Deck 12: Multiple Choice

Question 1

The correct order of connections along the olfactory pathway is:

A) olfactory receptor cells,glomeruli,mitral cells,amygdala and pyriform cortex.
B) olfactory receptor cells,mitral cells,glomeruli,amygdala and pyriform cortex.
C) glomeruli,olfactory receptor cells,mitral cells,amygdala and pyriform cortex.
D) amygdala and pyriform cortex,mitral cells,olfactory receptor cells,glomeruli.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The size of the receptor surface in the olfactory epithelium in humans is roughly:

A) 15 square centimeters.
B) 10 square centimeters.
C) 8 to 12 square centimeters.
D) 2 to 4 square centimeters.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Pheromones are detected by:

A) glomeruli.
B) mitral cells.
C) the vomeronasal organ.
D) the olfactory mucosa.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Subjects who are paid handsomely to do nothing,see nothing,and hear and touch nothing rarely stay in the experiment longer than:

A) 12 hours.
B) 24 hours.
C) 36 hours.
D) 48 hours.

Question 5

The correct order of species with the smallest to the largest receptor surface area in the olfactory epithelium is:

A) cats,dogs,humans.
B) dogs,cats,humans.
C) humans,dogs,cats.
D) humans,cats,dogs.

Question 6

The _____ receives projections from the olfactory system via the thalamus and plays an important role in a variety of emotional and social behaviors.

A) superior temporal gyrus
B) lateral prefrontal cortex
C) amygdala
D) orbitofrontal cortex

Question 7

_____ are biochemicals that can act as chemosignals to affect the physiology or behavior of another animal.

A) Hormones
B) Neurotransmitters
C) Pheromones
D) Synapses

Question 8

The receptors for smell are embedded within the _____ and have cilia that extend into the _____.

A) nasal epithelium;olfactory mucosa
B) olfactory bulb;pyriform cortex
C) pyriform cortex;olfactory bulb
D) nasal epithelium;glomeruli

Question 9

Cats are NOT able to detect:

A) saltiness.
B) sweetness.
C) bitterness.
D) sourness.

Question 10

Olfactory receptor neurons code different scents because:

A) each neuron responds to a specific scent.
B) each neuron responds to all scents equally.
C) each scent activates a unique pattern of receptor neurons.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 11

Your text describes a patient by the name of Roger.Roger ate indiscriminately.He was found to have:

A) an amygdala lesion.
B) an acquired neurosis.
C) a tumor near his hypothalamus.
D) a tumor near his brainstem.

Question 12

Monkeys who have been deprived of sensory experience find _____ the most rewarding.

A) looking at a toy train circling a track
B) looking at a bowl of fruit
C) looking at a dog
D) doing nothing

Question 13

Which of the following is the correct order of connections in the gustatory system?

A) taste receptor cells,cranial nerves,solitary tract,thalamus,somatosensory cortex and insula
B) taste receptor cells,solitary tract,cranial nerves,somatosensory cortex and insula,thalamus
C) solitary tract,taste receptor cells,cranial nerves,somatosensory cortex and insula,thalamus
D) cranial nerves,taste receptor cells,solitary tract,thalamus,somatosensory cortex and insula

Question 14

Emotion can be considered _____,whereas motivation can be considered _____.

A) cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings;behavior that is purposeful and goal-directed
B) behavior that is purposeful and goal-directed;cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings
C) chemical reactions to subjective feelings;behavior that serves a self-regulatory function
D) chemical reactions to subjective feelings;behavior that helps to promote sexual reproduction

Question 15

A brain imaging study by Kross and colleagues (2011)examined the regions that were important for processing both physical and emotional pain.The results of this study demonstrated that:

A) physical pain activated the somatosensory cortex,whereas emotional pain activated the amygdala.
B) physical pain activated the somatosensory cortex,whereas emotional pain activated the anterior cingulate cortex.
C) physical pain activated the frontal lobes,whereas emotional pain activated the somatosensory cortex.
D) the same brain areas responded to both physical and emotional pain.

Question 16

One reason that adults and children may have such different food preferences is because:

A) children enjoy being picky eaters.
B) adults have more taste receptors than children and so are more sensitive to different tastes.
C) children have more taste receptors than adults and so are more sensitive to different tastes.
D) there is no difference between taste receptors in children and adults.

Question 17

"Supertasters" who are able to taste the substance PROP are extremely sensitive to _____ tastes.

A) sweet
B) salty
C) bitter
D) sour

Question 18

Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved in transmitting gustatory information?

A) 12 (hypoglossal)
B) 7 (facial nerve)
C) 9 (glossopharyngeal nerve)
D) 10 (vagus nerve)

Question 19

There are approximately _____different types of olfactory receptors

A) 100
B) 400
C) 700
D) 10

Question 20

There are _____ taste receptors.

A) four
B) three
C) five
D) six

Question 21

Young human infants can mimic facial expressions.This is:

A) a rapidly learned response.
B) only seen in babies with vision because blind children show no facial expression.
C) only seen when the face is that of a parent or caretaker.
D) an example of an innate releasing mechanism.

Question 22

Activators for inborn adaptive responses that aid in an animal's survival are called:

A) innate releasing mechanisms.
B) innate behavioral mechanisms.
C) innate evolutionary mechanisms.
D) innate learning mechanisms.

Question 23

Learned taste aversion:

A) appears to take only one trial of learning.
B) is found only in humans.
C) is not really learning but an instinctive reaction.
D) is caused by an innate releasing mechanism.

Question 24

According to Daly and Wilson,homicide is:

A) a means of population control.
B) a maladaptive trait that is gradually being eliminated from the gene pool.
C) related to some behavior that has been adaptive in the past.
D) a purely learned behavior.

Question 25

Eating behavior in the fly is controlled by:

A) blood-sugar levels.
B) signals from the intestine.
C) signals from the esophagus.
D) signals from the stomach.

Question 26

The idea that reinforcement controls behavior is MOST often associated with:

A) Charles Darwin.
B) B.F.Skinner.
C) Steve Glickman.
D) Martin Daly.

Question 27

Brain imaging studies have found that the left orbitofrontal cortex codes for the _____ of tastes,whereas the right orbitofrontal cortex codes for the _____ of tastes.

A) pleasantness;unpleasantness
B) unpleasantness;pleasantness
C) intensity;complexity
D) sweetness;saltiness

Question 28

Most homeostatic mechanisms involve the:

A) hypothalamus.
B) thalamus.
C) amygdala.
D) anterior pituitary gland.

Question 29

Blind human children:

A) do not smile.
B) show abnormal musculature when they smile.
C) show the same facial expressions as sighted children.
D) must be trained,using the tactile sense,to show facial expressions.

Question 30

You get sick with the flu and vomit a few hours after you eat a roast beef sandwich.Now every time you see a roast beef sandwich you begin to feel ill.This is an example of:

A) food poisoning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) learned taste aversion.
D) innate taste aversion.

Question 31

A pigeon cannot be trained to peck a disk to:

A) receive food.
B) receive water.
C) escape from foot shock.
D) obtain sex.

Question 32

If you are cold,you begin to shiver.If you are hot,you begin to sweat.These are examples of:

A) physiological responses.
B) regulatory behaviors.
C) nonregulatory behaviors.
D) learned responses.

Question 33

_____ is an example of a nonregulatory behavior.

A) Eating
B) Drinking
C) Sexual intercourse
D) Maintaining internal body temperature

Question 34

If you cut the recurrent nerve in flies it will:

A) cause them to stop eating immediately.
B) cause them to never stop eating.
C) alter their taste preferences.
D) have no effect on their eating.

Question 35

Flies prefer which of the following tastes?

A) sour
B) salty
C) bitter
D) sweet

Question 36

Innate releasing mechanisms:

A) disappear as we mature.
B) are responsible for eliciting all infant behavior.
C) can be modified by experience.
D) are present in lower species but not in humans.

Question 37

Coyotes cannot learn to stop attacking sheep even if farmers shoot and kill many of them.However,if the coyotes are allowed to eat a poisoned sheep carcass that makes them sick they will quickly learn not to eat sheep anymore.This is an example of:

A) selective learning.
B) preparedness.
C) innate preference.
D) evolutionary memory.

Question 38

The insula identifies the _____ of flavors,whereas the orbitofrontal cortex evaluates the _____ of tastes.

A) intensity;affective properties
B) affective properties;intensity
C) individual components;nutritional value
D) nutritional value;individual components

Question 39

The predisposition to make certain associations easier than others is called:

A) selective learning.
B) preparedness.
C) innate preference.
D) evolutionary memory.

Question 40

The gustatory region of the insula is responsive to _____,whereas the primary somatosensory cortex is responsive to _____.

A) taste;tactile stimulation and texture
B) tactile stimulation and texture;taste
C) taste;food preferences
D) food preferences;taste

Question 41

Stimulation of the hypothalamus elicits:

A) simple reflexive behaviors.
B) instinctive nondirected behaviors,such as eating or drinking movements,even though there is no food or water available.
C) directed behavior such as eating or drinking,but only when food and water are available.
D) aversive effects that the animal will learn a response to terminate.

Question 42

The dorsolateral region of the prefrontal cortex projects to the:

A) eating deficits.
B) dependency on environmental cues.
C) dependency on internal cues.
D) eating deficits and dependency on internal cues.

Question 43

Generally speaking the _____ controls releasing hormones,whereas the _____ controls the secretion of hormones.

A) pituitary;hypothalamus
B) hypothalamus;pituitary
C) pituitary;thalamus
D) thalamus;hypothalamus

Question 44

If I was receiving brain stimulation and I suddenly felt anxious and fearful,the MOST likely site of stimulation would be the:

A) hypothalamus.
B) thalamus.
C) amygdala.
D) prefrontal cortex.

Question 45

The James-Lange theory considers emotions to be BEST explained as:

A) cognitive interpretations of physiological states.
B) physiological reactions to cognitive states.
C) cognitive interpretations of emotional reactions.
D) emotional reactions based on cognitive interpretations.

Question 46

I tremble and develop a rapid heartbeat,then my brain interprets these changes as a specific emotion.This is the _____ theory of emotion.

A) Cannon-Bard
B) Kolb-Whishaw
C) James-Lange
D) Klüver-Bucy

Question 47

Which of the following hormones controls secretions of the gonads?

A) prolactin
B) adrenocorticotrophic hormone
C) luteinizing hormone
D) thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 48

Broca's limbic lobe consists of the:

A) cingulate gyrus and the hippocampal formation.
B) cingulate gyrus and the frontal cortex.
C) cingulate gyrus,the hippocampal formation,and the basal ganglia.
D) cingulate gyrus,the hippocampal formation,and the pineal gland.

Question 49

Which of the following structures is NOT involved in emotion?

A) the hippocampus
B) the amygdala
C) the medial forebrain bundle
D) the anterior thalamus

Question 50

A person who started eating cardboard or an old pair of shoes might have damage to the:

A) prefrontal cortex.
B) basal ganglia.
C) amygdala.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 51

The selection of motor sequences that are to be executed comes from the:

A) motor cortex.
B) premotor cortex.
C) cerebellum.
D) prefrontal cortex.

Question 52

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone is produced by the:

A) anterior pituitary.
B) posterior pituitary.
C) lateral hypothalamus.
D) posterior hypothalamus.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT one of the subdivisions of the amygdala?

A) corticomedial
B) basolateral
C) central
D) ventromedial

Question 54

Richard is normally a very polite individual.However,following a recent car accident Richard has begun to act inappropriately in social situations,such as swearing in front of his grandparents,and choosing inappropriate conversation topics with his parents (sexual intercourse,for example).You recommend that Richard see a neuropsychologist,since he may have damage to his:

A) orbital prefrontal cortex.
B) amygdala.
C) lateral prefrontal cortex.
D) hippocampus.

Question 55

Which of the following is likely to cause inappropriate social responses and an inability to respond to social context?

A) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions
B) medial prefrontal lesions
C) orbital prefrontal lesions
D) lateral prefrontal lesions

Question 56

Which of the following hormones controls secretions of the mammary glands?

A) luteinizing hormone
B) prolactin
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone
D) adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Question 57

The fact that many people who have a spinal cord injury have a decrease in perceived emotion supports the _____ theory of emotion.

A) neural
B) Darwinian
C) James-Lange
D) cognitive

Question 58

Peptides released by the axons of the hypothalamus:

A) affect the postsynaptic membrane.
B) are inhibitory.
C) are very rapidly reabsorbed.
D) are picked up by the blood and sent to distant parts of the body.

Question 59

The medial forebrain bundle helps transmit _____ to the _____.

A) dopamine;basal ganglia
B) dopamine;brainstem
C) serotonin;brainstem
D) serotonin;frontal lobes

Question 60

Emotions entail autonomic changes,subjective feelings,and cognition.Which sequence of brain structures is MOST likely involved in each of these three forms of experience?

A) cortex,hypothalamus,amygdala
B) hypothalamus,amygdala,cortex
C) amygdala,hypothalamus,cortex
D) amygdala,cortex,hypothalamus

Question 61

Loss of initiative or drive and apathy are characteristic of:

A) orbital prefrontal cortex lesions.
B) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions.
C) amygdala lesions.
D) hypothalamic lesions.

Question 62

Aphagia (lack of eating)can be produced by lesioning the:

A) ventromedial hypothalamus.
B) lateral hypothalamus.
C) dorsal hypothalamus.
D) anterior hypothalamus.

Question 63

It has been estimated that _____ percent of North Americans are overweight.

A) 30
B) 55
C) 65
D) 75

Question 64

The somatic marker hypothesis argues that:

A) emotion originates in the amygdala.
B) emotion originates in the hypothalamus.
C) our autonomic reactions occur first,and then the brain concocts a story to interpret our visceral reaction.
D) emotion in the relevant brain structures directs our autonomic nervous system.

Question 65

Cholecystokinin plays an important role in:

A) initiating eating.
B) initiating food cravings.
C) ending a meal (that is,feeling full).
D) the breakdown of cholesterol.

Question 66

Drugs that act as _____ are often prescribed to treat anxiety disorders.

A) GABA agonists
B) GABA antagonists
C) dopamine agonists
D) serotonin antagonists

Question 67

The MOST prevalent psychiatric disorder is:

A) schizophrenia.
B) depression.
C) anxiety disorder.
D) personality disorder.

Question 68

Electrical stimulation of the _____ produces a fear response.

A) cingulate cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) orbital prefrontal cortex
D) amygdala

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT one of the symptoms of major depression?

A) feelings of worthlessness and guilt
B) inappropriate sexual behavior
C) sleep disturbances
D) general slowing of behavior

Question 70

According to Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis,a frontal lobe injury can impair decision making by:

A) disconnecting brain regions involved in decision making from those involved in emotion.
B) separating thought from reason.
C) disconnecting the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes.
D) disconnecting the frontal lobes from the thalamus.

Question 71

Loss of fear,inappropriate sexual activity,and indiscriminate eating behavior:

A) are symptoms of Klüver-Bucy syndrome.
B) occur after lesions to the hypothalamus.
C) occur after lesions to the thalamus.
D) occur after lesions to the septum.

Question 72

_____ contained in the _____ helps initiate eating behavior.

A) CCK;arcuate nucleus
B) neuropeptide Y;lateral hypothalamus
C) neuropeptide Y;arcuate nucleus
D) CCK;ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 73

Learned taste aversion can be abolished by lesions to the:

A) amygdala.
B) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
C) inferior frontal cortex.
D) orbital frontal cortex.

Question 74

Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to:

A) digestive problems in animals.
B) animals not eating.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) overeating in animals.

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT one of the symptoms described as part of the original Klüver-Bucy syndrome?

A) loss of fear response
B) increased sexual activity
C) tendency to explore objects using the mouth
D) dementia

Question 76

Damage to the lateral hypothalamus causes:

A) obesity in animals.
B) animals to stop eating.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) overeating in animals.

Question 77

Frontal lobotomies were first performed on humans for the relief of psychiatric disorders by:

A) Heinrich Klüver.
B) Carlyle Jacobsen.
C) David Fulton.
D) Egas Moniz.

Question 78

The _____ is responsible for our conscious awareness of emotional states.

A) amygdala
B) lateral prefrontal cortex
C) orbital prefrontal cortex
D) cingulate cortex

Question 79

Enzymes produced by the gallbladder and the pancreas break down food in the:

A) esophagus.
B) upper part of the small intestine.
C) duodenum.
D) lower intestine.

Question 80

_____ is (are)often treatable with a single exposure session lasting 2 to 3 hours.

A) Phobias
B) Depression
C) Panic disorder
D) Generalized anxiety disorder