Deck 30: Language and Thought

Question 1

Byong Yu just turned 60 years old.He's been an avid reader since he was a child,absorbing information about all kinds of disparate topics.He now feels ready to use his accumulated knowledge to create a book of crossword puzzles.The resulting puzzles would demonstrate his

A) constant intelligence.
B) fluid intelligence.
C) cross intelligence.
D) crystallized intelligence.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

On which of the following tasks are 55-year-old adults most likely to perform just as effectively as they could 30 years earlier?

A) writing a story
B) solving an abstract geometry problem
C) recalling the names of recently introduced strangers
D) repeating numbers in the opposite order they were presented

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is a major limitation of longitudinal studies?

A) They compare people of different ages.
B) They compare people who were born in different eras.
C) Participants may withdraw from the study or not survive until the end of the study.
D) They compare the same people over an extended period of time.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Research has found that older adults tend to outperform younger adults in their responses to New York Times crossword puzzles.The superior performance of these older adults best illustrates the value of

A) cohorts.
B) fluid intelligence.
C) cross-sectional studies
D) crystallized intelligence.

Question 5

Which of the following terms refers to a person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly?

A) crystallized intelligence
B) cohort
C) Down syndrome
D) fluid intelligence

Question 6

Which of the following most directly suggested that intelligence declines throughout adulthood?

A) cross-sectional studies
B) cohort studies
C) longitudinal studies
D) correlational estimates

Question 7

Crystallized intelligence refers most directly to a person's

A) accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.
B) ability to reason speedily and abstractly.
C) capacity for fluid intelligence.
D) willingness to revise beliefs in light of new information.

Question 8

Children who are more intelligent live longer lives than their less intelligent peers.Ian Deary has suggested as one possible reason the fact that a high level of intelligence

A) promotes a socially independent lifestyle.
B) inhibits early childhood infectious diseases.
C) reduces the amount of time spent working.
D) facilitates a healthy lifestyle.

Question 9

The stability of children's intelligence test scores over time is most positively correlated with their

A) chronological age.
B) mental age.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) crystallized intelligence.

Question 10

Researchers assessed the stability of SAT scores by repeatedly giving the test to the same group of individuals over a 6-year period.The procedure used in this research best illustrates

A) a cohort study.
B) a longitudinal study.
C) a correlational study
D) a cross-sectional study.

Question 11

Different age groups are tested at the same point in time in a(n)

A) longitudinal study.
B) cohort study.
C) cross-sectional study.
D) intelligence test.

Question 12

Children of different age groups were asked to complete the WISC so that researchers could compare the performance of younger and older children.The procedure used in this research best illustrates

A) the Flynn effect.
B) a longitudinal study.
C) a correlational study.
D) a cross-sectional study.

Question 13

Assessing the stability of repeated intelligence test results gathered over the adult years of a single cohort would most clearly involve a

A) cohort study.
B) longitudinal study.
C) correlational study.
D) cross-sectional study.

Question 14

To be diagnosed with an intellectual disability,guidelines specify performance on an intelligence test of approximately

A) 100 or below.
B) 90 or below.
C) 80 or below.
D) 70 or below.

Question 15

When Ian Deary and his colleagues retested 80-year-old Scots,using an intelligence test the Scots had taken as 11-year-olds,the correlation of their scores across seven decades was

A) -.16.
B) +.06.
C) +.16.
D) +.66.

Question 16

One reason older adults are less likely than younger adults to embrace new computer technologies involves the decline in ________ that occurs during adulthood.

A) accumulated knowledge
B) fluid intelligence
C) verbal skills
D) crystallized intelligence

Question 17

At a single point in time,researchers may test and compare the intelligence of members of different age groups.This bests illustrates a

A) longitudinal study.
B) cohort study.
C) cross-sectional study.
D) measure of fluid intelligence.

Question 18

The idea that adult intelligence declines with age has been challenged most effectively by

A) cross-sectional research.
B) research on fluid intelligence.
C) tests that assess recall memory.
D) longitudinal research.

Question 19

Research suggests that during early and middle adulthood

A) crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence decreases.
B) crystallized intelligence decreases and fluid intelligence increases.
C) crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence increases.
D) crystallized intelligence decreases and fluid intelligence decreases.

Question 20

A longitudinal study is research that

A) tests different age groups at the same point in time.
B) assesses different characteristics of a specific individual on a single test.
C) assesses different characteristics of a specific individual on multiple tests.
D) follows and retests the same group of people over time.

Question 21

When Luke was 17 years old,his intelligence test score was below 98 percent of test-takers.Now at the age of 23,he needs adult supervision because he is not able to adapt to the normal demands of independent living.Luke most clearly meets the requirements for being assigned a diagnosis of

A) Down syndrome.
B) autism spectrum disorder.
C) intellectual disability.
D) savant syndrome.

Question 22

Mark has an intellectual disability and experiences difficulties when it comes to finances and time management.Which area of independent living is he having difficulties with?

A) conceptual skills
B) social skills
C) verbal skills
D) practical skills

Question 23

Research suggests that age-related cognitive differences explain why

A) mathematicians and scientists produce much of their most creative work during their early twenties or early thirties.
B) authors and historians produce much of their most creative work during their early twenties or early thirties.
C) most people produce much of their most creative work during their early twenties or thirties.
D) most people produce much of their most creative work during their forties and fifties.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a normal demand of independent living?

A) conceptual skills
B) social skills
C) verbal skills
D) practical skills

Question 25

Eva has an intellectual disability and has problems making friends.She is picked on frequently by her peers and has difficulty engaging and communicating with others.She also has problems following basic rules of games that they play during class.Which area of independent living is she having difficulties with?

A) conceptual skills
B) social skills
C) verbal skills
D) practical skills

Question 26

A group of people sharing a common characteristic,such as being from a given time period,is called

A) a cohort.
B) a crystallized group.
C) a fluid group.
D) the Flynn effect.

Question 27

Terman observed that children with IQ scores over 135 are likely to

A) be athletically uncoordinated.
B) be academically successful.
C) have Down syndrome.
D) have low fluid intelligence.

Question 28

Brenda has an intellectual disability and has difficulty taking a bath,brushing her teeth and hair,getting dressed,and tying her shoes.Which area of independent living is she having difficulties with?

A) conceptual skills
B) social skills
C) verbal skills
D) practical skills

Question 29

Dr.Dawson is conducting a study with military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf Wars.He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with PTSD have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory.This is a(n)________ study.

A) longitudinal
B) experimental
C) cross-sectional
D) chronological

Question 30

"Gifted child" programs can lead to ________ by implicitly labeling some students as "ungifted" and isolating them from an enriched educational environment.

A) Down syndrome
B) intellectual disability
C) the Flynn effect
D) self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 31

Individuals who scored near 70 on earlier intelligence tests have scored ________ on more recent tests because the tests have been ________.

A) lower;correlated
B) lower;restandardized
C) higher;correlated
D) higher;restandardized

Question 32

The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study of the memory and response time of 50- to 75-year-olds on timed tasks.They are bringing in all age groups at once to compare the differences.This is a(n)________ study.

A) longitudinal
B) experimental
C) cross-sectional
D) correlational

Question 33

Educational programs for gifted children are most likely to be criticized for

A) assuming that intelligence test scores can predict children's academic success.
B) underestimating the extent to which general intelligence underlies success in a wide variety of tasks.
C) encouraging the segregation and academic tracking of intellectually advantaged students.
D) overemphasizing the genetic determinants of giftedness.

Question 34

Down syndrome is a disorder of varying severity caused by

A) prenatal viral infections.
B) parental neglect during infancy.
C) an extra copy of chromosome 21.
D) a lack of sufficient oxygen at the time of birth.

Question 35

As adults age,they show the greatest declines in

A) fluid intelligence and the memory needed to recognize recently presented information.
B) fluid intelligence and in the memory needed to recall recently presented information.
C) crystallized intelligence and in the memory needed to recognize recently presented information.
D) crystallized intelligence and in the memory needed to recall recently presented information.

Question 36

Because of his accumulated years of knowledge about psychology,Dr.Hernandez has decided that his fiftieth birthday would be the perfect time to begin writing an introductory psychology textbook.It would demonstrate his

A) general intelligence.
B) fluid intelligence.
C) cross-sectional intelligence.
D) crystallized intelligence.

Question 37

Intelligence scores are most likely to be stable over a one-year period for a(n)

A) preschool student.
B) third-grade student.
C) fifth-grade student.
D) eleventh-grade student.

Question 38

The same people are followed and retested over time in a(n)________ study.

A) cohort
B) longitudinal
C) intelligence
D) cross-sectional

Question 39

Comparing the intelligence test scores among people from distinctly different age cohorts requires

A) crystallized intelligence.
B) cross-sectional studies.
C) correlational studies.
D) longitudinal studies.

Question 40

A person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly (for example,in solving novel logic problems)decreases slowly up to about age 75,then more rapidly,especially after age 85.This type of ability is also known as

A) general intelligence.
B) emotional intelligence.
C) crystallized intelligence.
D) fluid intelligence.

Question 41

Intellectual disability was formerly referred to as

A) mental retardation.
B) Down syndrome.
C) autism spectrum disorder.
D) savant disorder.

Question 42

Professor Juarez is interested in measuring the difference in spatial ability between people of different ages.He intends to give these individuals a spatial abilities test during the next year.Professor Juarez will be conducting

A) a cohort study.
B) a longitudinal study.
C) a cross-sectional study.
D) the Flynn effect.

Question 43

Ian Deary and his colleagues retested 80-year-old Scots,using an intelligence test the Scots had taken as 11-year-olds.The procedure used in this research best illustrates a

A) crystallized study.
B) longitudinal study.
C) cohort study.
D) cross-sectional study.

Question 44

Researchers at one point in time assess and compare the performance of different age groups on the SAT.The procedure used in this research best illustrates

A) a cross-sectional study.
B) a cohort study.
C) a longitudinal study.
D) the Flynn effect.

Question 45

One criticism of gifted education programs is that by labeling children as "ungifted" we may be

A) taking away their hope for a brighter future.
B) creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) providing them with a higher-level goal.
D) denying them access to higher levels of education.

Question 46

A group of people of very similar age who are participants in a longitudinal study are called a

A) developmental factor.
B) cross-sectional group.
C) cohort.
D) phase group.

Question 47

The ability to learn a new computer software program is to ________ as knowledge of state capitals is to ________.

A) longitudinal intelligence;cross-sectional intelligence
B) cross-sectional intelligence;longitudinal intelligence
C) crystallized intelligence;fluid intelligence
D) fluid intelligence;crystallized intelligence

Question 48

Older people's capacity to understand the meaning of words does not decline as much as their capacity to engage in abstract reasoning.This best illustrates the stability of

A) childhood intelligence.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) cross-sectional intelligence.
D) fluid intelligence.

Question 49

Which of the following terms refers to a person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills?

A) fluid intelligence
B) longitudinal intelligence
C) cohort intelligence
D) crystallized intelligence

Question 50

Professor Smith has been studying the development of moral reasoning in a group of people over the last 30 years.All of her participants were 1 year old when she began her study.She intends to hand off her study to a younger researcher in the department after she retires next year.Professor Smith is conducting a

A) fluid study.
B) longitudinal study.
C) cross-sectional study.
D) cohort study.

Question 51

Explaining why the best work of scientists is often produced in early adulthood while that of novelists often originates during middle adulthood requires a distinction between

A) fluid and cross-sectional intelligence.
B) an intellectual disability and crystallized intelligence.
C) fluid and crystallized intelligence.
D) the Flynn effect and fluid intelligence.

Question 52

Intelligence scores are most likely to be stable over a one-year period for a

A) preschool student whose intelligence test score is 80.
B) second-grade student whose intelligence test score is 125.
C) fifth-grade student whose intelligence test score is 115.
D) tenth-grade student whose intelligence test score is 95.

Question 53

Repeatedly assessing the intelligence of the same group of people at different times across their life span best illustrates a

A) predictive study.
B) cross-sectional study.
C) cohort study.
D) longitudinal study.

Question 54

Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's

A) accumulated knowledge.
B) ability to reason speedily and abstractly.
C) ability to recall facts.
D) ability to utilize crystallized intelligence.

Question 55

Which of the following best explains why early cross-sectional research found that intelligence declines with age?

A) Cross-sectional studies compare groups of people over an extended period of time.
B) Early cross-sectional studies were limited because a large number of participants withdrew from the studies.
C) Cross-sectional studies compare groups of people who are the same age.
D) Early cross-sectional studies compared people of different eras who had varying levels of education and different family experiences.

Question 56

Cross-sectional research indicated that during early and middle adulthood,aging is associated with ________ levels of intelligence.Longitudinal research indicated that during this period of life,aging is associated with ________ levels of intelligence.

A) increasing;declining
B) declining;stable
C) increasing;increasing
D) stable;declining

Question 57

A cross-sectional study is research that

A) follows and retests the same people over time.
B) compares people of different ages at the same point in time.
C) assesses different characteristics of a given individual at the same point in time.
D) involves different researchers assessing the behavior of a group.

Question 58

Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons Deary proposed to explain why those with higher intelligence tend to be healthier and live longer?

A) Intelligence facilitates more education,better jobs,and a healthier environment.
B) Intelligence encourages healthy living.
C) Illnesses in adolescence and early adulthood might have influenced both intelligence and health.
D) A well-wired body fosters intelligence and longevity.

Question 59

To qualify for the office manager's job,55-year-old Mariel must take a series of psychological tests.Her performance on the test of ________ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25-year-old.

A) general knowledge
B) spelling
C) abstract reasoning
D) vocabulary

Question 60

Jada began to read when she was 4 years old.Based on this information,what can we predict about her performance on the college aptitude test she will take as an eighth-grader?

A) She will score about the same as average female high school seniors.
B) She will score considerably lower than most high school seniors.
C) She will score considerably higher than most high school seniors.
D) We cannot predict college aptitude test performance using reading ability at age 4.

Question 61

A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 is known as

A) fluid intelligence.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) Down syndrome.
D) the Flynn effect.

Question 62

Sorting children into "gifted child" education programs is most likely to be criticized for

A) overemphasizing the genetic determinants of giftedness.
B) widening the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups.
C) claiming that intelligence test scores can predict children's academic success.
D) underestimating the extent to which crystallized intelligence underlies success in a wide variety of tasks.

Question 63

Those diagnosed with an intellectual disability score approximately 70 or below on an intelligence test and also demonstrate a limitation in

A) hybrid vigor.
B) physical health.
C) adaptive behavior.
D) cross-sectional intelligence.

Question 64

Among Americans scoring in the top 1 percent of their age group on the ________ at age 13,more than half have earned doctorates.

A) WAIS
B) Stanford-Binet
C) SAT
D) WISC

Question 65

Terman's studies of 1500 California children with IQ scores over 135 indicated that these high-scoring children

A) were well-adjusted.
B) had,in several cases,won Nobel Prizes.
C) lacked creativity.
D) received lower-than-average math grades.

Question 66

Mr.and Mrs.Vernays are parents of an adult child who received a diagnosis of intellectual disability.It is most likely that their child

A) is unusually creative.
B) received an intelligence test score between 80 and 100.
C) was born with a missing chromosome.
D) has difficulty adapting to the demands of independent adult life.

Question 67

Melody has a learning disability,Marla has normal intelligence,and Keith is considered "gifted." What traits would you expect each of these people to have?

Question 68

An IQ of approximately 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the normal demands of life is most clearly an indication of

A) gifted intelligence.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) an intellectual disability.

Question 69

Which of the following individuals does NOT meet the criteria for the diagnosis for intellectual disability?

A) 21-year-old Jack has Down syndrome and lives in a residential facility.
B) Thomas has an IQ of 80 and is able to live on his own with some help from his family.
C) 14-year-old Jujuan has extreme difficulty with language and cannot read,cannot follow basic rules,and needs help with his personal hygiene.
D) 25-year-old Christine has an IQ of 65 and lives at home,where she receives much assistance with learning practical and social skills.

Question 70

The criterion/criteria for being diagnosed with an intellectual disability is/are

A) having a low intelligence test score.
B) difficulty with independent living demands.
C) both having a low intelligence test score and difficulty with independent living demands.
D) neither having a low intelligence test score nor difficulty with independent living demands.

Question 71

Educators who wish to affirm children's special talents and challenge them at the frontiers of their understanding advocate appropriate

A) higher-level conceptual skills.
B) development of cohort skills.
C) placement suited to each child's talent.
D) development of fluid skills.

Question 72

Imagine that you are a scientist who is examining how intelligence changes with age.Design both a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study to examine how intelligence changes from young to middle to late adulthood.What results would you expect from each type of study?

Question 73

The restandardization of intelligence tests over the past decade renders ________ Americans eligible for special education and ________ Americans eligible for the death penalty.

A) more;fewer
B) fewer;more
C) more;more
D) fewer;fewer

Question 74

Adrianne is 5 years old and has an extra copy of chromosome 21.She has been diagnosed with the disorder known as

A) mental retardation.
B) Down syndrome.
C) autism spectrum disorder.
D) savant disorder.

Question 75

Steven has an intellectual disability and never learned how to speak,read,or write.Which area of independent living is he having difficulties with?

A) conceptual skills
B) social skills
C) verbal skills
D) practical skills