Deck 8: Multiple Choice

Question 1

A primitive brain can be seen in a human embryo by the _____ week after conception.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Sexual differentiation occurs by the end of the _____ month of gestation.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Neuroimaging studies of brain development have revealed that children from families with low SES (socioeconomic status)show _____ and score _____ on tests of cognitive performance.

A) decreased cortical surface area;lower
B) decreased cortical surface area;the same as high SES peers
C) the same cortical surface area as their high SES peers;lower
D) increased cortical surface area;higher

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The idea of preformation would imply that:

A) an embryo is a miniature adult.
B) embryos of different species look different.
C) embryos should look nothing like an adult.
D) embryos of different species look different and embryos should look nothing like an adult.

Question 5

After the second week of prenatal development the _____ progresses to become a(n)_____.

A) zygote;embryo
B) embryo;zygote
C) zygote;fetus
D) embryo;fetus

Question 6

The central nervous system originates from:

A) the neural crest.
B) the neural tube.
C) the neural envelope.
D) the neural palace.

Question 7

In an adult,stem cells are found in:

A) the hippocampus.
B) the ventricles.
C) the pia mater.
D) the CSF.

Question 8

Testosterone:

A) is present only after the testes are formed.
B) affects the peripheral sexual characteristics but not the development of the brain.
C) affects the peripheral sexual characteristics and the development of the brain in males.
D) is responsible for the pigmentation of cell walls inside neurons.

Question 9

The ability to plan efficiently is a cognitive behavior controlled by the:

A) parietal lobes.
B) temporal lobes.
C) occipital lobes.
D) frontal lobes.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about development?

A) The brain of a child is the same as that of an adult,only smaller.
B) Because there are behaviors that develop late,there must be neural structures that develop late.
C) Because some brain structures develop late,there must be some behaviors that develop late.
D) The brains of children at different ages are not comparable.

Question 11

The forebrain,midbrain,and hindbrain are first visible in a human embryo after about:

A) 10 days.
B) 14 days.
C) 28 days.
D) 35 days.

Question 12

Neuroblasts and glioblasts are formed directly from:

A) pyramidal cells.
B) progenitor cells.
C) the ventricles.
D) the neural tube.

Question 13

Progenitor cells come from:

A) neuroblasts.
B) stem cells.
C) glioblasts.
D) glial cells.

Question 14

Which of the following sequences is correct?

A) stem,progenitor,blast,glia
B) progenitor,stem,blast,glia
C) blast,stem,progenitor,glia
D) stem,progenitor,glia,blast

Question 15

After 9 weeks of prenatal development the_____ is considered a(n)_____.

A) embryo;fetus
B) zygote;egg
C) zygote embryo
D) embryo;zygote

Question 16

In human embryos,gyri and sulci first start to form after about:

A) 30 days.
B) 5 months.
C) 7 months.
D) 9 months.

Question 17

You can test planning capability by using the:

A) Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale.
B) digit span test.
C) Tower of Hanoi test.
D) mirror drawing test.

Question 18

Male and female genitalia become differentiated at around:

A) 30 days.
B) 60 days.
C) 4 months.
D) 6 months.

Question 19

_____ have an extensive capacity for self-renewal.

A) Stem cells
B) Progenitor cells
C) Glial cells
D) Neuroblasts

Question 20

The frontal lobes are fully developed:

A) at birth.
B) around age 5.
C) around age 10.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 21

Neuronal differentiation is largely complete by:

A) 8 weeks.
B) 23 weeks.
C) 29 weeks.
D) 11 weeks.

Question 22

Compounds that signal brain cells to develop in certain ways are called:

A) progenitors.
B) neurotropic factors.
C) somites.
D) chemical factors.

Question 23

In the 1990s,rates of autism were approximately 1 in 2000.However,recent estimates suggest that as many as _____ children has some form of autism.

A) 1 in 198.
B) 1 in 76,000.
C) 1 in 68.
D) 1 in 1988.

Question 24

The majority of glial cells migrate to their correct locations via:

A) neurotrophic factors.
B) radial glial cells.
C) chemical signals.
D) EGF.

Question 25

_____ is the process that works to suppress gene expression during development.

A) Methylation
B) Mutation
C) Translation
D) Transcription

Question 26

The _____ is thought to contain a primitive map or blueprint of the cortex that tells developing neurons to which location to migrate.

A) brainstem
B) thalamus
C) subventricular zone
D) hippocampus

Question 27

Dendrites develop on cells:

A) before differentiation.
B) before migration.
C) after cell maturation.
D) during cell maturation.

Question 28

Prenatal stress _____ gene methylation.

A) can increase
B) can reduce
C) can reverse
D) has no influence on

Question 29

If you want to stimulate the production of progenitor cells in a stem cell culture,you should add the compound:

A) nerve growth factor.
B) fibroblast growth factor.
C) epidermal growth factor.
D) testosterone.

Question 30

The dendritic field in _____ starts off very simply,but becomes increasingly complex until about 2 years of age.

A) the visual cortex
B) Broca's area
C) the auditory cortex
D) the somatosensory cortex

Question 31

The process of dendrite growth that occurs in the first 2 years of life is referred to as:

A) arborization.
B) extension.
C) sprouting.
D) shaping.

Question 32

_____ can be used to stimulate progenitor cells to produce neuroblasts.

A) Nerve growth factor
B) BDNF
C) bFGF
D) EGF

Question 33

Cells find their appropriate location by following a road laid down by:

A) astrocytes.
B) oligodendrocytes.
C) radial glial cells.
D) epithelial cells.

Question 34

The brain can cope with injury more easily during:

A) differentiation.
B) cell migration.
C) neurogenesis.
D) neuron maturation.

Question 35

Neuronal maturation involves _____ and _____.

A) migration;specialization
B) dendrite growth;synapse formation
C) migration;synapse formation
D) specialization;dendrite growth

Question 36

Cells in layer _____ of the cortex develop first.

A) I
B) III
C) IV
D) VI

Question 37

Jane is 7 years old.She has very poor language skills and is incredibly clumsy with her hands.Jane may have:

A) autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
B) Asperger syndrome.
C) Rett syndrome.
D) William syndrome

Question 38

Neurogenesis (the process of forming neurons)is largely complete after about _____ months of gestation.

A) one
B) two
C) five
D) seven

Question 39

Which of the following is the correct sequence of brain development?

A) cell birth,cell differentiation,cell migration,myelogenesis
B) cell birth,cell migration,cell differentiation,cell maturation
C) cell birth,cell maturation,cell differentiation,cell migration
D) cell birth,cell maturation,myelogenesis,cell migration

Question 40

Cell differentiation:

A) occurs after neuron maturation.
B) occurs after migration.
C) occurs before neuron generation.
D) is not complete until well after birth.

Question 41

Children who score high on intelligence tests show the greatest plastic changes in their _____ over time.

A) parietal lobe
B) temporal lobe
C) frontal lobe
D) hippocampus

Question 42

Which of the following statements about synaptic pruning is NOT true?

A) Synaptic pruning probably can be influenced by drugs.
B) Synaptic pruning is proportionally larger in smaller-brained animals.
C) Synaptic pruning is probably influenced by hormones.
D) Synaptic pruning is probably influenced by experience.

Question 43

Research has demonstrated that aversive childhood experiences (e.g. ,physical abuse)are linked with:

A) increased rates of mental illness in middle age.
B) increased rates of suicide in middle age.
C) increased rates of addiction in middle age.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 44

Which of the following guide growth cones to their appropriate destination?

A) tropic molecules
B) neurotrophic factors
C) adhesion molecules
D) tropic and adhesion molecules

Question 45

The number of synaptic contacts in the human cerebral cortex is estimated to be on the order of:

A) 10¹⁰.
B) 10⁸.
C) 10¹⁴.
D) 10¹⁰⁰.

Question 46

Increases in cortical thickness in the hand area of the primary motor cortex are associated with:

A) increases in hand size.
B) increases in grip strength.
C) increases in manual dexterity.
D) increase in tendon brittleness.

Question 47

_____ is(are)molecules that help(s)cells bind to one another to aid in migration.

A) Tropic molecules
B) Nerve growth factor
C) Cell adhesion molecules
D) Trophic molecules

Question 48

Which of the following sequences is correct according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A) sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational
B) sensorimotor,concrete operational,preoperational,formal operational
C) sensorimotor,concrete operational,formal operational,preoperational
D) sensorimotor,preoperational,formal operational,concrete operational

Question 49

Kristen likes it when her mom cuts her sandwich into four pieces because she likes having four sandwiches instead of just one.Based on what you know about Piaget's theory of cognitive development (assuming Kristen is a normally developing child),pick the age that most accurately represents how old Kristen might be.

A) 5
B) 13
C) 9
D) 11

Question 50

One reason why cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain die during synaptic pruning is that they must compete for limited amounts of:

A) radial glial cells.
B) cell adhesion molecules.
C) nerve growth factor.
D) tropic molecules.

Question 51

Which of the following statements regarding language areas of the cortex is NOT correct?

A) Changes in dendritic complexity in speech areas are among the most impressive in the brain.
B) Language areas are the earliest regions of the cortex to complete myelination.
C) Between 15 and 24 months of age there is a dramatic increase in the density of dendrites and axons in the language areas.
D) By age 2 cell division and migration are complete in the language zones of the cerebral cortex.

Question 52

In an experiment examining the ability of children to discriminate speech sounds of various languages,Werker and Tees found:

A) that children younger than 2 years had no discrimination ability.
B) that children could discriminate,but the ability declines over the first year of life.
C) that children begin to discriminate during the first year and this ability continues to grow until they begin to speak at around age 2.
D) that children are better at discriminating sounds than adults.

Question 53

Language development in children aged 2 to 4 years has been linked with:

A) pruning of neurons in the left inferior frontal gyrus.
B) pruning of neurons in superior temporal gyrus.
C) thickening of the cortex in the left inferior frontal cortex areas.
D) thinning of the cortex in the mouth region of the primary motor cortex.

Question 54

It is estimated that synaptic pruning eliminates approximately _____ percent of synapses in the human cortex.

A) 10
B) 40
C) 50
D) 65

Question 55

Jeffrey is 6 years old.He is socially awkward and did not learn to walk until he was almost 2.In addition,he still has a hard time using a fork or spoon to feed himself.He is obsessed with model airplanes (he has more than 200 models and can name each one).Playing with his model airplanes is the only activity he engages in unless he is pressured into doing something else.Jeffrey MOST likely has:

A) Asperger syndrome.
B) Autism spectrum disorder.
C) Rett's syndrome.
D) William syndrome.

Question 56

The pincer grasp:

A) is a reflex present at birth.
B) is not evident until age 2.
C) develops between 8 and 11 months of age.
D) disappears as the motor cortex develops.

Question 57

William is playing a game with his little brother,and he takes his brother's favorite stuffed animal and hides it underneath a blanket.His little brother then grabs the blanket to reveal the hidden toy.It appears as though William's little brother has progressed past the:

A) preoperational period.
B) concrete operational period.
C) sensorimotor period.
D) formal operational period.

Question 58

The typical 6-year-old has a:

A) 300- to 600-word vocabulary.
B) 600- to 1000-word vocabulary.
C) 1000- to 2000-word vocabulary.
D) 2000- to 2500-word vocabulary.

Question 59

Most neurons that die during synaptic pruning die as a result of:

A) apoptosis.
B) necrosis.
C) structural damage.
D) the death of sodium-potassium pumps.

Question 60

The dendritic spine density on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)is greatest in:

A) children.
B) teenagers.
C) adults.
D) older adults (i.e. ,age 65+).

Question 61

Complex environmental housing:

A) increases dendritic growth in the hippocampus of female rats more than in males.
B) increases dendritic growth in the visual cortex of both sexes equally.
C) increases dendritic growth in the hippocampus of male rats more than in females.
D) has no effect on dendritic growth in the visual cortex of either sex but does produce an increase in the number of glial cells.

Question 62

The results of Horn's electron microscopic studies show that synapses in a specific _____ region enlarge with imprinting.

A) forebrain
B) basal ganglia
C) midbrain
D) hindbrain

Question 63

Male and female brains are:

A) different only in size.
B) different in response to environmental events.
C) different only during early development.
D) unaffected by gonadal hormones.

Question 64

Studies have shown that children are able to solve the _____ prior to the _____.

A) nonmatching-to-sample task;concurrent discrimination task
B) nonmatching-to-sample task;displacement task
C) concurrent discrimination task;nonmatching-to-sample task
D) concurrent discrimination task;displacement task

Question 65

The condition in which vision in one eye is reduced as a result of disuse is known as:

A) hemianopia.
B) macular degeneration.
C) astigmatism.
D) amblyopia.

Question 66

Dogs that are deprived of stimulation during rearing:

A) seek out human affection.
B) seek out other dogs.
C) have an abnormal response to pain.
D) perform better on intelligence tests than dogs reared in stimulating settings.

Question 67

In utero the fetus's gut:

A) has the same microbiome as the mother.
B) has a microbiome that is half from the mother and half from the father.
C) is sterile.
D) has a microbiome that is determined by what the mother eats.

Question 68

Children who have brain injuries to language areas in the first 2 years of life:

A) never recover language function.
B) recover function over many years.
C) almost never show severe language disturbances.
D) show lack of further development of language while maintaining their pre-injury level of function.

Question 69

The concurrent discrimination task described in your text is thought to measure the functions of the:

A) frontal lobes.
B) temporal lobes.
C) basal ganglia.
D) brainstem.

Question 70

Growth spurts up to age 16 account for large increases in brain weight.This is MOST likely due to increases in:

A) the number of neurons and glial cells.
B) the number of glial cells and larger blood vessels.
C) myelination.
D) neural pruning.

Question 71

In rats _____ has (have)been shown to lead to enhanced motor and cognitive skills and recovery from brain injury.

A) an injection of growth hormones
B) a low-fat diet
C) tactile stimulation
D) high dosages of vitamin C

Question 72

According to Piaget,in which development stage do children first begin to understand mathematical transformations?

A) preoperational period
B) concrete operational period
C) sensorimotor period
D) formal operational period

Question 73

Jocelyne Bachevalier trained infant male and female monkeys on both the concurrent discrimination task and the object reversal task.She found that the female monkeys were:

A) superior to the males on the object reversal task and equal on the concurrent discrimination task.
B) superior to the males on the concurrent discrimination task and equal on the object reversal task.
C) better on the concurrent task and the males were better on the object reversal task.
D) better on the object reversal task and the males were better on the concurrent task.

Question 74

The _____ is the notion that neurons or their axons and dendrites are drawn toward a chemical that indicates the correct pathway.

A) chemical biomarker hypothesis
B) chemo-gradient hypothesis
C) chemoaffinity hypothesis
D) genetic blueprint hypothesis

Question 75

Brain imaging studies that investigated native and second languages revealed that second languages tend to result in great activation in:

A) the auditory cortex.
B) the striatum and cerebellum.
C) the inferior parietal cortex.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 76

The nonmatching-to-sample task described in your text is thought to measure the functions of the:

A) frontal lobes.
B) temporal lobes.
C) basal ganglia.
D) limbic system.

Question 77

Masculinization refers to the effects of:

A) testosterone on brain cells.
B) too little estrogen on female embryos.
C) testosterone on female embryos.
D) too little estrogen on brain cells.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT associated with brain growth up to age 16?

A) an increase in the number of neurons
B) an increase in the number of glial cells
C) an increase in the number of synapses
D) an increase in the number of blood vessels

Question 79

Romanian orphans who were adopted before _____ later tested at the same IQ level as children born and raised in North America.

A) 24 months of age
B) 36 months of age
C) 5 years of age
D) 8 years of age

Question 80

Rats raised in "stimulating" environments solve mazes:

A) more slowly than rats raised in laboratory environments.
B) faster than rats raised in laboratory environments.
C) just as quickly as rats raised in laboratory environments.
D) None of the answers is correct.