Deck 27: Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Question 1

Learning the rules of syntax for a specific language best illustrates the acquisition of

A) semantics.
B) perceptual set.
C) sign language.
D) grammar.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The ability to comprehend the meaning of speech is called

A) outcome simulation.
B) productive language.
C) receptive language.
D) linguistic determinism.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called

A) phonemes.
B) morphemes.
C) syllables.
D) concepts.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

When her teacher mentioned the arms race,Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts.Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of

A) semantics.
B) syntax.
C) morphemes.
D) phonemes.

Question 5

Syntax refers to the

A) correct arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences.
B) derivation of meaning from sounds.
C) smallest speech unit that carries meaning.
D) the system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with others.

Question 6

After two minutes of exposure to an unbroken monotone string of nonsense syllables,8-month-olds could recognize three-syllable sequences that appeared repeatedly.This best illustrates the importance of ________ in language development.

A) critical periods
B) babbling
C) statistical learning
D) telegraphic speech

Question 7

Who argued that all human languages share a universal grammar?

A) Paul Broca
B) Benjamin Whorf
C) Noam Chomsky
D) Carl Wernicke

Question 8

The English language has ________ letters than phonemes,and the consonant phonemes generally carry ________ information than the vowel phonemes.

A) more;more
B) fewer;more
C) more;less
D) fewer;less

Question 9

During the earliest stage of speech development,infants

A) speak in single words that may be barely recognizable.
B) imitate adult syntax.
C) make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language.
D) alternate equally between verbal and manual babbling.

Question 10

Spoken,written,or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute

A) semantics.
B) syntax.
C) grammar.
D) language.

Question 11

Word meaning is to word order as ________ is to ________.

A) grammar;morpheme
B) phoneme;grammar
C) morpheme;phoneme
D) semantics;syntax

Question 12

The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called

A) universal grammar.
B) babbling.
C) telegraphic speech.
D) syntax.

Question 13

In the words lightly,neatly,and shortly,the ly ending is a(n)

A) concept.
B) phoneme.
C) morpheme.
D) aphasia.

Question 14

A system of rules for deriving meaning from sounds and for ordering words into sentences is called

A) grammar.
B) semantics.
C) receptive language.
D) linguistic determinism.

Question 15

The fact that all human languages have nouns,verbs,and adjectives led Noam Chomsky to refer to

A) linguistic determinism.
B) universal grammar.
C) telegraphic speech.
D) statistical learning.

Question 16

Noam Chomsky has argued that children's readiness to learn language is a(n)

A) example of statistical learning.
B) heuristic.
C) universal grammar.
D) biological predisposition.

Question 17

Phonemes are

A) the prelingual sounds emitted by all infants.
B) the smallest distinctive sound units of a language.
C) rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences.
D) the smallest speech units that carry meaning.

Question 18

When Fred pronounced the words this and that,he noticed that they share a common

A) syntax.
B) morpheme.
C) grammar.
D) phoneme.

Question 19

A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver,"Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the ________ of the English language.

A) phonemes
B) syntax
C) semantics
D) morphemes

Question 20

The beginning of babies' receptive language development is best illustrated by their capacity to

A) recognize the distinctive sound of their own voice.
B) match another person's distinctive mouth movements with the appropriate sounds.
C) babble only sounds that are part of the household language.
D) comprehend the meaning of languages they have never experienced.

Question 21

Those who learn sign language as teens never become as fluent as children exposed to sign language from birth.This best illustrates the importance of ________ for mastering language.

A) statistics
B) telegraphic speech
C) a critical period
D) universal grammar

Question 22

Aphasia refers to a condition involving

A) memory loss.
B) the impairment of language.
C) hearing loss.
D) the impairment of vision.

Question 23

After she suffered a stroke,Mrs.Jacobitz had so much difficulty speaking that she had to communicate by writing.This suggests that her brain damage occurred in

A) the occipital lobe.
B) Broca's area.
C) the temporal lobe.
D) Wernicke's area.

Question 24

The auditory cortex is especially likely to become responsive to visual input for those who

A) hear with the aid of a cochlear implant.
B) see with the aid of eyeglasses.
C) have been deaf from birth.
D) have been blind from birth.

Question 25

People can simultaneously process many aspects of sensory information such as color,depth,movement,and form.This best illustrates the function of multiple

A) algorithms.
B) neural networks.
C) critical periods.
D) fixations.

Question 26

Gestures are especially likely to be associated with

A) bilingualism.
B) spontaneous speech.
C) perceptual development.
D) familiar objects.

Question 27

Babies' first demonstration of productive language occurs

A) prior to the babbling stage.
B) during the babbling stage.
C) during the one-word stage.
D) during the two-word stage.

Question 28

Research suggests that humans can most easily master the grammar of a second language during

A) childhood.
B) adolescence.
C) early adulthood.
D) late adulthood.

Question 29

At 17 months of age,Julie says "wada" whenever she wants a drink of water.Julie is most likely in the ________ stage of language development.

A) syntactic
B) babbling
C) one-word
D) telegraphic speech

Question 30

The part of the left temporal lobe that is involved in understanding language is known as

A) Broca's area.
B) the motor cortex.
C) Wernicke's area.
D) the somatosensory cortex.

Question 31

When older people with hearing loss must expend effort to hear words,they have a(n)________ capacity to comprehend them and a(n)________ capacity to remember them.

A) enhanced;enhanced
B) reduced;reduced
C) enhanced;reduced
D) reduced;enhanced

Question 32

Damage to different cortical areas results in different forms of aphasia.This best illustrates that language processing involves multiple

A) mental images.
B) morphemes.
C) critical periods.
D) neural networks.

Question 33

Chimpanzees are capable of learning to

A) understand spoken words.
B) communicate with gestures.
C) string signs together into a meaningful sequence.
D) do all of these things.

Question 34

Which of the following best illustrates productive language?

A) word comprehension
B) telegraphic speech
C) linguistic determinism
D) babbling

Question 35

Left hemisphere damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to contribute to

A) aphasia.
B) statistical learning.
C) linguistic determinism.
D) telegraphic speech.

Question 36

Broca's area is typically located in the left ________ lobe.

A) frontal
B) occipital
C) temporal
D) parietal

Question 37

Broca's area is a region of the

A) parietal lobe that regulates gestured communication.
B) temporal lobe that enables language comprehension.
C) occipital lobe that links language with visual information.
D) frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Question 38

Two-year-old Dirk's sentences-"Dad come," "Mom laugh," and "Truck gone"-are examples of

A) babbling.
B) receptive language.
C) telegraphic speech.
D) universal grammar.

Question 39

Children begin to demonstrate that they know how to put words in a sensible order during the ________ stage.

A) babbling
B) syntactic
C) two-word
D) universal grammar

Question 40

After a skydiving accident,Laurie was unable to make sense of other people's speech.It is likely that she suffered brain damage to

A) the motor cortex.
B) Broca's area.
C) the occipital lobe.
D) Wernicke's area.

Question 41

China-born bilingual University of Waterloo students described themselves in either English or Chinese.Their English-language self-descriptions were characterized by ________ self-statements and their Chinese-language self-descriptions were characterized by ________ self-statements.

A) mostly positive;equally positive and negative
B) mostly negative;equally positive and negative
C) equally positive and negative;mostly positive
D) equally positive and negative;mostly negative

Question 42

Humans with a mutated form of the FOXP2 gene are most likely to have difficulty

A) reading words.
B) speaking words.
C) thinking in images.
D) learning sign language.

Question 43

The women's basketball team at the University of Tennessee improved in free-throw shooting after practicing

A) productive language.
B) mental imagery.
C) telegraphic speech.
D) statistical learning.

Question 44

Psychologists are most likely to doubt that chimpanzees have the capacity to

A) use complex grammar.
B) communicate with gestures.
C) transmit cultural innovations to their offspring.
D) form concepts.

Question 45

Perceived differences between various shades of color are greater if people assign a different name to each hue.This best illustrates the influence of

A) universal grammar on language acquisition.
B) morphemes on receptive language.
C) critical periods on language acquisition.
D) language on thinking.

Question 46

Which of the following was cited by Whorf as evidence in support of the linguistic determinism hypothesis?

A) The generic pronoun "he" is just as likely to trigger images of women as of men.
B) People with no words for colors can still perceive color differences.
C) The Hopi cannot readily think about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs.
D) Chimpanzees can use signs and gestures to communicate with other members of their own species.

Question 47

People who speak two different languages are ________ able to inhibit their attention to irrelevant information than people who speak a single language.This best illustrates what is known as ________.

A) better;telegraphic speech
B) less;linguistic determinism
C) better;the bilingual advantage
D) less;aphasia

Question 48

When English-speaking Canadian children were taught only in French during their early school years,researchers found that they experienced a(n)

A) confused sense of cultural identity.
B) improvement in intellectual aptitude.
C) slight loss of verbal fluency in English.
D) smaller-than-average improvement in mathematical ability.

Question 49

Using different words for two very similar objects enables people to recognize conceptual distinctions between the objects.This best illustrates

A) telegraphic speech.
B) linguistic determinism.
C) universal grammar.
D) the bilingual advantage.

Question 50

Brain scans reveal that different ________ are activated when we process verbs rather than nouns.

A) semantics
B) heuristics
C) neural networks
D) critical periods

Question 51

Native German speakers who pronounce the English word "this" as "dis" are demonstrating their difficulty with an English

A) morpheme.
B) syntax.
C) phoneme.
D) grammar.

Question 52

Ilhan's language does not distinguish between "family love" and "romantic love," so he has difficulty realizing that he deeply loves his sister.Which of the following is most relevant to Ilhan's difficulty?

A) critical periods
B) telegraphic speech
C) universal grammar
D) linguistic determinism

Question 53

When you add s to the word apple you are referring to more than one apple.This illustrates an English language rule of

A) semantics.
B) aphasia.
C) syntax.
D) telegraphic speech.

Question 54

The two-word stage of language development typically begins at the age of ________ months.

A) 6
B) 10
C) 24
D) 36

Question 55

In which of the following parts of the brain would a lesion most likely result in aphasia?

A) amygdala
B) hypothalamus
C) Wernicke's area
D) cerebellum

Question 56

Introductory psychology students were more likely to achieve a good midterm exam grade if prior to the exam they repeatedly practiced visual imagery that involved

A) receptive language.
B) an outcome simulation.
C) productive language.
D) a process simulation.

Question 57

Imagining a physical experience activates some of the same ________ that is (are)also active during the actual experience.

A) algorithms
B) receptive language
C) neural networks
D) universal grammar

Question 58

If our capacity to form concepts depends on our verbal memory,this would best illustrate

A) process simulation.
B) universal grammar.
C) telegraphic speech.
D) linguistic determinism.

Question 59

A pet monkey was presented with pictures of a variety of cars interspersed with pictures of a variety of animals.The monkey's ability to separate all the car pictures into one pile and all the animal pictures into another,separate pile would best illustrate the monkey's capacity for

A) receptive language.
B) concept formation.
C) bilingual communication.
D) learning rules of syntax.

Question 60

Research on the language capabilities of apes indicates that they cannot

A) translate spoken words into signs.
B) acquire a vocabulary of more than two dozen signs.
C) use signs to communicate with other members of their own species.
D) grammatically order language symbols as well as most 3-year-old children.

Question 61

Semantics refers to the

A) system of rules that enables us to communicate.
B) orderly arrangement of words into grammatically correct sentences.
C) smallest language units that carry meaning.
D) rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.

Question 62

The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others is called

A) semantics.
B) telegraphic speech.
C) grammar.
D) syntax.

Question 63

To combine words into grammatically sensible sentences,we need to apply proper rules of

A) semantics.
B) syntax.
C) simulation.
D) phonemes.

Question 64

The smallest distinctive sound unit in a language is a

A) prefix.
B) suffix.
C) morpheme.
D) phoneme.

Question 65

The concept of ________ emphasizes that our words can influence our thinking.

A) telegraphic speech
B) linguistic relativism
C) morphemes
D) linguistic determinism

Question 66

Language refers to the

A) smallest distinctive sound units.
B) rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.
C) spoken,written,or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning.
D) rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes.

Question 67

The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a "t" and an "n" produce words such as tan,ten,tin,and ton.These various vowel sounds represent different

A) morphemes.
B) syntaxes.
C) phonemes.
D) semantics.

Question 68

Introductory psychology students facing a midterm exam one week later spent five minutes each day visualizing themselves reading their assigned chapters,going over their notes,and eliminating study distractions.This ________ simulation had a ________ effect on their exam scores.

A) process;negative
B) outcome;positive
C) process;positive
D) outcome;negative

Question 69

The older a person is when moving to a new country,the harder it is to learn the language.This best illustrates the importance of ________ for learning language.

A) aphasia
B) a universal grammar
C) semantics
D) a critical period

Question 70

The word chimps contains ________ phoneme(s)and ________ morpheme(s).

A) 5;2
B) 6;1
C) 2;5
D) 1;6

Question 71

The word thanks contains ________ phoneme(s)and ________ morpheme(s).

A) 1;6
B) 6;1
C) 2;5
D) 5;2

Question 72

As a result of an automobile accident,Jenny suffered damage to her cerebral cortex in Broca's area.Jenny is most likely to experience

A) auditory hallucinations.
B) memory loss.
C) aphasia.
D) paralysis of her left limbs.

Question 73

Sounds that are not included in one's native language first begin to disappear from usage during the ________ stage of language development.

A) one-word
B) two-word
C) telegraphic
D) babbling

Question 74

Morphemes are

A) the smallest speech units that carry meaning.
B) rules for deriving meaning from sounds.
C) the smallest distinctive sound units of a language.
D) rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences.

Question 75

In the words helped and called,the ed ending is a

A) phoneme.
B) morpheme.
C) semantic.
D) syntax.

Question 76

Rebecca is preparing to take the driving test to get her license.As she thinks about what to do when the test begins,she thinks in mental images This is also referred to as

A) implicit memory.
B) explicit memory.
C) linguistic determinism.
D) aphasia.

Question 77

In the English language,adjectives are typically placed before nouns as in "green car." This illustrates an English language rule of

A) semantics.
B) morphemes.
C) syntax.
D) phonemes.

Question 78

English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes.

A) 5
B) 6
C) 26
D) 40

Question 79

The rock musician was hit with a rotten egg while performing his latest hit song.The fact that you can recognize two different meanings for the word "hit" in the preceding sentence demonstrates the importance of

A) syntax.
B) semantics.
C) morphemes.
D) telegraphic speech.

Question 80

During a lecture,your professor says,"A child learns language as he interacts with caregivers." This generic use of the pronoun he is more likely to trigger images of males than of females.This best illustrates the impact of

A) language on thinking.
B) aphasia on attentional focus.
C) telegraphic speech on universal grammar.
D) critical periods on language acquisition.