Deck 2: Biological Foundations

Question 1

physical and biological changes of puberty result from changes that occur in the

A) endocrine system.
B) lymphatic system.
C) nervous system.
D) thyroid gland.

Answer 1

A
endocrine system

Question 2

Female is to estradiol as male is to

A) testosterone.
B) androgen.
C) estrogen.
D) glycoprotein.

Answer 2

A
testosterone

Question 3

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of asynchronicity?

A) Girls experience the growth spurt earlier than boys.
B) Boys' body parts grow in a different order than those of girls.
C) Some body parts grow faster than others during puberty.
D) The extremities are the last body parts to grow.

Answer 3

C
Some body parts grow faster than others during puberty

Question 4

Which statement most accurately represents the feedback loop in the endocrine system?

A) A "communication system" between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads, and adrenal glands which monitors and adjusts the levels of sex hormones.
B) An anomaly in some adolescents which causes pubertal development to be prolonged, and fertility to be decreased.
C) A "communication system" between androgens and estrogens which determines the gender of an individual.
D) A structure within the endocrine system which controls the order of hormonal and pubertal events.

Question 5

text likens the physical changes the body goes through at puberty to a

A) biological revolution.
B) hormonal storm.
C) sociology course.
D) psychological revolution.

Question 6

Which scenario would most likely lead to delayed onset?

A) Lee is a wrestler who constantly diets and over exercises to maintain a lower weight class.
B) Jared rides his bike over rough terrain and comes home with scrapes and bruises.
C) Greg plays video games after school, particularly golf, and doesn't go outside to play.
D) Dianna over eats and doesn't exercise but loves to walk her dog after school.

Question 7

Which of the following metaphors best suits this description?

A) Answering machine
B) Burglar alarm
C) Thermostat
D) Fridge light

Question 8

adolescent growth spurt occurs approximately

A) the same time for boys and girls.
B) two years earlier for boys than for girls.
C) two years earlier for boys and girls in developing but not industrialized countries.
D) two years earlier for girls than for boys.

Question 9

two classes of sex hormones are

A) estrogens and estradiols.
B) androgens and testosterones.
C) gonadotropins and androgens.
D) estrogens and androgens.

Question 10

adolescent growth spurt is best defined as the rapid increase in

A) height at the beginning of adolescence.
B) hormone production before puberty begins.
C) height in boys and weight in girls at puberty.
D) size of reproductive organs at puberty.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT associated with primary sex characteristics? Development of the

A) breasts.
B) penis.
C) eggs and sperm.
D) ovaries.

Question 12

Which of the following is the best advice for Sven?

A) "Eat more calcium-rich foods so that your growth gets back on the right track."
B) "Everybody has different sized feet and hands - yours are just big."
C) "Don't worry. Each person has a unique growth pattern, and you are unusual."
D) "Don't worry. Hands and feet hit the growth spurt before the rest of your body."

Question 13

experience greater muscle growth than girls during puberty because they

A) tend to get more physical exercise.
B) enter the growth spurt earlier.
C) maintain hormone levels for longer periods of time.
D) experience greater increases in testosterone.

Question 14

causes the hypothalamus to increase GnRH production?

A) Development of gametes
B) Hitting a threshold level of body fat
C) Increasing testosterone or estrogen
D) Releasing luteinizing hormones

Question 15

Which of the following best represents the health status of emerging adults? Emerging adulthood is the period when a person is

A) the most susceptible to health problems resulting from risk behaviors.
B) the least susceptible to physical illnesses.
C) at peak form in terms of strength and energy.
D) all of these.

Question 16

Which of the following is the best description of Cory's sex?

A) Cory is male.
B) Cory is female.
C) There is insufficient information to make a judgment.
D) Cory is gender-confused.

Question 17

which of the following parts of the anatomy is puberty initiated?

A) Gonads
B) Testes and ovaries
C) Pituitary gland
D) Hypothalamus

Question 18

first production of sperm in boys is called

A) spermarche.
B) semenarche.
C) menarche.
D) premature ejaculation.

Question 19

Which of the following best represents the occurrence of the adolescent growth spurt? The growth spurt begins

A) about three years earlier for girls than for boys.
B) about the same time for girls and boys.
C) at about age 11 for girls and 13 for boys.
D) at about age 11 for boys and 13 for girls.

Question 20

According to information you gathered from reading this text, your program should

A) emphasize prevention by promoting strategies for reducing risk behaviors.
B) focus primarily on strategies for dealing with health problems as they arise.
C) be cancelled and offered only to adult students.
D) focus only on boys because they have greater risks during adolescence.

Question 21

is not unlikely that individuals in industrialized countries may experience their first pubertal events as early as age

A) 8 for boys and 9-10 for girls.
B) 8 for girls and 9-10 for boys.
C) 5 for girls and 8-10 for boys.
D) 5 for girls and as late as 13 for boys.

Question 22

Menarche refers to

A) a female's first menstrual period.
B) a female's first ovulation.
C) reproductive maturity in males and females.
D) a male's fertility.

Question 23

Among the following choices, which type of study should Ty conduct?

A) Cross-sectional study.
B) Ethnographic study.
C) Secular study.
D) Longitudinal study.

Question 24

Which of the following physical changes occur for males only?

A) Growth of shoulder and back hair.
B) Increased sweat gland production.
C) Deepening voice.
D) Growth of facial hair.

Question 25

important finding was that the timing and rate of pubertal development

A) varies with levels of nutrition and medical care.
B) are different when studied using longitudinal versus cross-sectional studies.
C) are not impacted by environmental factors.
D) are influenced by being part of a research study.

Question 26

According to research, the average age of menarche for girls in the United States is

A) 10.5 years.
B) 11.5 years.
C) 12.5 years.
D) 13.0 years.

Question 27

Which of the following physical changes occur for males and females alike during puberty?

A) Skin becomes rougher.
B) Proportion of muscle to fat increases.
C) Shoulders and chest become wider.
D) Hips widen and abdominal fat levels increase.

Question 28

Which of the following statements most accurately represents the relation between pubertal timing and technology? In general, puberty begins

A) later in countries where medical care is more widely available.
B) earlier in countries where better nutrition and medical care are more widely available.
C) earlier in countries where health promotion education is more widely available.
D) earlier in countries where there are fewer female doctors.

Question 29

order of pubertal events is found to

A) occur only in industrialized countries.
B) signal the onset of her age of identity negotiation.
C) be typical for an adolescent female.
D) be highly unlikely to occur in the typical adolescent female.

Question 30

Which of the following best defines reaction range?

A) Genetically determined range of potential
B) Environmentally determined range of potential
C) Difference between nature and nurture
D) Variation in the rate of pubertal development

Question 31

of the problems associated with the body of research on puberty today is that

A) food additives have drastically changed the rate of development in recent years.
B) it is mainly focused on White adolescents in Western, industrialized countries.
C) it has not been verified by research studies in North America.
D) it is too detailed to understand in a general way.

Question 32

Which of the following most accurately represents this research? The research was conducted

A) at the turn of the century on middle-class American adolescents.
B) in the 1980s on a cross-section of North American youth.
C) during World War II on British adolescents in boarding schools.
D) in the 1960s and 1970s on British adolescents in foster homes.

Question 33

Which of the following is the best advice for Matthew?

A) "All boys experience enlargement of the breasts during puberty."
B) "One out of four boys experience breast enlargement, which goes away in about a year."
C) "About half of all boys experience breast enlargement, which goes away in about a year."
D) "One out of a hundred boys experience breast enlargement, which goes away during adulthood."

Question 34

Which of the following of Miranda's statements is NOT true?

A) "Girls cannot get pregnant until their periods are regular."
B) "Females are born with about 400,000 immature eggs."
C) "Males do not produce sperm until they reach puberty."
D) "The average male produces millions of sperm every day."

Question 35

Which of the following is in the best order regarding the age of first appearance of pubertal events for a typical boy?

A) Growth of testes, spermarche, initiation of growth spurt.
B) Initiation of growth spurt, growth of testes, spermarche.
C) Growth of testes, initiation of growth spurt, spermarche.
D) Growth of penis, growth of testes, spermarche.

Question 36

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding female reproductive development?

A) The first ovulation always occurs with the first menstruation.
B) Fertility may be inconsistent during the first two years after menarche.
C) The adolescent female is infertile during the first two years after menarche.
D) Secondary sex characteristics only appear after reproductive maturity is reached.

Question 37

Which of the following is associated with historical evidence that technology influences pubertal timing?

A) Reaction range
B) Secular trend
C) Distancing hypothesis
D) Feedback loop

Question 38

Evidence for the influence of technologies on pubertal development is based on data gathered regarding the age when what event occurs?

A) Spermarche
B) Menarche
C) Breast development
D) Hair growth

Question 39

Which of the following does NOT belong to the category of secondary sex characteristics?

A) Growth of pubic hair
B) Growth of facial hair
C) Hardening of the bones
D) Sperm and egg production

Question 40

According to cross-cultural research, puberty rituals are more common for

A) males.
B) females.
C) adolescents in Western cultures.
D) families with high socio-economic status.

Question 41

Which of the following illustrate the changing Western attitudes toward menstruation in the early part of the twentieth century? Menstruation became

A) less associated with adolescent storm and stress.
B) more associated with health and hygiene than with sexuality.
C) a focus for national debate.
D) a topic that was more and more taboo to discuss.

Question 42

Boris's attitude best reflects

A) a distant relationship with his parents.
B) Western attitudes toward this topic.
C) his positive feelings toward becoming a man.
D) his awareness of his own bodily functions.

Question 43

According to research discussed in the text, Meena may be more likely to

A) reach puberty earlier.
B) reach puberty later.
C) experience storm and stress.
D) experience an atypical order of pubertal events.

Question 44

Which of the following contributed most to the secrecy surrounding menstruation in 19^th century middle class America?

A) Girls reached menarche at a later age than today.
B) There were no feminine hygiene products.
C) Girls reached menarche at an earlier age than today and could not fully understand it.
D) People associated menstruation with sexuality and tried to preserve girls' "innocence."

Question 45

decline in frequency of puberty rituals in traditional cultures is most likely associated with

A) globalization.
B) poverty.
C) rising age of menarche.
D) racism.

Question 46

scenario is consistent with which of the following concepts?

A) Distancing hypothesis
B) Reaction range
C) Active genotype-environment interaction
D) Nature-nurture debate

Question 47

Samoa, the traditional rite of passage into adolescence involves

A) tattooing of both males and females.
B) tattooing of males only.
C) tattooing of females and branding of males.
D) an elaborate process of body piercing.

Question 48

caution in interpreting the research on early and late maturation is that

A) effects for individuals depend on their particular abilities, experiences, and situations.
B) it is difficult to know if an adolescent is early or late maturing in an age-graded school.
C) most of the research has been conducted with boys.
D) much of the research has been conducted retrospectively with adults.

Question 49

Justine's older sister has told her that "getting her period will be a real drag - painful and annoying." According to research, how is Justine likely to report her menarche?

A) As a discomfort
B) Associated with severe depression
C) Positive and elated
D) Mostly ambivalent

Question 50

Which of the following is the most likely reason for Liza's feelings?

A) Liza was unprepared for menarche; her mother hadn't even told her about it yet.
B) All of Liza's friends had already reached menarche and she felt left out.
C) Liza was well prepared for menarche and had learned a lot from her peers.
D) All of Liza's siblings are boys and she feels uncomfortable.

Question 51

best reflects an

A) example of ethnographers' influence on the cultures they study.
B) example of Western youth copying traditional culture.
C) attempt to assimilate into the global culture.
D) attempt to keep traditional cultures from disappearing due to globalization.

Question 52

Which of the following characterizes parent-adolescent relationships in American majority culture?

A) Adolescents of both sexes tend to be closer to their mothers than to their fathers.
B) Communication styles shift toward consoling through touch.
C) Adolescent females tend to be closer to their fathers.
D) None of these.

Question 53

history of American beliefs about menstruation is described in a book by

A) J. M. Tanner.
B) J. J. Brumberg.
C) Nora Ephron.
D) Judy Blume.

Question 54

According to research, Abelard is

A) unusual - most adolescents are closer to their fathers than mothers.
B) typical - most adolescents are closer to their mothers than fathers.
C) a difficult child - he is most likely afraid of his father.
D) unusual - most adolescents are closer to their parent of the same gender.

Question 55

According to your text, traditional male puberty rituals, such as scarring and bloodletting, operate as a metaphor for

A) the hardships and challenges of adult life.
B) the pain of childbirth experienced by the boy's mother.
C) athletic competitions.
D) childhood play.

Question 56

scenario most likely creates early onset of puberty?

A) Damini, whose mother was only 17 years old when she had Damini
B) Brandi, who lives with only her father and shares a room with her younger sister
C) Elizabeth, who lives with her mom and her step-father but doesn't see her dad at all
D) Beverly, who has an eating disorder and has been severely underweight for three years.

Question 57

Which of the following is a valid criticism of the "distancing hypothesis"?

A) Distancing may have an evolutionary basis.
B) Parent-adolescent conflict increases in adolescence.
C) Distancing does not occur in all cultures.
D) Some adolescents really love their parents.

Question 58

Which statement best represents how culture influences girls' responses to menarche?

A) Premenstrual Syndrome is a socially constructed phenomenon.
B) Socioeconomic status is a major factor impacting girls' experiences of menarche.
C) Geographical region and climate impact girls' experiences of menarche.
D) Knowledge and expectations impact girls' experiences of menarche.

Question 59

survey conducted in 1895 found that ______ percent of Boston high school girls had no knowledge of menarche before it occurred.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 60
D) 75

Question 60

cultural rituals marking menarche and menstruation reflect

A) annoyance with menstruation.
B) the joy associated with menstruation.
C) a fear of menstruation.
D) ambivalence toward menstruation.

Question 61

Early-maturing girls and late-maturing boys may be at greater risk for adjustment problems than other groups because they

A) experience more parental pressure because of their physical attributes.
B) are more likely to have skin problems like acne.
C) are the most "off-time" from their peers in terms of physical development.
D) tend to spend more time with their friends.

Question 62

Menarche is the first menstruation and the first ovulation.

Question 63

word puberty is derived from the Latin word meaning "to grow larger."

Question 64

According to the text, Kikuyu boys show the first physical changes of puberty before their female peers, a reversal of the Western pattern.

Question 65

likely, what is Jamie's gender?

A) It is impossible to tell based on research presented.
B) Female.
C) Male.
D) Either male or female.

Question 66

view that both biology and environment play an important role in human development is consistent with the theory of

A) genotype-environment interactions.
B) the distancing hypothesis.
C) health promotion.
D) the secular trend.

Question 67

situation best illustrates _______ genotype environment interaction.

A) retentive
B) evocative
C) passive
D) active

Question 68

body weight and poor nutrition may delay the onset of puberty.

Question 69

Which genotype-environment interaction is MOST pronounced during early childhood?

A) Active
B) Passive
C) Evocative
D) Stable

Question 70

According to the text, why is early maturation such a problem for girls in the West?

A) Because Western cultures value thinness in females' appearances.
B) Delayed physical development draws attention from younger boys.
C) They have more favorable body images and have lower levels of estrogen.
D) Pubertal changes affect muscle development and growth spurts.

Question 71

Age-grading in schools contributes to

A) advance pubertal development.
B) delays in pubertal development.
C) the need for puberty rituals.
D) social comparison of physical maturity.

Question 72

According to research, Jamie most closely fits the profile of a(n)

A) on-time male.
B) early-maturing male.
C) late-maturing female.
D) late-maturing male.

Question 73

emergence of dieting behavior at the time of puberty is likely to stem from

A) boyfriend/girlfriend pressures.
B) the storm and stress of adolescence.
C) loss of appetite due to hormonal changes.
D) a pervasive cultural ideal of thinness.

Question 74

Lower levels of body fat signal the hypothalamus to increase GnRH production.

Question 75

Nature is to nurture as biological is to

A) sexual.
B) environmental.
C) educational.
D) creationist.

Question 76

According to genotype-environment theory, we create our own environments based on our

A) parents' skills.
B) family type.
C) genetic makeup.
D) social context.

Question 77

According to the text, why should you be skeptical when you read studies about parents and adolescents in biological families where the behavior of parents is claimed to be the cause of the characteristics of adolescents?

A) Behavior may be caused by biology and not environment.
B) Behavior may be caused by environment and not biology.
C) Because the divorce rate is so high in the U.S., no conclusive findings could be drawn.
D) There are few studies which investigate the differential treatment of mothers and fathers.

Question 78

Which of the following is likely to describe Shelly in terms of her pubertal timing?

A) Early maturing
B) On time
C) Late maturing
D) Non maturing

Question 79

During adolescence and emerging adulthood, autonomy increases along with _____________ genotype-environment interactions.

A) active
B) passive
C) evocative
D) stable

Question 80

According to recent research, which of the following best represents the effects of early maturation for girls in Western societies? Early maturing girls are

A) more likely to hold positive body images than late maturers.
B) at risk for higher incidence of depressed moods.
C) no different than normal maturing or late maturing girls.
D) less likely to have eating disorders or substance abuse.