Deck 6: The Self

Question 1

Childhood is to concrete as adolescence is to

A) combined.
B) defined.
C) vague.
D) abstract.

Answer 1

D
abstract

Question 2

Which of the following may contribute to a decline in self-esteem experienced in adolescence?

A) Imaginary audience
B) Response bias
C) Separation
D) None of these

Answer 2

A
Imaginary audience

Question 3

the following countries, where is the independent self likely to be MOST valued?

A) China
B) The United Kingdom
C) The United States
D) Pakistan

Answer 3

C
The United States

Question 4

an adolescent, feelings of failure may result from awareness of a difference between the

A) false self and ideal self.
B) the ideal self and the feared self.
C) the concrete self and the abstract self.
D) actual self and the ideal self.

Question 5

the beginning of the chapter on the self, the author of the text uses Holden Caulfield (the young character) from Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye to illustrate

A) adolescent rebellion.
B) how adults cannot understand adolescents.
C) how society has changed since the 1950s.
D) aspects of adolescents' self-development.

Question 6

Which of the following is associated with adolescent cognitive development?

A) Inability to see others' perspectives
B) Self-reflection
C) Concrete thought
D) None of these answers are correct

Question 7

Which of the following is most true of identity development?

A) Middle childhood is the key life period for identity development.
B) During adolescence, a person's identity is solidified.
C) Identity issues are especially central in emerging adulthood.
D) After the first six years of life, a person's identity is set.

Question 8

Self-esteem enhancement programs became popular in the United States during the

A) 1930s.
B) 1950s.
C) 1960s.
D) 1980s.

Question 9

Lauren's self-description reflects

A) the inability to integrate different aspects of her identity.
B) that she is atypical of most adolescents.
C) differential gender socialization.
D) the ability to recognize contradictions in her personality.

Question 10

term self-esteem was invented by

A) Lawrence Kohlberg.
B) William James.
C) Jean Piaget.
D) Susan Harter.

Question 11

Individualistic culture is to independent self as collectivistic culture is to __________ self.

A) collection
B) social
C) ideal
D) interdependent

Question 12

scenario best reflects Muukadu's

A) actual self.
B) feared self.
C) abstract thought.
D) barometric self-esteem.

Question 13

Which of the following is most likely true of this couple?

A) Constantine grew up in an individualistic culture; Vera grew up in a collectivistic culture.
B) Constantine grew up in a collectivistic culture; Vera grew up in an individualistic culture.
C) They are exhibiting normal behavior due to differential gender socialization.
D) They are experiencing normal troubles associated with marriage in emerging adulthood.

Question 14

would a person likely experience the most intense fluctuations in barometric self-esteem?

A) Early adolescence
B) Middle adolescence
C) Late adolescence
D) Emerging adulthood

Question 15

Which of the following scholars distinguished between baseline self-esteem and barometric self-esteem?

A) Susan Harter
B) Erik Erikson
C) Lawrence Kohlberg
D) Morris Rosenberg

Question 16

asked to describe himself, Kolton replies, "I have a sister named Jo and I live in Fort Qu' Appelle." Most likely Kolton is _________ year(s) old.

A) one
B) five
C) fourteen
D) sixteen

Question 17

reason that depression is more prevalent in adolescence than in childhood may be that

A) feelings of inadequacy stem from large discrepancies between actual and ideal selves.
B) parents do not understand what it is like to be an adolescent.
C) children do not have a sense of self.
D) feelings of loneliness accompany adolescents' abstract self-understanding.

Question 18

According to research, an adolescent is most likely to put on a "false self" with

A) parents.
B) dating partners.
C) close friends.
D) teachers.

Question 19

Remember your responsibilities." Tian's mother's comments best exemplify __________ cultural values.

A) individualistic
B) collectivistic
C) broadly defined
D) self-reflective

Question 20

value placed upon self-esteem in the United States is associated with

A) child welfare.
B) individualism.
C) interdependence.
D) the age of adolescence.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of self-image proposed by Harter?

A) Scholastic competence
B) Romantic appeal
C) Extracurricular participation
D) Behavioral conduct

Question 22

increase in self-esteem in emerging adulthood may be associated with

A) comfort with one's physical appearance.
B) improved relationships with parents.
C) social acceptance from peers.
D) all of these answers are correct.

Question 23

Critics of Carol Gilligan's work argue that

A) differences between boys and girls are exaggerated.
B) validity and reliability of the methodology is hard to determine.
C) her studies of gender differences rarely include boys.
D) all of these answers are correct.

Question 24

According to Erikson, an infant's developmental task is to

A) achieve a secure sense of identity.
B) differentiate between the self and others.
C) establish a sense of trust and security with someone.
D) learn language in order to communicate.

Question 25

refers to girls'

A) sensitivity to the subtleties of relationships and emotions.
B) understanding of logical and mathematical problems.
C) tendency to speak more than boys.
D) awareness of extra-sensory perceptions.

Question 26

is most likely

A) male.
B) female.
C) bisexual.
D) prone to depression.

Question 27

Which of the following statements relate to girls' decline in self-esteem in adolescence?

A) Normal physical development is at odds with a cultural ideal of thinness.
B) Boys typically have a more negative body image than do girls.
C) Girls' scholastic achievement is typically lower than that of boys.
D) All of these.

Question 28

of Harter's research has been conducted with

A) middle-class Canadian adolescents.
B) middle-class American adolescents.
C) American college students.
D) British adolescents in foster homes.

Question 29

the following, what is the best advice for them?

A) Provide love and encouragement
B) Send her to a "boot camp"
C) Do nothing; it's a normal phase
D) Seek treatment for depression

Question 30

Throughout the ages, the period of adolescence has been considered a time of

A) increased emotionality.
B) increased resiliency.
C) decreased cognition.
D) decreased ambition.

Question 31

Which of the following scholars proposed the theory of the adolescent identity crisis?

A) James Marcia
B) Erik Erikson
C) Carol Gilligan
D) Susan Harter

Question 32

According to the text, recent research indicates that ___________ may make a significant contribution to adolescents' emotionality.

A) media consumption
B) globalization
C) brain development
D) environmental toxins

Question 33

According to most scholars, increased emotionality in adolescence can be attributed to

A) raging hormones.
B) cognitive and environmental factors.
C) the generation gap.
D) storm and stress.

Question 34

Psychohistory is the psychological analysis of

A) mental health institutions.
B) major historical figures.
C) important historical events.
D) academic institutions.

Question 35

According to Erikson, the central task of adolescence focuses on

A) identity versus identity consolidation.
B) identity versus identity confusion.
C) childhood identity versus sexual identity.
D) identity versus immaturity.

Question 36

the 1960s and 1970s, American educational programs designed to enhance self-esteem reflected a predominant belief that self-esteem

A) is a result of school success.
B) is a cause of school success.
C) had declined steadily since World War II.
D) is a socio-cultural invention.

Question 37

Recent research has shown that an effective way of increasing school-related self-esteem is to

A) teach them knowledge and skills that can be the basis of real achievements.
B) praise students regardless of real effort or achievement.
C) encourage students to rate themselves favorably on self-image questionnaires.
D) teach students how to praise themselves even when they don't try to do well.

Question 38

Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents was developed by

A) Morris Rosenberg
B) Carol Gilligan
C) James Marcia
D) Susan Harter

Question 39

According to Erikson, each life period is characterized by a specific

A) developmental issue.
B) physical experience.
C) socio-cognitive task.
D) ethical dilemma.

Question 40

Recent research testing Gilligan's theory found that

A) "feminine" girls reported higher levels of "voice" than boys.
B) "feminine" girls reported lower levels of "voice" than boys.
C) "androgynous" girls reported higher levels of "voice" than boys.
D) it is impossible to compare boys and girls on this matter.

Question 41

Which of the following best describes the psychosocial moratorium?

A) A period of identity exploration in adolescence
B) A period of identity consolidation in emerging adulthood
C) The inability to make a decision about the future
D) The suspension of working on identity formation

Question 42

Adolescents in the foreclosure status tend to be more

A) rebellious.
B) conformist.
C) inquisitive.
D) indecisive.

Question 43

Which of the following researchers developed the "Identity Status Interview"?

A) Erik Erikson
B) James Marcia
C) Reed Larson
D) Jean Phinney

Question 44

Gender differences in identity formation exist especially in the area of

A) religion and spirituality.
B) ideology and political beliefs.
C) education and occupation.
D) no gender differences have been found in identity formation.

Question 45

Erikson (1958) used the life history of Martin Luther to illustrate

A) the identity crisis in adolescence and emerging adulthood.
B) the impact of religious beliefs on self-esteem.
C) career choices during adolescence and emerging adulthood.
D) intimacy versus isolation.

Question 46

According to recent research, the identity status model is

A) stable and unitary.
B) changeable across contexts.
C) not able to respond to cultural elements.
D) portrayed by a predictable stage theory.

Question 47

Scholars have developed questionnaires based upon the "Identity Status Interview" primarily because the questionnaire approach

A) provides richer data.
B) is less time-consuming.
C) is more valid.
D) is more reliable.

Question 48

Conformity is likely to be thought of more unfavorably in

A) an individualistic culture.
B) a collectivistic culture.
C) adolescence.
D) emerging adulthood.

Question 49

likely, Blake is experiencing

A) identity foreclosure.
B) identity confusion.
C) negative identity.
D) marginality.

Question 50

According to Erikson, which of the following terms describes this situation?

A) Retention
B) Separation
C) Ideal self
D) Identification

Question 51

key areas of identity formation in adolescence are love, work, and

A) ideology.
B) rebellion.
C) body image.
D) entertainment.

Question 52

could say that Juan is experiencing

A) identity achievement.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity diffusion.
D) psychosocial moratorium.

Question 53

likely, Fiona is experiencing

A) parental control.
B) psychosocial moratorium.
C) identity confusion.
D) her feared self.

Question 54

Which of the following identity statuses best describes Sarah?

A) Diffusion
B) Moratorium
C) Foreclosure
D) Achievement

Question 55

Critics of Erikson's work have argued that it is

A) biased toward male development.
B) outdated in its historical approach.
C) based only on European contexts.
D) too focused on questionnaire data.

Question 56

terms of culture and identity, critics of Erikson's theory argue that it

A) focuses on emerging adulthood.
B) is outdated in its historical approach.
C) assumes an independent self.
D) assumes an interdependent self.

Question 57

Besides, they would be very disappointed if I backed out." Which of the following identity statuses best describes Dylan?

A) Foreclosure
B) Moratorium
C) Diffusion
D) Achievement

Question 58

identity status contains a different combination of exploration and

A) crisis.
B) reflection.
C) commitment.
D) assimilation.

Question 59

postmodern identity theory replaces which criticized model?

A) Cultural identity model
B) Bicultural identity model
C) Identity status model
D) Negative Identity model

Question 60

Which of the following identity statuses best describes Ingrid?

A) Achievement
B) Foreclosure
C) Moratorium
D) Diffusion

Question 61

Global self-esteem and physical appearance are closely linked for emerging adults.

Question 62

Jakob is experiencing

A) social loneliness.
B) emotional loneliness.
C) separation.
D) marginality.

Question 63

According to Harter, it is possible for Levon to have healthy global self-esteem.

Question 64

During which of the following life periods do people tend to spend the most time alone?

A) Childhood
B) Adolescence
C) Emerging adulthood
D) Middle adulthood

Question 65

Related to issues of globalization, the pervasiveness of identity confusion may be best equated to

A) hybrid identity.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) marginalized identity.
D) identity achievement.

Question 66

Which of the following scholars is well-known for the study of identity formation of members of ethnic minorities in Western society?

A) James Marcia
B) Carol Gilligan
C) Jean Phinney
D) Robert Weiss

Question 67

Recent studies have shown that adolescents who are bicultural or assimilated have

A) higher self-esteem.
B) lower self-esteem.
C) more friends.
D) fewer friends.

Question 68

lunch, a girl from her class asks her, "Where are you from? What's your background?" Chantel replies, "My parents are originally from Korea, but I really think of myself as just Canadian." Chantel's statement best illustrates

A) marginality.
B) biculturalism.
C) separation.
D) assimilation.

Question 69

Robert Weiss (1973) makes the distinction between two types of loneliness: social and

A) spiritual.
B) unsocial.
C) emotional.
D) constructive.

Question 70

regard to ethnic identity, a separation orientation most likely might result from

A) discrimination experienced by minorities.
B) conflict in parent-adolescent relationships.
C) the loss of traditional cultural values and practices.
D) international trends in globalization.

Question 71

adolescents in minority cultures, the cognitive ability of self-reflection may bring about a heightened awareness of

A) what it means to be a member of a minority group.
B) the cultural stereotypes others may hold.
C) differences between the majority and minority cultures.
D) all of these answers are correct.

Question 72

Adolescents tend to experience more negative moods than preadolescents or adults.

Question 73

Celeste is likely to have a

A) greater than average chance of psychological difficulties.
B) lower than average chance of experiencing adjustment problems.
C) greater than average chance of school success.
D) lower than average chance of relationship difficulties.

Question 74

According to research, African American adolescent girls are more likely to have a positive body image than White American adolescent girls.

Question 75

Which of the following ethnic identity statuses is characterized by low identification with the majority culture?

A) Marginal
B) Assimilated
C) Bicultural
D) None of these answers are correct

Question 76

a consequence of __________ many young people around the world adopt a_________ identity.

A) racism; bicultural
B) racism; assimilated
C) globalization; separation
D) globalization; bicultural

Question 77

Dominick is likely to have a

A) greater than average chance of psychological difficulties.
B) lower than average chance of experiencing adjustment problems.
C) greater than average chance of school success.
D) lower than average chance of relationship difficulties.

Question 78

the following, which group of adolescents is most likely to view themselves as bicultural?

A) Mexican American
B) African American
C) Native American
D) Puerto Rican

Question 79

Adolescent boys are more likely than girls to focus on physical appearance as a basis for self-esteem.

Question 80

Mobashar's situation best exemplifies

A) hybrid identity.
B) marginalization.
C) immigrant identity.
D) identity confusion.