Deck 4: Cultural Beliefs

Question 1

According to the text, one important reason why adolescents need to learn self-regulation is to regulate

A) individualism.
B) sexual impulses.
C) political beliefs.
D) moral development.

Answer 1

B
sexual impulses

Question 2

Socialization sources include

A) peers and friends.
B) school and teachers.
C) media and community.
D) all of the above.

Answer 2

D
all of the above

Question 3

contrast between individualism and collectivism is best captured in a discussion about

A) poetic-conventional faith.
B) intelligence.
C) socialization beliefs.
D) autonomous morality.

Answer 3

C
socialization beliefs

Question 4

Which statement would originate from an individual who has adopted a strongly positive view on the merits of narrow socialization?

A) I think adolescents should conform to our culture's norms.
B) Morality is a stage-related theory of development.
C) I think adolescents should be individuals.
D) Cultures set a range of opportunities for development.

Question 5

three outcomes central to the process of socialization are

A) preconventional, conventional, and post-conventional reasoning.
B) custom complex, ontogenetics, and cultural beliefs.
C) self-regulation, role preparation, and sources of meaning.
D) interdependent self, independent self, and group identity.

Question 6

you were writing a research paper about collectivistic and individualistic beliefs, one caution you would have to keep in mind would be

A) these categories describe overall tendencies for beliefs, but individual differences exist.
B) that diversity can be suppressed for the purposes of clearer explanation.
C) to target only those cultures which typify the pure types.
D) none of the above.

Question 7

After reading Chapter 4, you would conclude

A) we know for certain that Desi lives in Canada.
B) Desi is very young and doesn't know how to act.
C) Desi is a very unique individual who is unlike most people.
D) these two drives can co-exist in Desi.

Question 8

Bill's mental dilemma shows us that he is beginning to exert

A) role preparation.
B) self-regulation.
C) metacognition.
D) symbolic inheritance.

Question 9

the Jewish tradition, the Bar/Bat Mitzvah

A) signifies that an adolescent is allowed to drink alcohol.
B) signifies adult participation in religious life.
C) communicates the moral teachings of Kohlberg.
D) takes place at age 21.

Question 10

Which statement best characterizes the term symbolic inheritance?

A) The processes which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture they live in.
B) Developing a set of beliefs that serve as a basis for political attitudes.
C) A set of ideas and understandings about persons, society, nature, and divinity.
D) Gaining property and personal belongings after the death of a loved one.

Question 11

likely live?

A) Sweden
B) England
C) Canada
D) Japan

Question 12

is probably being influenced by

A) the Law.
B) globalization.
C) moral development.
D) social desirability.

Question 13

Which country would be considered non-Western?

A) Iran
B) New Zealand
C) Canada
D) Norway

Question 14

Kakari likely lives by what set of cultural beliefs?

A) The Koran
B) The Ramadan
C) The Law
D) all of the above

Question 15

Australian Aborigine Law does NOT include an explanation of

A) how the world began.
B) the male circumcision ritual.
C) where to hunt and how to prepare food.
D) moral precepts of how social relations are conducted.

Question 16

According to the text, what two disciplines does the field of cultural psychology combine?

A) Psychology and anthropology
B) Culture and history
C) Philosophy and biology
D) Genetics and development

Question 17

role is NOT a legitimate cultural role?

A) Cognitive
B) Age-related
C) Social status
D) Gender

Question 18

the following, where would Tish most likely live?

A) Japan
B) China
C) Iran
D) Italy

Question 19

you were researching this phenomenon, you would most likely travel to

A) Canada.
B) Germany.
C) Korea.
D) Australia.

Question 20

Providing consolation, guidance, and hope to people confronting existential questions defines the concept of

A) self-regulation.
B) role preparation.
C) moral development.
D) sources of meaning.

Question 21

Boy Scouts were conceived as a way to overcome the perceived danger of

A) globalization.
B) religious teachings.
C) immigrants.
D) moral decline.

Question 22

According to the text, what industrialized country has more religious people than virtually any other?

A) France
B) Belgium
C) Canada
D) United States

Question 23

cultural belief which underlies the practice of dating is that young people should

A) spend time with their families.
B) have a right to decide who they are intimate with.
C) not have sexual experiences prior to marriage.
D) have a restricted level of leisure time.

Question 24

According to the text, Juan is more likely than most majority American adolescents to

A) show his independence towards his family.
B) have problems with his sisters.
C) defy his parents.
D) have a strong tie to his family.

Question 25

is likely to create

A) disequilibrium for Simon.
B) parent-adolescent agreement.
C) parent-adolescent conflict.
D) none of these.

Question 26

According to the text, what factor(s) may account for Albert's lack of religiosity?

A) Albert's parents disagree about their religious beliefs.
B) Albert's parents are divorced.
C) Albert is White.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Question 27

a culture characterized by narrow socialization, what traits are highly prized?

A) Obedience and conformity
B) Individualism and choice
C) Intimacy and fidelity
D) Complexity and tradition

Question 28

According to the text, what message would Joel likely be exposed to in popular media?

A) Collectivism
B) Cynicism
C) Individualism
D) Conservatism

Question 29

this information, we can conclude that Robyn is most likely

A) an Asian adolescent living in Hong Kong.
B) a White adolescent living in Australia.
C) an Asian adolescent living in the United States.
D) a White adolescent living in Canada.

Question 30

According to the text, which of the following is most likely? Liam

A) is African American.
B) is not religious.
C) attends church with her mother.
D) believes in God.

Question 31

Which statement best represents the definition of "custom complex"?

A) Beliefs based on non-religious values.
B) A stage of moral development characterized by a realization of social conventions.
C) A pathological fear of other cultures' traditions.
D) Cultural practices and the beliefs that underlie them.

Question 32

a study by Feldman (1992), what statement best summarizes the collectivistic value maintained by Chinese adolescents living in Western cultures?

A) Parents as deregulating influences.
B) Siblings as moral agents.
C) Persons as independent entities.
D) Family as residential unit.

Question 33

According to the text, first and second generation Chinese American adolescents tend to embrace

A) individualistic beliefs of the Western culture.
B) collectivistic beliefs of the Eastern culture.
C) both a and b equally.
D) neither.

Question 34

According to the text, which statement about religion is true?

A) Religious beliefs are high among European adolescents.
B) Industrialized societies tend to be less religious than traditional cultures.
C) Most American adolescents don't believe in God.
D) Adults tend to be less religious than adolescents.

Question 35

According to the text, religions typically specify a code for behavior and these codes usually contain rules for

A) self-regulation.
B) role preparation.
C) sources of meaning.
D) all of these answers are correct.

Question 36

term is NOT appropriate when discussing cultural beliefs?

A) Majority culture
B) Traditional culture
C) Collectivistic culture
D) American culture

Question 37

Which of the following statements best embodies a feature of the "Moralistic Therapeutic Deism," according to Smith and Denton (2005)?

A) "Life is nasty, brutish, and short."
B) "God speaks to people in dreams."
C) "God is omnipotent."
D) "Purgatory is where souls go first."

Question 38

National Survey of Youth and Religion in the U.S., which surveyed over 3,000 adolescents, found what percentage of adolescents believe in God (or a universal spirit)?

A) 12%
B) 48%
C) 51%
D) 84%

Question 39

According to the text, which statement typically applies to Asian American emerging adults in their beliefs about key criterion of adulthood?

A) Gaining their independence from their parents
B) Beginning to date and thinking about marriage
C) Becoming capable of financially supporting parents
D) Embracing the American majority culture

Question 40

and Nal most likely live in

A) Sweden.
B) United States.
C) Austria.
D) Iran.

Question 41

country has the largest Muslim population?

A) Indonesia
B) India
C) Pakistan
D) Saudi Arabia

Question 42

Knowing this we can conclude

A) Rani is married.
B) Rani has reached menarche.
C) Rani is a preadolescent child.
D) nothing about Rani.

Question 43

you were a research participant of Lawrence Kohlberg's moral development project, you would be a(n)

A) 10-year-old boy.
B) 14-year-old girl.
C) 18-year-old boy.
D) 9-year-old girl.

Question 44

are Ramadan and the Koran related?

A) Ramadan and the Koran are holy rituals practiced by Muslims.
B) Ramadan commemorates the revelation of the Koran.
C) The Koran commemorates the revelation of Ramadan.
D) Ramadan and the Koran are not related.

Question 45

Current studies of self-reported participation in religious activities have concluded that self-reports are probably

A) accurate.
B) understated because of social desirability.
C) inflated by social desirability.
D) inaccurate because people have trouble remembering this information.

Question 46

is most likely that you would be

A) taking a paper and pencil test in a quiet classroom setting.
B) playing a game of marbles and discussing the rules.
C) asked to respond to fictional dilemmas.
D) interviewed and asked about your personal relationships.

Question 47

Kohlberg's Stage 3 (in Level 2) is characterized by

A) reference to social order.
B) care and loyalty to others.
C) avoidance of punishment.
D) an independent moral code.

Question 48

the American majority culture, adolescents who are more religious report

A) higher rates of premarital sex.
B) lower rates of delinquent behavior.
C) higher rates of depression.
D) lower rates of parental divorce.

Question 49

According to the text, what is one possible reason for Tanya's change?

A) She feels the secular pressure from peers.
B) She no longer believes in God.
C) Her parents no longer pressure her.
D) 16-year-olds aren't welcome in church.

Question 50

According to the text, who are the two most influential scholars on adolescent moral development?

A) Albert Bandura and Lev Vygotsky
B) Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg
C) Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg
D) Carol Gilligan and Larry Walker

Question 51

Which statement best characterizes Kohlberg's conclusions concerning moral development?

A) Moral development is not related to intelligence.
B) People could skip lower stages of moral development.
C) Moral development proceeded unpredictably.
D) Moral development is acquired across time.

Question 52

Based on the research presented, now that Vaughn is an emerging adult we would predict that

A) he will attend church less often.
B) his parents no longer attend church.
C) he will not take his children to church.
D) his parents continue to pressure him to attend church.

Question 53

would Giselle be most likely to say about lying?

A) "Lying is OK if there are benefits for me."
B) "Lying is OK if the truth would hurt more."
C) "Lying is wrong because it hurts other people's feelings."
D) "Lying is wrong because Mommy spanks me when I lie."

Question 54

scholar who has proposed a theory of stages of religious development linked to cognitive development is

A) Albert Bandura
B) Robert Sternberg
C) James Fowler
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 55

According to Piaget, who is the most effective in promoting moral development?

A) Teachers
B) Siblings
C) Peers
D) Parents

Question 56

study that investigated religious participation versus how people reported their religious activity concluded that

A) self-reports were lower than participation.
B) the data was inconclusive.
C) self-reports and participation were the same.
D) participation was lower than self-reports.

Question 57

After following his participants for 20 years, Kohlberg found

A) the majority remained in transition.
B) most skipped a stage along the way.
C) all had proceeded to Stage 5.
D) none had reached Stage 6.

Question 58

Which statement concerning heteronomous morality is most accurate?

A) Moral rules are sacred and fixed.
B) Moral rules are social conventions.
C) Moral reasoning is based on independent judgments.
D) Moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others.

Question 59

would Rebecca say she regularly attends when she does not?

A) Poetic-conventional faith
B) Social desirability
C) Moral development
D) Conventional reasoning

Question 60

Kohlberg's theory of moral development is based on

A) how children and adolescents discussed the rules of games.
B) whether they thought the person in the moral dilemma was right or wrong.
C) how participants explained their conclusions to dilemma discussions.
D) all of the above.

Question 61

According to Carol Gilligan's (1982) critique of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Kohlberg's theory is biased towards

A) a justice orientation.
B) a care orientation.
C) people who have attained formal operations.
D) a heteronomous orientation.

Question 62

Which statement would be coming from an individual who agrees with the cultural critique of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) Kohlbergian theory disregards the content of moral reasoning.
B) Postconventional reasoning is based on the individual's own moral judgments.
C) The justice orientation is a middle-class, male-dominated philosophy.
D) The universal ethical principles orientation has been negated.

Question 63

Whose conclusions would your paper most closely parallel?

A) Piaget
B) Gilligan
C) Rest
D) Walker

Question 64

of these is known as the

A) design vs. product critique.
B) societal critique.
C) gender critique.
D) intellectual critique.

Question 65

According to the text, American minority cultural beliefs tend to be less collectivistic and more individualistic than the cultural beliefs of the American majority culture.

Question 66

developed the worldviews approach to moral reasoning?

A) Gilligan
B) Jensen
C) Bandura
D) Sternberg

Question 67

do the development of religious and political thinking in adolescents have in common?

A) In both areas, adolescents in Western cultures begin to move toward greater abstraction.
B) In both areas, adolescents in Eastern cultures take on an individualistic perspective.
C) Religious and political beliefs are not developed until emerging adulthood.
D) Cultural beliefs do not affect the development of religious and political beliefs.

Question 68

this we can predict that

A) Margaret is younger.
B) Pierre is younger.
C) the siblings are the same age but Pierre has never stolen anything.
D) Margaret thinks the laws are eternal and unchangeable.

Question 69

Another critique of Kohlberg's theory is that moral reasoning is based on

A) real-life situations.
B) religious precepts.
C) hypothetical situations.
D) adolescent levels of reasoning.

Question 70

a nationwide survey of college freshman in the United States, how many reported they had participated in a political demonstration?

A) 28%
B) 50%
C) 63%
D) 81%

Question 71

According to the text, Eastern cultures such as Japanese and Chinese cultures place a high emphasis on individualistic values.

Question 72

Rather, moral reasoning is rooted in

A) cultural beliefs.
B) social determinants of health.
C) brain development.
D) socioeconomic status.

Question 73

terms of political beliefs, what does "capacity to develop an ideology" mean?

A) A tendency to see laws less as concrete objects and more as social arrangements.
B) Changes related to the development of formal operational thought.
C) Developing a set of beliefs that serves as a basis for personal political attitudes.
D) Understanding that beliefs are about the extent to which human rights should be allowed.

Question 74

conclusions can be drawn from this?

A) Adelson's model of political development would not apply to Canadians.
B) Adelson's model has a strong cultural basis.
C) Adelson's conclusions may not apply to non-Western cultures.
D) Both Western and Eastern views were portrayed.

Question 75

cultures with narrow socialization are less economically developed than the West.

Question 76

Mick and Steve are the same age, what can we predict about Mick?

A) Steve comes from a middle class family and Mick from a working class family.
B) Mick has a higher level of education than Steve.
C) Mick has a lower IQ than Steve.
D) There is nothing that explains this phenomenon.

Question 77

Danika's reasoning focuses on the ethic of

A) Majority.
B) Autonomy.
C) Divinity.
D) Community.

Question 78

Americans are not as religious as most other industrialized countries.

Question 79

cultures share similar socialization outcomes and similar socialization beliefs.

Question 80

Recent research shows that emerging adults in the United States have moral views related primarily to the ethic of

A) majority.
B) autonomy.
C) divinity.
D) community.