Deck 11: Multiple Choice

Question 1

Damage to level C1-C2 of the spinal cord would likely result in:

A) paraplegia.
B) quadriplegia.
C) hemiplegia.
D) numbness in the legs.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Walter Hess's classic experiments on stimulating the brainstem in animals revealed that the brainstem controlled aspects of:

A) sexual behavior.
B) feeding behavior.
C) grooming behavior.
D) All of these answers are correct.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The first direct evidence that the cortex controls movement was provided by:

A) Wilder Penfield.
B) Paul Broca.
C) Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig.
D) John Hughlings-Jackson.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The premotor cortex is responsible for:

A) planning movements.
B) producing specific movements.
C) producing movement sequences.
D) inhibiting spontaneous movements.

Question 5

The decision to set your alarm an hour early so you won't be late for your exam is made in the:

A) prefrontal cortex.
B) primary motor cortex.
C) premotor cortex.
D) basal ganglia.

Question 6

Shortly after birth,baby Alex seemed completely normal;however,a few months later he started demonstrating signs of increased muscle spasticity,dyskinesia (problems with involuntary muscle movements),and movement tremors.Based on this symptom profile it appears that Alex may have:

A) developmental dyspraxia.
B) damage to his cerebellum.
C) cerebral palsy.
D) a rare congenital form of Parkinson disease.

Question 7

Which part of the brain is responsible for planning and initiating movements?

A) frontal lobe
B) hippocampus
C) basal ganglia
D) cerebellum

Question 8

Coordinating multiple simultaneous movements to accomplish a goal is a function of the:

A) primary motor cortex.
B) premotor cortex.
C) prefrontal cortex.
D) cerebellum.

Question 9

The primary motor cortex is responsible for:

A) planning movements.
B) organizing movement sequences.
C) producing specific movements.
D) inhibiting spontaneous movements.

Question 10

_____ is an example of a computer-brain interface.

A) A cochlear implant
B) Using EEG signals to change the channel on your television
C) Using fMRI signals to read someone's thoughts
D) Using single unit recordings in a monkey's motor cortex to control a prosthetic arm

Question 11

The arms are controlled by motor neurons in the _____ levels of the spinal cord,whereas the legs are controlled by motor neurons in the _____ levels of the spinal cord.

A) cervical;thoracic
B) lumbar;sacral
C) cervical;lumbar
D) thoracic;lumbar

Question 12

On the motor homunculus:

A) all muscles are given equal representation.
B) an inverse relation exists between motor control and the space allocated on the homunculus.
C) areas of precise motor control are given a larger representation.
D) no clear relation exists between movement precision and the amount of area allocated on the motor cortex.

Question 13

Walter Hess's experiments reveal that one of the functions of the brainstem is to:

A) regulate blood osmolarity.
B) regulate breathing and heart rates.
C) produce species-typical behavior.
D) produce behavior common across all species.

Question 14

Injury to level L1-L2 of the spinal cord would likely result in:

A) paraplegia.
B) quadriplegia.
C) hemiplegia.
D) numbness in the legs.

Question 15

Locked-in syndrome can occur following damage to the:

A) basal ganglia.
B) brainstem.
C) cerebellum.
D) primary motor cortex.

Question 16

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for:

A) planning movements.
B) organizing movement sequences.
C) producing specific movements.
D) inhibiting spontaneous movements.

Question 17

An example of a brain-computer interface (BCI)would be:

A) using only your thoughts to control a computer keyboard.
B) having electrical signals from an electronic device influence brain function.
C) having your thoughts relayed to someone else's brain via a computer.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 18

The _____ control(s)the force of a movement,whereas the _____ control(s)the timing and accuracy of the movement.

A) motor cortex;basal ganglia
B) basal ganglia;motor cortex
C) basal ganglia;cerebellum
D) cerebellum;basal ganglia

Question 19

The spinal cord has a role in:

A) conveying sensory and motor information between the brain and body.
B) reflexive behaviors.
C) walking.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 20

In a person performing a sequence of finger movements,cerebral blood flow increases in the:

A) primary motor cortex.
B) temporal cortex.
C) premotor cortex.
D) cingulate cortex.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT part of the basal ganglia?

A) globus pallidus
B) amygdala
C) caudate
D) putamen

Question 22

_____ muscles move the limb away from the trunk,whereas _____ muscles move the limb back toward the trunk.

A) Extensor;flexor
B) Flexor;extensor
C) Dorsal;ventral
D) Medial;lateral

Question 23

The sensory and motor cortices are:

A) stable neocortical areas that are fixed in function after birth.
B) stable neocortical areas that are fixed in function after puberty.
C) changed only in response to damage.
D) continuously modified with learning and experience.

Question 24

Early research on the motor cortex suggested that it _____;however,more recent work suggests that the motor cortex may actually _____.

A) controlled individual muscle movements;store a repertoire of movement categories
B) stored a repertoire of movement categories;control individual muscle movements
C) controlled only reflexive movements;control both reflexive and voluntary movement
D) controlled only learned movements;control both learned and innate movements

Question 25

The limb regions of the motor homunculus are involved in activating motor neurons that move the arms,hands,and legs primarily on the _____,and the trunk regions of the motor homunculus are mainly involved in activating motor neurons that move the trunk primarily on the _____.

A) same side of the body;opposite side of the body
B) opposite side of the body;same side of the body
C) same side of the body;same side of the body
D) opposite side of the body;opposite side of the body

Question 26

Which of the following sequences is in the correct order from largest to smallest representation in the motor homunculus?

A) feet,hands,lips
B) hands,feet,lips
C) hands,lips,feet
D) lips,feet,hands

Question 27

In all animals,a large proportion of the motor cortex is represented by:

A) the tongue and paws or hands.
B) the arms,legs,and other large muscle groups.
C) no single area.There is equal representation of all muscles.
D) muscles over which an animal has skilled and intricate control.

Question 28

The person MOST credited with mapping the human motor cortex was:

A) Gustave Fritsch.
B) Eduard Hitzig.
C) Roberts Bartholow.
D) Wilder Penfield.

Question 29

The _____ controls limbs and digits,whereas the _____ controls mainly trunk muscles.

A) lateral corticospinal tract;anterior corticospinal tract
B) anterior corticospinal tract;lateral corticospinal tract
C) rubrospinal tract;lateral corticospinal tract
D) lateral corticospinal tract;tectospinal tract

Question 30

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?

A) the globus pallidus internal
B) the thalamus
C) the caudate nucleus
D) the subthalamic nucleus

Question 31

Neurons in the anterior corticospinal tract in the left hemisphere control _____ muscles on _____ of the body

A) limb;the right side
B) trunk;the right side
C) trunk;both sides
D) limb;both sides

Question 32

Following a recent stroke Anthony now has a great deal of difficulty using his right hand.Instead,he has resorted to doing things with his left hand.Your advice to Anthony is to:

A) keep using his left hand so he can become independent more quickly.
B) try using both hands to accomplish a task to recover function in his right hand more quickly.
C) force himself to only use his impaired right hand to increase the surface area of motor cortex that is used to control his right hand.
D) force himself to only use his impaired right hand to prevent a decrease in the surface area of motor cortex that is used to control his right hand.

Question 33

Early research by Evarts demonstrated that movement force was related to:

A) an increased number of neurons firing in primary motor cortex.
B) larger (that is,greater amplitude)action potentials in neurons in premotor cortex.
C) an increase in the rate of firing in neurons in premotor cortex.
D) an increase in the rate of firing in neurons in primary motor cortex.

Question 34

Neurons in the primary motor cortex:

A) start to discharge just prior to a movement.
B) discharge during a movement.
C) increase their rate of firing if a weight is added to the movement apparatus.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 35

What constitutes the "final common path"?

A) sensory neurons
B) muscles
C) motor neurons
D) the corticospinal tract

Question 36

The major motor pathway that relays signals from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord is the:

A) rubrospinal tract.
B) tectospinal tract.
C) corticospinal tract.
D) pontospinal tract.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT part of the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?

A) the caudate nucleus
B) the globus pallidus external
C) the globus pallidus internal
D) the putamen

Question 38

In the spinal cord,laterally located motor neurons project to the _____,whereas more medially located motor neurons project to the _____.

A) trunk;limbs and digits
B) limbs;trunk and feet
C) arms;legs
D) limbs and digits;trunk and shoulders

Question 39

Neurons from the corticospinal tract project mainly to _____ in the spinal cord.

A) motor neurons
B) sensory neurons
C) interneurons
D) bipolar cells

Question 40

Motor cortex is activated when a person:

A) plans a movement.
B) imagines making a movement.
C) executes a movement.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 41

If a patient with cerebellar damage is asked to throw darts while wearing a pair of glasses that shift the vision to the right,the patient will most likely:

A) learn to adjust movements leftward to compensate for the visual shift.
B) begin throwing farther and farther to the right on successive throws.
C) fail to show any adaptation to compensate for the visual shift.
D) learn to adjust movements rightward to compensate for the visual shift.

Question 42

The cerebellum's role in motor behavior is primarily involved with:

A) timing of movements and maintaining movement accuracy.
B) initiating movements and timing of movements.
C) maintaining movement accuracy and initiating movements.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 43

The flocculus of the cerebellum is involved in:

A) control of balance and eye movements.
B) control over the face and midline of the body.
C) gross limb movements.
D) fine finger and hand movements.

Question 44

The ability to discriminate the distance between two points on the skin is MOST sensitive in:

A) hairy skin.
B) glabrous skin.
C) smooth skin.
D) epidermal skin.

Question 45

Cellular recordings from the globus pallidus internal in patients with Parkinson disease show:

A) excessive activity.
B) underactivity.
C) no activity.
D) intermittent spikes of activity.

Question 46

_____ skin is much more richly endowed with receptors and is exquisitely more sensitive to a wider range of stimuli than _____ skin.

A) Glabrous;hairy
B) Smooth;glabrous
C) Smooth;hairy
D) Hairy;glabrous

Question 47

The _____ contributes to motor control by adjusting the forces associated with movements,while the _____ compares the intended movement with actual movement for the improvement of movement skill.

A) motor cortex;cerebellum
B) cerebellum;basal ganglia
C) basal ganglia;motor cortex
D) basal ganglia;cerebellum

Question 48

In the basal ganglia,movement excitation is to _____ as movement inhibition is to _____.

A) putamen;globus pallidus
B) direct pathway;indirect pathway
C) indirect pathway;direct pathway
D) subthalamic nucleus;thalamus

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT associated with Tourette syndrome?

A) motor tics (for example,hitting,jumping)
B) unwanted cries and vocalizations
C) excessive levels of dopamine
D) hypokinetic symptoms

Question 50

The motor system sends a copy of the instructions for a movement to the cerebellum via the:

A) inferior olive.
B) superior olive.
C) basal ganglia.
D) thalamus.

Question 51

Damage to the _____ results in _____.

A) substantia nigra;Huntington disease
B) striatum;Huntington disease
C) striatum;Parkinson disease
D) putamen;Parkinson disease

Question 52

Brain imaging studies have noted DECREASED connectivity between the _____ in patients with Tourette syndrome.

A) temporal cortex and frontal cortex
B) frontal cortex and parietal cortex
C) occipital cortex and parietal cortex
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 53

The lateral parts of the cerebellar hemispheres control:

A) movement of the body midline.
B) movement of limbs and digits.
C) eye movements.
D) balance.

Question 54

The globus pallidus is an internal component of the basal ganglia that is involved in:

A) skilled motor movements.
B) determining whether a movement will be weak or strong.
C) species-specific behaviors.
D) involuntary motor behaviors.

Question 55

_____ are the primary output cells of the cerebellum.

A) Purkinje cells
B) Basket cells
C) Stellate cells
D) Pyramidal cells

Question 56

The neurotransmitter system that is MOST important for basal ganglia function is the:

A) nigrostriatal dopamine system.
B) mesolimbic dopamine system.
C) acetylcholine system.
D) norepinephrine system.

Question 57

_____ are critical for proprioception.

A) Muscle spindles
B) Golgi tendon organs
C) Joint receptors
D) Muscle spindles,Golgi tendon organs,and joint receptors

Question 58

The cerebellum consists of _____ distinct cell layer(s).

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) six

Question 59

Which of the following receptors is MOST responsive to pain and temperature?

A) Pacinian corpuscles
B) free nerve endings
C) Golgi tendon organs
D) dendrites of alpha motor neurons

Question 60

Nociception is the perception of:

A) fine touch.
B) the location of one's body in space.
C) pain.
D) noise.

Question 61

Pain in blood vessels and internal organs that is felt as pain at the body surface is known as:

A) transferred pain.
B) relocated pain.
C) referred pain.
D) transposed pain.

Question 62

Stimulation of the _____ is effective in reducing pain.

A) amygdala
B) thalamus
C) periaqueductal gray matter
D) cerebellum

Question 63

Research has demonstrated that phantom limb pain can be alleviated through the use of:

A) further amputation.
B) destroying remaining nerves in the limb stump.
C) using a mirror to fool the sensory system into perceiving the missing limb.
D) acupuncture.

Question 64

Which of the following receptors are slowly adapting receptors?

A) Meissner corpuscles
B) Merkel receptors
C) Ruffini corpuscles
D) Pacinian corpuscles

Question 65

The haptic and proprioceptive axons form the:

A) dorsal spinothalamic tract.
B) ventral spinothalamic tract.
C) caudal spinothalamic tract.
D) rostral spinothalamic tract.

Question 66

Action potentials in the semicircular canals are stimulated by:

A) bending hair cells.
B) the endolymph.
C) the utricle and saccule.
D) Pacinian corpuscles.

Question 67

Hapsis is the perception of:

A) fine touch.
B) the location of one's body in space.
C) pain.
D) chemical irritants.

Question 68

Pacinian corpuscles are most responsive to:

A) movements of tendons.
B) pain and temperature.
C) pressure and flutter stimuli.
D) movement of tendons and pressure.

Question 69

When a physician taps the patellar tendon with a hammer,it causes a knee jerk reflex by sending stretch signals to:

A) motor neurons in the spinal cord that cause muscles to contract.
B) motor neurons in the cortex that cause muscles to contract.
C) the thalamus,which sends signals to motor neurons to contract.
D) the cerebellum,which sends signals to motor neurons to contract.

Question 70

Somatosensory information is carried from the body to the CNS by the:

A) anterior-root ganglion neurons.
B) posterior-root ganglion neurons.
C) gamma somatosensory neurons.
D) corticospinal tract.

Question 71

Unilateral damage to the spinal cord will result in the loss of _____ on the same side of the body and loss of _____ on the opposite side of the body below the site of the damage.

A) touch and proprioception;pain and temperature
B) pain and temperature;touch and proprioception
C) pain and touch;temperature and proprioception
D) temperature and touch;pain and proprioception

Question 72

Both the posterior and anterior spinothalamic tracts send their signals to the _____ nucleus of the thalamus.

A) ventrolateral
B) ventromedial
C) mediodorsal
D) lateral geniculate

Question 73

Which of the following receptors are rapidly adapting receptors?

A) Meissner corpuscles
B) Pacinian corpuscles
C) Ruffini corpuscles
D) All of these are rapidly accepting receptors.

Question 74

Axons that carry information about pain and temperature form the:

A) posterior spinothalamic tract.
B) anterior spinothalamic tract.
C) caudal spinothalamic tract.
D) rostral spinothalamic tract.

Question 75

The vestibular system is in the:

A) brainstem.
B) cerebellum.
C) middle ear.
D) inner ear.

Question 76

Information from the _____ crosses to the other side of the brain in the brainstem,whereas the _____ crosses to the other side of the brain in the spinal cord.

A) anterior spinothalamic tract;posterior spinothalamic tract
B) posterior spinothalamic tract;anterior spinothalamic tract
C) lateral spinothalamic tract;medial spinothalamic tract
D) medial spinothalamic tract;medial spinothalamic tract

Question 77

According to the gate theory of pain transmission,activity in the _____ can inhibit the pain pathway in the spinal cord.

A) motor cortex
B) haptic-proprioceptive pathway
C) nociceptive pathway
D) corticospinal pathway

Question 78

Proprioception is the perception of:

A) fine touch.
B) the location of one's body in space.
C) pain.
D) chemical irritants.

Question 79

Eric has a great degree of difficulty maintaining muscle contraction over time.For example,if he picks up a cup and begins doing something else,the cup will slip and fall out of his hand because he loses his grip on it.In addition,if Eric is asked to close his eyes and use his left index finger to point to his right thumb he cannot seem to find it.Based on your knowledge of the somatosensory system you believe that Eric may have damage to _____ in the _____.

A) posterior root ganglion neurons;anterior spinothalamic tract
B) posterior root ganglion neurons;posterior spinothalamic tract
C) anterior root ganglion neurons;anterior spinothalamic tract
D) anterior root ganglion neurons;posterior spinothalamic tract

Question 80

The three major classes of sensory receptors are:

A) nociception,hapsis,proprioception.
B) flocculoception,nociception,hapsis.
C) stasisception,nociception,proprioception.
D) flocculoception,nociception,proprioception.