generally have more freedom than girls.
C) girls are expected to leave home at an early age.
D) boys are expected to have sexual experience before marriage.

Question 20

Increased emphasis on gender roles in adolescence is characteristic of

A) traditional cultures only.
B) cultures affected by globalization.
C) Western cultures more so than traditional cultures.
D) both traditional and Western cultures.

Question 21

Research indicates that conformity to gender roles during early adolescence is mostly likely among adolescents whose

A) self-descriptions were more positive.
B) teachers encouraged more gender exploration.
C) parents influenced them toward gender compliance.
D) cultural beliefs were more collectivist.

Question 22

research finding that 90 percent of infants observed at an American shopping mall were wearing gender-specific clothing provides support for

A) differential gender socialization.
B) the gender intensification hypothesis.
C) gender stereotypes.
D) self-socialization.

Question 23

focus of activities was mainly on

A) physical appearance and deportment.
B) building relationships and serving the community.
C) marriage preparation and health education.
D) social adjustment and conflict resolution.

Question 24

Research shows that approximately ________ of Americans have beliefs about gender roles consistent with those in traditional cultures.

A) one-half
B) one-tenth
C) one-quarter
D) one-eighth

Question 25

According to research, increased conformity to gender roles during early adolescence occurs especially for adolescents

A) whose parents encourage gender-role conformity.
B) whose parents are divorced.
C) who come from large single-parent families.
D) who attend all-girl or all-boy schools.

Question 26

Which of the following best defines differential gender socialization?

A) Gender expectations differ across cultures within the first and third worlds.
B) Boys and girls are socialized according to different gender expectations.
C) Gender intensification decreases with age in non-Westernized cultures.
D) Boys are more likely than girls to conform to gender expectations.

Question 27

Which of the following best reflects the socialization patterns of boys and girls in Western culture?

A) Boys are more self-conscious about their appearance and take more interest in forming intimate friendships.
B) Girls and boys are equally self-conscious about their appearance and forming intimate friendships.
C) Girls are more self-conscious about their appearance and take more interest in forming intimate friendships.
D) Boys are less self-conscious about their appearance and take more interest in forming intimate friendships.

Question 28

Today, American adolescents are entering an adult world in which traditional gender beliefs are

A) stronger than in the past.
B) virtually non-existent.
C) weaker than in the past.
D) reversed.

Question 29

and Lynch (1991) argue that the increase in the intensity of gender socialization at adolescence is

A) the same for boys and girls.
B) greater for boys than for girls.
C) greater for girls than for boys.
D) dependent upon socio-economic status.

Question 30

fact that in the 19th century many American girls were not taught about menarche reflected the view that girls

A) should be seen and not heard.
B) need more access to higher education.
C) have limited intellectual capacity to understand biology.
D) should remain innocent from sexual knowledge.

Question 31

year is most likely

A) 1547.
B) 1776.
C) 1969.
D) 1999.

Question 32

Which of the following was most likely to be the adult role of a young middle class woman in 18th and 19th century America?

A) Wife and mother
B) Teacher or nurse
C) Nun or telephone operator
D) Hostess or waitress

Question 33

America, the concept of self-made manhood is associated with what century?

A) 17th
B) 18th
C) 19th
D) 20th

Question 34

is most likely

A) female.
B) male.
C) from a rural area.
D) from a wealthy family.

Question 35

colonial America in the 17th and 18th centuries, preparations for manhood most closely resembled those in

A) present day America.
B) traditional cultures.
C) 19th century America.
D) the era of self-made manhood.

Question 36

According to researchers, over a two-year study period, how did girls in grades 6, 7 and 8 change their self-descriptions?

A) They described themselves as more feminine.
B) They became more aggressive.
C) There were only reported changes for younger girls.
D) No changes were found.

Question 37

According to research, he is likely to experience

A) some peer ridicule and be less popular.
B) academic difficulties.
C) peer acceptance and popularity.
D) late maturation.

Question 38

Brumberg (1997) argues that although today's adolescent girls are less constricted than their historical counterparts, they are also

A) more likely to suffer from emotional problems.
B) less integrated into the lives of adult women outside their families.
C) more integrated into the lives of adult women outside their families.
D) overwhelmed by the pressure of having too many vocational choices.

Question 39

Individualism is most closely associated with __________ manhood.

A) traditional
B) communal
C) passionate
D) diminishing

Question 40

Historically, American girls were socially constricted in terms of employment, sexuality, and

A) language development.
B) health care.
C) family relationships.
D) physical appearance.

Question 41

tells her mom, "I don't want to go to the hockey game - that's for stinky boys!" This scenario best illustrates

A) media control.
B) parental influence.
C) self-socialization.
D) expressive traits.

Question 42

is most likely a

A) 5-year-old boy.
B) 9-year-old girl.
C) 12-year-old boy.
D) 16-year-old girl.

Question 43

content of girls' magazines is focused predominantly on physical appearance and attracting boys, while boys' magazines are more likely to focus on

A) physical appearance and attracting girls.
B) hobbies and activities.
C) career and education.
D) sexually appealing imagery.

Question 44

are found to be more aggressive than girls due to ____________ factors.

A) strictly biological
B) simply socialization
C) a combination of biological and socialization
D) a combination of media and environmental

Question 45

According to the text, for adolescent girls, gender role socialization is most problematic with regard to

A) submissiveness.
B) body image.
C) early sexuality.
D) social cognition.

Question 46

Which of the following best defines "schema"?

A) The name for a type of individual that is self-motivated.
B) The statistical technique that integrates many research studies.
C) A means of coordinating one's physical surroundings.
D) A mental structure for organizing information.

Question 47

Unrealistic beauty ideals in magazines likely contribute to adolescent girls'

A) increased self-confidence.
B) negative body image.
C) early maturation.
D) late maturation.

Question 48

Piaget's gender schema theory portrays gender as one of the fundamental ways that people

A) organize information about the world.
B) interact with one another.
C) stereotype and categorize people.
D) create norms and behaviors.

Question 49

According to research, the percentage of teen magazines devoted to advertising is approximately

A) 15 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 40 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 50

According to the cognitive developmental theory of gender, children understand gender identity when they are about ______ year(s) old.

A) one
B) three
C) five
D) seven

Question 51

likely, Carmela's behaviors result from

A) favoritism toward her daughter.
B) intentions to treat her children differently.
C) beliefs arising from her own gender socialization.
D) ignorance of inherent differences between boys and girls.

Question 52

Which of the following is associated with gender schema theory?

A) An assumption that people organize information in terms of gender.
B) An assumption that differences between males and females are purely biological.
C) The belief that gender is a social construction.
D) The belief that psychological theories of gender are inadequate.

Question 53

Insults that ridicule a boys' manhood provide evidence of

A) a parallel between Western and traditional cultures.
B) underlying violence in patriarchal societies.
C) the effects of the women's movement.
D) self-made manhood.

Question 54

his mother asks him what was wrong, he replies that he "is just acting normal - it's cool to be tough." According to research, Jonathan has a good chance of

A) doing well in business as an adult.
B) marrying at a young age.
C) being abused by his parents.
D) engaging in other problem behaviors.

Question 55

According to research, which of the following is most likely to be true? Jake is

A) unpopular with peers.
B) popular with peers.
C) academically gifted.
D) a late-maturer.

Question 56

According to research, which of the following traits are considered most desirable for an American male?

A) Analytical, sympathetic, and gentle
B) Affectionate, loyal, and tender
C) Ambitious, cheerful, and warm
D) Self-reliant, competitive, and assertive

Question 57

Differential gender socialization becomes more pronounced during

A) adulthood.
B) adolescence.
C) middle childhood.
D) early childhood.

Question 58

what grade does gender flexibility peak?

A) 5^th - 6^th grade
B) 7^th - 8^th grade
C) 8^th - 9^th grade
D) 9^th - 10^th grade

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a typical article topic in magazines targeted to adolescent girls?

A) Fashion and beauty
B) Entertainment
C) Weight reduction/control
D) Professional careers

Question 60

According to the text, whose activities would most likely be inconsistent with traditional gender schemes?

A) Margot trying on clothes.
B) Mitch playing football.
C) Allison collecting baseball cards.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 61

plans to use the meta-analysis technique because

A) it is more accurate than collecting data in schools.
B) there are very few studies published on this topic.
C) there are many studies published on this topic.
D) it is more respected than other methodologies.

Question 62

scholars argue that for African American adolescents gender roles reflect

A) differential gender socialization.
B) challenges faced in African American history.
C) the lack of research done with minority samples.
D) a reversal of gender roles.

Question 63

Social roles theory asserts that the social roles for males and females may

A) disprove the cognitive developmental theory of gender.
B) be based in biology.
C) increases women's chances for employment outside the home.
D) amplify or suppress certain skills.

Question 64

According to research,

A) Eleanor is more likely than Jerry to have a positive self-image.
B) Jerry is more likely than Eleanor to have a positive self-image.
C) Jerry and Eleanor are likely to be ostracized.
D) this will have no bearing on self-image.

Question 65

Which of the following would be accurate advice for Norma, given the year?

A) "Norma, your grades are so high you should apply to Harvard Law School."
B) "Norma, it's too bad Harvard doesn't grant degrees to women - your grades are so high."
C) "Women are not allowed to practice law."
D) "There are no institutions in North America that grant law degrees to women."

Question 66

historical belief that intellectual work endangered women's health is an example of a gender difference thought to be a sex difference.

Question 67

Gender differences may be exaggerated because

A) our gender schemas alert us to information that confirms our expectations.
B) research is often conducted on people with narrow cultural views.
C) globalization is influencing traditional cultures and marginalized populations.
D) most people do not understand sociological categories in terms of their own expectations.

Question 68

terms of gender differences in adolescence and emerging adulthood, which of the following is the most accurate? For most characteristics, there is __________________________ between genders.

A) more difference than similarity
B) no significant difference
C) more similarity than difference
D) limited means of determining differences

Question 69

According to research, gender roles may temporarily become more flexible during middle childhood.

Question 70

likely, Belinda

A) is naturally a more nurturing person than Brad.
B) has developed skills and is thus more interested in child care than Brad.
C) is considerably older than Brad.
D) has more career options, but is still more interested in childcare than Brad.

Question 71

Which statement most accurately represents the expressive traits ascribed to females? Women are generally ____________ than males.

A) more emotional and relationship-oriented
B) more artistic and creative
C) less sexually and physically active
D) less androgynous and stereotypical

Question 72

research studies on masculinity, femininity, and androgyny have been conducted on

A) White elementary school students.
B) minority high school students.
C) White college students.
D) minority graduate students.

Question 73

Research shows that teachers generally reinforce traditional cultural messages regarding gender.

Question 74

According to your text, masculine and feminine stereotypes are a type of

A) adolescent egocentrism.
B) cultural norm.
C) social cognition.
D) gender schema.

Question 75

text's author describes which of the following as a research area in which further investigation is needed?

A) Investigating adolescents' own perceptions of the gender socialization process.
B) Observing puberty rituals in traditional cultures.
C) Comparing media influences in traditional and Western cultures.
D) Investigating parents' perceptions of adolescents' gender socialization.

Question 76

traditional cultures, socialization becomes broader for girls and narrower for boys in adolescence.

Question 77

your text, the idea is raised that discrimination against girls may decrease with

A) increased globalization.
B) an equal decrease in globalization.
C) a return to traditional cultural values.
D) increased female population in the West.

Question 78

scenario reflects the concept of

A) meta-analysis.
B) normal distribution.
C) effect size.
D) instrumental traits.

Question 79

traditional cultures, there is considerable pressure on adolescent boys to prove their sexual prowess.

Question 80

Which of the following was NOT a political action associated with the women's movement?

A) The kidnapping of a wealthy publisher
B) A nationwide strike for women's rights
C) Demonstrations protesting beauty pageants
D) The publication of books on feminist issues