Deck 7: Multiple Choice

Question 1

The electroencephalograph (EEG)was invented by:

A) Hans Berger.
B) Wilder Penfield.
C) Paul Broca.
D) Karl Lashley.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Neurotoxic lesions destroy _____,and electrolytic lesions destroy _____.

A) only neurons;only fibers
B) neurons;neurons and fibers
C) only fibers;only neurons
D) neurons and fibers;fibers

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The first field to study the relationship between brain function and behavior was:

A) neurology.
B) neuropsychology.
C) physiological physiology.
D) behaviorism.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

One can create a behavioral model of Parkinson disease in a rat by:

A) lesioning the substantia nigra.
B) stimulating the substantia nigra.
C) lesioning the globus pallidus.
D) stimulating the globus pallidus.

Question 5

For measuring spatial memory in rats the platform is placed in one location for numerous trials to measure _____,whereas the platform is placed in a new location on each trial for measuring _____.

A) place learning;matching-to-place learning
B) matching-to-place learning;place learning
C) matching-to-place learning;landmark learning
D) landmark learning;matching-to-place learning

Question 6

In 1957 Scoville and Milner described a patient who had profound amnesia following a surgical removal of the:

A) frontal lobe.
B) amygdala.
C) hippocampus.
D) parietal lobe.

Question 7

Broca's area is located in the:

A) temporal lobe.
B) parietal lobe.
C) frontal lobe.
D) limbic lobe.

Question 8

A study contrasting normal rats and ADX rats (which had their adrenal glands removed)observed that:

A) both groups of rats learned normally.
B) both groups of rats had difficulty remembering objects they had encountered before.
C) only ADX rats had difficulty remembering objects they had encountered before.
D) corticosterone plays no role in learning and memory.

Question 9

In a study on infant language,researchers found that when newborn infants listened to a familiar language there was a(n)_____ in oxygenated hemoglobin,and there was _____ in oxygenated hemoglobin when they listened to an unfamiliar language.

A) decrease;an increase
B) increase;no change
C) decrease;no change
D) increase;a decrease

Question 10

A stereotaxic apparatus is primarily used:

A) in fMRI.
B) for targeting a specific part of the brain for ablation.
C) for transcranial magnetic stimulation.
D) for lesioning and transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Question 11

The mirror drawing task measures:

A) sensory perception.
B) motor memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) spatial memory.

Question 12

_____ stains show cell bodies,whereas _____ stains show cell bodies and processes (e.g. ,dendrites).

A) Golgi;Nissl
B) Nissl;Golgi
C) Broca;Golgi
D) Nissl;Broca

Question 13

_____ was the first to use electrical stimulation in humans during neurosurgery.

A) Hebb
B) Wishaw
C) Penfield
D) Broca

Question 14

Modifying the brain and observing the effects on behavior is a valuable experimental tool because:

A) it allows researchers to develop testable hypotheses about how the brain influences behavior.
B) it allows a hypothesis to be tested experimentally.
C) it allows for the development of animal models of human disorders.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 15

To place subcortical lesions accurately,it is necessary to use:

A) a stereotaxic apparatus.
B) an aspiration lesion.
C) an fMRI.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 16

The Corsi test measures:

A) verbal memory.
B) language.
C) sensory perception.
D) spatial memory.

Question 17

In rats,place learning is measured using:

A) the Corsi test.
B) a hidden escape platform in a swimming pool.
C) the recency memory task.
D) the block span task.

Question 18

Lashley made lesions on the cortex of rats in his search for the location of memory.He found that:

A) memory resided in the hippocampus.
B) small lesions to the temporal lobes produced memory loss.
C) memory is distributed throughout the brain and not located in any single place.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 19

_____ applied to the globus pallidus has been used as a treatment for Parkinson disease.

A) Self-stimulation
B) Deep brain stimulation
C) Transcranial magnetic stimulation
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 20

To study the role of a specific brain structure in behavior,you should:

A) study patients with damage to the brain region of interest.
B) study animals with damage to the brain region of interest.
C) apply transcranial magnetic stimulation to the brain region of interest.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 21

The main advantage of MEG over event-related potentials (ERP)is:

A) MEG is better at more precisely identifying the source of the activity being recorded.
B) MEG is cheaper than EEG.
C) MEG is better at detecting electrical activity than EEG.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

If a person is awake and alert,the EEG pattern will consist of:

A) high-amplitude,high-frequency waves.
B) low-amplitude,low-frequency waves.
C) low-amplitude,high-frequency waves.
D) There is no systematic pattern to EEG activity.

Question 23

Administering nicotine to rats:

A) improves learning.
B) impairs learning.
C) first improves learning,then impairs learning on a second task.
D) first impairs learning,then improves learning on a second task.

Question 24

Event-related potentials are:

A) quite different from the EEG.
B) recorded from single neurons.
C) brief changes in the EEG associated with a specific sensory event.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 25

_____ rhythms are extremely regular,with a frequency of approximately 11 cycles per second,and are commonly observed when a person is awake but relaxed.

A) Alpha
B) Beta
C) Theta
D) Delta

Question 26

EEG can be used to:

A) monitor sleep.
B) estimate the depth of anesthesia.
C) detect epilepsy.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 27

_____ measures the magnetic fields associated with electrical signals in the cortex.

A) EEG
B) fMRI
C) ERP
D) MEG

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT one of the techniques used to measure the brain's electrical activity?

A) EEG
B) MEG
C) TMS
D) single-cell recording

Question 29

X-ray absorption is:

A) low in bone.
B) high in cerebrospinal fluid.
C) high in blood.
D) medium in neural tissue.

Question 30

Deep brain stimulation has been used as a treatment for:

A) Parkinson disease.
B) Huntington disease.
C) schizophrenia.
D) both Parkinson disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 31

CT scans are not useful in differentiating:

A) bone from blood.
B) bone from cerebrospinal fluid.
C) white matter from gray matter.
D) cerebrospinal fluid from white matter.

Question 32

Place cells are found in the:

A) parietal cortex.
B) cingulate gyrus.
C) amygdala.
D) hippocampus.

Question 33

In optogenetics,channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)can be used to _____ neurons,whereas halorhodopsin (NpHR)can be used to _____ neurons.

A) depolarize;hyperpolarize
B) hyperpolarize;depolarize
C) inactivate;activate
D) destroy;promote the growth of

Question 34

The terms N₁,P₂,and P₃ are related to:

A) TMS.
B) EEG.
C) ERP.
D) fMRI.

Question 35

EEG is a measure of:

A) graded potentials.
B) evoked potentials.
C) action potentials.
D) event-related potentials.

Question 36

The use of blue light to excite and green-yellow light to inhibit neurons is part of:

A) transcranial magnetic stimulation.
B) near-infrared spectroscopy.
C) optogenetics.
D) photomicroscopy.

Question 37

With _____ the effects on neurons do not outlive the period of stimulation,whereas with _____ the effects on neurons can last several minutes.

A) rTMS;TMS
B) TMS;rTMS
C) DBS;TMS
D) rTMS;DBS

Question 38

_____ is used to measure the electrical activity of neurons on the surface of the cortex.

A) ECG
B) ECoG
C) MEG
D) ERP

Question 39

The administration of _____ can produce hypokinetic rats,whereas administration of _____ produces hyperkinetic rats.

A) amphetamine;haloperidol
B) haloperidol;amphetamine
C) L-dopa;amphetamine
D) amphetamine;L-dopa

Question 40

To study the electrical activity of a group of neurons you would use _____;however,to study the electrical activity of a single neuron you would use _____.

A) intracellular recording;extracellular recording
B) EEG;ECoG
C) extracellular recording;intracellular recording
D) ERP;MEG

Question 41

PET can:

A) detect the decay of radiochemicals.
B) detect relative amounts of neurotransmitters.
C) be used to study cognitive function.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of fMRI?

A) poor temporal resolution
B) subject must remain completely still
C) feelings of claustrophobia
D) poor spatial resolution

Question 43

_____ is used to identify changes in fiber myelination.

A) ECG
B) CT scan
C) MRS
D) DTI

Question 44

_____ is a procedure in which a cannula is implanted to collect extracellular fluid.

A) Microdialysis
B) Cerebral voltammetry
C) PET
D) Microiontophoresis

Question 45

Positron emission tomography (PET)uses:

A) magnets.
B) radioactive isotopes.
C) L-dopa.
D) hydrogen atoms.

Question 46

fMRI has high _____ but low _____.

A) temporal resolution;spatial resolution
B) spatial resolution;temporal resolution
C) radiation exposure;imaging clarity
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 47

Which of the following is a form of optical tomography?

A) PET
B) fMRI
C) fNIRS
D) MRI

Question 48

_____ can be used to determine the concentration of various brain metabolites.

A) Diffusion tensor imaging
B) Electrocardiogram
C) Magnetoencephalography
D) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Question 49

If one is interested in measuring changes in brain activity over the frontal lobes as infants and toddlers learn language,the best technique to use is:

A) ECG.
B) MRI.
C) CT.
D) fNIRS.

Question 50

Stimuli related to rewarding behaviors such as food and sex are correlated with fluctuations of:

A) dopamine in the substantia nigra.
B) serotonin in the nucleus accumbens.
C) serotonin in the substantia nigra.
D) dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.

Question 51

The basis of the fMRI signal is centered on the fact that:

A) the magnetic properties of blood does not change with the amount of oxygen content in it.
B) water has magnetic properties.
C) oxygen-rich blood has a smaller magnetic signal than oxygen-poor blood.
D) oxygen-rich blood has a larger magnetic signal than oxygen-poor blood.

Question 52

The technique that uses reflected infrared light to measure oxygen consumption by the brain is:

A) fMRI.
B) fNIRS.
C) cytogenetics.
D) cryogenetics.

Question 53

A computed tomography (CT)scan is a:

A) series of X-rays.
B) series of gamma rays.
C) electromagnetic differentiation of brain tissue.
D) measure of the density of hydrogen atoms.

Question 54

Compared to CT scans,MRI scans are more useful for differentiating gray matter from white matter because:

A) MRI acquires the images at a higher resolution compared to a CT scan.
B) tissues with high water content generate a different MRI signal from that of tissues with low water content.
C) of differences in oxygen content between gray matter and white matter.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 55

To measure brain metabolic activity PET uses radioactive isotopes of:

A) oxygen.
B) hydrogen.
C) potassium.
D) glutamate.

Question 56

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)images nerve fiber pathways by detecting:

A) the directional movement of water molecules.
B) different signal intensities between white blood cells and red blood cells.
C) differences in blood oxygenation.
D) changes in regional cerebral blood flow.

Question 57

Magnetic resonance imaging measures:

A) radio pulses emitted by hydrogen atoms.
B) radiation emitted by nitrogen atoms.
C) radiation emitted by oxygen atoms.
D) radio pulses emitted by oxygen atoms.

Question 58

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)scans take advantage of the magnetic properties of:

A) hydrogen atoms.
B) oxygen atoms.
C) nitrogen atoms.
D) glucose atoms.

Question 59

Magnetic resonance imaging involves:

A) hydrogen atoms.
B) magnets.
C) radio pulses.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 60

If one wanted to examine changes in the levels of various brain metabolites following a concussion,one could use:

A) Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).
B) electrocardiogram (ECG).
C) Positron Emission Tomography (PET).
D) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).

Question 61

Maternal attention given by mother rats to their infants alters the expression of certain genes in the:

A) hippocampus.
B) amygdala.
C) septum.
D) cingulate.

Question 62

A study by Caspi and colleagues observed that if participants with the _____ genotype used cannabis in _____,they were more likely to develop psychosis.

A) Val;adulthood
B) Met;adolescence
C) Met;adulthood
D) Val;adolescence

Question 63

Research has linked maternal attention in early childhood with:

A) hippocampal volume.
B) temporal cortex volume.
C) basal ganglia volume.
D) both temporal cortex and basal ganglia volume.

Question 64

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)plays an important role in:

A) neural transmission.
B) neurotransmitter reuptake.
C) neural plasticity.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 65

Cerebral voltammetry is used to measure:

A) neurotransmitter levels.
B) electrical activity using scalp electrodes.
C) electrical activity using large electrodes placed in the brain tissue.
D) electrical activity of single neurons.

Question 66

To receive ethics approval to use animals in an experiment,the researcher must demonstrate:

A) that the knowledge gained from the experiment is important enough to warrant the use of animals.
B) that no other methods are available to investigate the same question.
C) that the animals will be treated humanely,
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 67

ADD and ADHD have been linked with _____ in the _____.

A) abnormal dopamine levels;parietal lobes
B) abnormal dopamine levels;frontal lobes and basal ganglia
C) abnormal serotonin levels;frontal lobes and basal ganglia
D) abnormal noradrenaline levels;temporal lobes and amygdala

Question 68

The COMT gene has been linked with:

A) depression.
B) schizophrenia.
C) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
D) dementia.

Question 69

Which of the following uses a rat model?

A) Parkinson disease
B) stroke
C) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 70

The Met allele (gene)has been associated with:

A) neuroticism.
B) poor episodic memory.
C) anxiety disorders.
D) depression.

Question 71

A recent review of ADD and ADHD by researchers demonstrated that:

A) rates of ADD and ADHD are higher in developed nations.
B) rates of ADD and ADHD are lower in developed nations.
C) rates of ADD and ADHD are the same in developed and developing nations if the same diagnostic criteria are used.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 72

Humans who have a history of childhood abuse and who commit suicide show epigenetic differences in the:

A) cingulate.
B) septum.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.

Question 73

Companies using animals for research generally follow good laboratory practice,because if they don't:

A) their work will not be published in journals.
B) government agencies will not accept their findings.
C) they will be refused approval for clinical trials with humans.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 74

Identical twins' gene expression is:

A) virtually identical throughout life.
B) totally dissimilar throughout life.
C) similar when they are young but differs with age.
D) different when they are young but gets more similar with age.

Question 75

The alleles Val 66Met and Val 66Val have been linked with:

A) ADHD.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) depression.
D) stroke.

Question 76

One advantage of cerebral voltammetry over microdialysis is that it:

A) costs far less.
B) is not destructive in nature.
C) does not require chemical analysis of the extracellular fluid.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 77

Epigenetics is:

A) the same as gene expression.
B) the study of the change in gene expression caused by experience.
C) the study of gene alteration.
D) the alteration of DNA sequences.

Question 78

Companies that use animals for research:

A) must submit protocols to a university board.
B) must submit protocols to a government board.
C) must be overseen by the SPCA.
D) are not required to follow a screening process.

Question 79

Low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)have been associated with:

A) depression.
B) stroke.
C) Alzheimer's disease.
D) Parkinson's disease.