Deck 3: Cognitive Foundations

Question 1

Schemes are

A) problems in thought processes.
B) mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing.
C) mental structures for organizing and interpreting information.
D) the way we think about social institutions.

Answer 1

C
mental structures for organizing and interpreting information

Question 2

Imagine you wrote a brilliant paper that discussed the "individual differences in formal operations." Your view would be contrary to

A) Jean Piaget.
B) Robert Sternberg.
C) Howard Gardner.
D) Alfred Binet.

Answer 2

A
Jean Piaget

Question 3

best way to test the potential for formal operational reasoning in most cultures is to

A) administer an IQ test and score the results.
B) tailor the problem to the children's daily lives.
C) give students the Piagetian pendulum problem to solve.
D) provide a universal task or problem for each child to solve.

Answer 3

B
tailor the problem to the children's daily lives

Question 4

is the most likely to understand the metaphor "life is like a box of chocolates"?

A) Wayland, a 15-year-old boy.
B) Forrest, a 10-year-old boy.
C) Carrie, a 12-year-old girl.
D) Robyn, a 9-year-old girl.

Question 5

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is defined as

A) engaging in a systematic test of possible solutions.
B) changing multiple variables to arrive at a single solution.
C) monitoring one's own cognition in order to understand the issue.
D) only being able to imagine realistic solutions.

Question 6

Mental operations performed by children in the concrete operational stage (age 7-11) are limited to what they can

A) create themselves.
B) think and reason.
C) dream and fantasize.
D) experience directly.

Question 7

faced with bike problems, Paul will most likely apply

A) sensorimotor reasoning.
B) preoperational thought.
C) concrete operational thought.
D) formal operational reasoning.

Question 8

of the limitations of Piagetian theory is the

A) inability to operationalize and evaluate stages.
B) need for a stage-like explanation for development.
C) neglect of the cultural basis of cognitive development.
D) lack of metacognition.

Question 9

was a Piagetian psychologist, he would most likely believe what statement?

A) Development is based on the accumulated experience of humankind.
B) Genetics is the single driving force behind intelligence.
C) Everyone attains the same cognitive stages at about the same ages.
D) The culture you live in will impact your unique developmental trajectory.

Question 10

Which statement most accurately represents modern conceptions of formal operational thought? Adolescents and adults tend to apply formal operational thought

A) to all situations they encounter.
B) only with regards to scholastic or academic areas.
C) to situations where they have the most experience.
D) to no areas of their lives.

Question 11

is more likely to exhibit formal operational thinking?

A) Geoff
B) Darlene
C) both
D) neither

Question 12

scenario best describes Piaget's concept of assimilation?

A) An infant who knows how to breast feed does not find it difficult to feed from a bottle.
B) A grade-10 student reading a text from a different culture and trying to understand it.
C) A 7-year-old seeing an airplane for the first time and knowing nothing about flight.
D) A young boy from Zimbabwe coming to Canada in January and seeing snow.

Question 13

Marty is most likely

A) using hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
B) a preoperational thinker.
C) a concrete operational thinker.
D) going to be a construction worker when he grows up.

Question 14

terms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what statement does NOT belong?

A) Distinct stages
B) Formal operations
C) Continuous change
D) Maturation

Question 15

primary purpose of metacognition is to monitor and reason about

A) feeling.
B) problem solving.
C) others.
D) thinking.

Question 16

Piaget shifted his interest from studying mollusks to studying human development, he was interested in

A) seeing how evolution influenced development.
B) children's interactions with animals.
C) tracing the impact of genetics.
D) wrong answers children gave.

Question 17

Where is Ed likely to face most of his intellectual challenges?

A) In his daily school activities
B) Working in his chosen career
C) Providing for his family
D) Testing his bravery

Question 18

According to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, Anthony would be in what stage?

A) Preoperational
B) Sensorimotor
C) Concrete Operational
D) Formal Operational

Question 19

factor is considered to be the "driving force" in Piaget's theory of stage development?

A) Education
B) Environment
C) Maturation
D) Evolution

Question 20

Lorraine is being

A) hypothetically-deductive.
B) sarcastic.
C) metacognitive.
D) reductionist.

Question 21

According to the text, one positive benefit of Inuit children attending school has been to

A) raise their intelligence.
B) assimilate to the majority culture.
C) gain autonomy from their parents.
D) allow a greater range of opportunities.

Question 22

recent study completed by Peng and Nisbett (1999) which focused on dialectical thinking found that what culture tended to promote this type of thinking more than others?

A) American
B) Korean
C) German
D) Chinese

Question 23

are the three separate capacities in the information processing model?

A) Attention, processing, and memory.
B) Storing, retrieving, and attention.
C) Retrieving, attention, and processing.
D) Storing, attention, and retrieving.

Question 24

is using

A) his fluid intelligence.
B) a mnemonic device.
C) his metacognition.
D) adolescent egocentrism.

Question 25

advantage of mnemonic devices is that they

A) make remembering more effective.
B) help automate processing.
C) get you hooked on phonics.
D) contribute to dualistic thinking.

Question 26

models of information processing have moved away from what analogy?

A) Innate learning like mammals
B) The mind as a computer
C) Social networks as spider webs
D) Never forgetting how to ride a bike

Question 27

average units of information stored in short-term memory is

A) 5.
B) 9.
C) 7.
D) 16.

Question 28

order for Lynn to concentrate on her book, she needs to employ

A) divided attention.
B) processing capacity.
C) short-term memory.
D) selective attention.

Question 29

best typifies someone employing divided attention?

A) Kelly, who is listening to a lecture and trying not to fall asleep
B) Jay, who is listening to Eminem and studying for a math test
C) Paul, who is trying to eat dinner while his little sister is playing Nintendo
D) Shannon, whose computer won't boot up and she's trying to find the problem

Question 30

According to Perry (1999), what order are the stages of reflective judgment?

A) Multiple thinking, dualistic thinking, commitment.
B) Commitment, relativism, dualistic thinking.
C) Relativism, commitment, multiple thinking.
D) Multiple thinking, relativism, commitment.

Question 31

would most likely conclude young adults develop an awareness that most problems

A) have all crucial pieces of information present.
B) are complex and don't have a single solution.
C) have a single perspective to analyze the solution set.
D) have only two sides which are completely at odds with one another.

Question 32

There are two types of short-term memory: one type is involved in the input and storage of new information, the other type of short-term memory is known as

A) selective memory.
B) retrieval memory.
C) working memory.
D) divided memory.

Question 33

thought processes would be likened to the

A) genetics of your parents.
B) actions of a primate.
C) other people in your age category.
D) functions of a computer.

Question 34

Which statement concerning reflective judgment is most accurate? Reflective judgment is the

A) capacity to evaluate the logical coherence of evidence.
B) ability to monitor one's own thoughts and cognition.
C) foundation of crystallized and fluid intelligence.
D) logical precursor to behavioral decision theory.

Question 35

do information processing and the componential approach have in common?

A) They are both components of crystallized intelligence.
B) They were both developed by Robert Sternberg.
C) They both break down the thinking process into separate parts.
D) They have nothing in common.

Question 36

contrast to emerging adults, adolescents tend to engage in

A) absolute performance.
B) socialized cognition.
C) dualistic thinking.
D) optimistic bias.

Question 37

stage of reflective judgment would Sue be displaying?

A) Relativism
B) Multiple thinking
C) Dualistic thinking
D) Commitment

Question 38

people in Ollie's neighborhood feel that Ollie should

A) attend college because women are considered intellectually superior to men.
B) attend college and become a lawyer.
C) not attend college because she lacks scientific superiority.
D) not attend college because it would spoil her femininity.

Question 39

primary purpose of pragmatism is to enhance logical thinking with an awareness of

A) practical constraints of real-life situations.
B) academic and scholastic tasks of the majority culture.
C) the development of the imaginary audience and personal fable.
D) the advent of information processing as an explanation of cognition.

Question 40

During the 18th and 19th centuries, girls were most likely to

A) receive basic education.
B) attend higher education.
C) not attend school at all.
D) be home schooled.

Question 41

automaticity decreases, what increases?

A) Conscious effort
B) Processing capacity
C) Divided attention
D) Processing speed

Question 42

Concerning the automaticity of problem solving, the biggest difference between 9-year-old Charlie and his 50-year-old father, Martin, is that

A) Charlie's problem solving is more automatic.
B) Martin's problem solving is more automatic.
C) both are the same.
D) one could not draw conclusions based on their ages.

Question 43

more automatic a cognitive task is, the

A) more capacity of working memory is needed.
B) slower you are able to complete the assignment.
C) faster you are able to complete the problem.
D) more processing is needed.

Question 44

do most states in the United States still treat adolescents differently when they commit a crime?

A) Fewer adolescents commit crimes and therefore those who do need counseling.
B) Adolescents commit less serious crimes so the justice system should reflect this.
C) Adolescents are not held to be as responsible for their actions as adults are.
D) More adolescents lie.

Question 45

imaginary audience phenomenon is based on the lack of distinction between adolescents' thoughts about themselves and

A) their actual IQ scores.
B) how media portrays their age group.
C) how they act in public.
D) others' thoughts about them.

Question 46

Geoff's statement provides an excellent example of

A) mutual perspective taking.
B) metacognition.
C) social cognition.
D) conventional analyses.

Question 47

Processing speed in adolescents is

A) faster than in children.
B) slower than in children.
C) the same as in children.
D) organized completely differently than in children.

Question 48

According to the text, one possible explanation of why adolescents and adults differ in decision making is because mature decision making requires both

A) short-term and long-term memory.
B) fluid and crystallized intelligence.
C) behavioral and social cognition.
D) cognitive and psychological factors.

Question 49

the 19th century, some prominent scientists concluded that women were intellectually inferior because they had

A) not benefited from higher education.
B) smaller brains.
C) less teeth.
D) fewer synaptic connections.

Question 50

shows an example of

A) perspective taking.
B) pragmatic realism.
C) personal fable.
D) imaginary audience.

Question 51

of the major limitations of the information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development is

A) pragmatism.
B) reductionism.
C) divisionism.
D) anthropomorphism.

Question 52

Alvin's mother knows Alvin is using

A) perspective taking.
B) critical thinking skills.
C) short-term memory.
D) mnemonic devices.

Question 53

is demonstrating

A) advanced social cognitive reasoning.
B) conventional system perspective taking.
C) information processing.
D) mutual perspective taking.

Question 54

term 'adolescent egocentrism' refers to an adolescents' beliefs that

A) they will score high on the next IQ test.
B) their views differ from everyone else's views.
C) everyone is watching and judging them.
D) they are the smartest and brightest in their class.

Question 55

Helen decides to try the drug, it may be due in part to

A) the fact that Helen understands the medicinal merits.
B) her metacognitive development.
C) the desire to be accepted by peers.
D) her being at a rave instead of a party.

Question 56

is an example of her lack of

A) social cognition.
B) critical thinking.
C) automaticity.
D) perspective taking.

Question 57

would be arguing that information processing

A) compartmentalizes intelligence testing.
B) fails to consider the importance of attention.
C) loses sight of the interconnectedness of thought.
D) does not develop a strong metaphor for cognition.

Question 58

Generally, American schools do a poor job of promoting

A) cognition.
B) rote memorization.
C) critical thinking.
D) socialization.

Question 59

Donny is demonstrating greater

A) abstract thinking.
B) metacognition.
C) hypothetical deduction.
D) automaticity.

Question 60

Which statement best characterizes the current climate in American high schools?

A) Schools tend to embrace the teachings of Gardner.
B) Schools tend to promote postformal reasoning.
C) Schools promote critical thinking.
D) Schools promote rote learning and memorization.

Question 61

compared to Greg, Jared possesses better

A) multiple intelligence.
B) fluid intelligence.
C) absolute intelligence.
D) crystallized intelligence.

Question 62

order for scaffolding to be successful, what does the teacher need to be aware of?

A) When the student becomes competent at the task he/she is performing
B) How a student's innate intelligence will affect the work he/she will perform
C) The effect of optimistic bias in understanding prior knowledge
D) Whether a student has been exposed to dialectical thinking in his/her culture

Question 63

Which psychologist is credited with the development of a cultural approach to cognition?

A) Howard Gardiner
B) Alfred Binet
C) Jean Piaget
D) Lev Vygotsky

Question 64

According to the text, optimistic bias is defined as

A) the gap between what children and adolescents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by a more competent peer.
B) the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than ourselves.
C) the cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt new information or assimilate prior knowledge.
D) an aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information may be influenced by heuristic thinking.

Question 65

Studies which focus on transracial adoption have shown that African American children raised by White families have

A) low or lower IQs than their White siblings.
B) low or lower IQs than similarly aged Latino children.
C) high or higher IQs than the average IQ for Whites.
D) high or higher IQs than their biological siblings.

Question 66

Which item is not considered one of the eight types of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner?

A) Logical mathematical
B) Interpersonal
C) Bodily kinesthetic
D) Crystallized

Question 67

capacity of long-term memory is limited and information is retained for specific lengths of time.

Question 68

Cultures that do not have formal schooling have adolescents who are likely to reach formal operational thought.

Question 69

does guidance refer to in Rogoff's concept of guided participation?

A) The degree of assistance provided in the zone of proximal development
B) What one is capable of doing if instructed by a more competent peer
C) The accumulated knowledge needed by a competent peer to assist a student
D) The direction offered by cultural and social values as well as social partners

Question 70

Deciding to have Gladys help Tony learn anatomy, the teacher is helping Tony work within his

A) fluid intelligence.
B) absolute performance.
C) zone of proximal development.
D) triarchic theory of intelligence.

Question 71

Overproduction of synaptic connections is especially concentrated in the

A) cerebellum.
B) occipital lobe.
C) frontal lobe.
D) corpus callosum.

Question 72

Compared to the brain scan of an 8-year-old girl, you'd most likely see

A) increased frontal lobe.
B) a larger cerebellum.
C) decreased myelination.
D) a smaller hypothalamus.

Question 73

According to the text, Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development is defined as

A) the gap between what children and adolescents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by a more competent peer.
B) the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than ourselves.
C) the cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt new information or assimilate prior knowledge.
D) an aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information may be influenced by heuristic thinking.

Question 74

dangerous behavior is best explained by the

A) personal fable.
B) imaginary audience.
C) metacognition.
D) satire.

Question 75

Gains in reflective judgment are due to maturation.

Question 76

personal fable is built upon what concept?

A) Optimistic bias
B) Prosocial behavior
C) Imaginary audience
D) Reductionism

Question 77

more information you have in your long-term memory, the more you can assimilate information from the environment and the less accommodation is required.

Question 78

two processes involved in the use of schemes are assimilation and analytic thinking.

Question 79

compared to Rupal, Genoe possesses better

A) multiple intelligence.
B) fluid intelligence.
C) absolute intelligence.
D) crystallized intelligence.

Question 80

process functions to keep the brain's electrical signals on one path and increase processing speed?

A) Myelination
B) Synaptic processing
C) fMRI
D) Maturation