Deck 18: Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

Question 1

Green light is

A) longer in wavelength than yellow light.
B) shorter in wavelength than blue light.
C) longer in wavelength than orange light.
D) shorter in wavelength than red light.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

John has just walked outside and comments,"Wow! It is bright out here!" The brightness that he perceives is related to a light wave's

A) amplitude.
B) wavelength.
C) hue.
D) distance.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye,containing the rods and cones,is the

A) pupil.
B) cornea.
C) retina.
D) iris.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the

A) blind spot.
B) visual cortex.
C) cornea.
D) lens.

Question 5

The process by which the lens changes shape to focus the image of an object on the retina is called

A) interposition.
B) accommodation.
C) transduction.
D) feature detection.

Question 6

The perceived color of visible light is determined by its

A) proximity.
B) wavelength.
C) continuity.
D) difference threshold.

Question 7

Jason is so disgusted by the bitter taste of brussel sprouts that he refuses his parents' request to at least try eating them.Jason's feelings are most likely to be signaled by changes in his eyes caused by

A) increased retinal disparity.
B) accommodation of the lens.
C) enlargement of the fovea.
D) constriction of the pupils.

Question 8

Light rays passing through the pupil cast an upside-down image on the

A) iris.
B) lens.
C) cornea.
D) retina.

Question 9

The receptor cells that convert light energy into neural signals are called

A) bipolar cells.
B) ganglion cells.
C) rods and cones.
D) feature detectors.

Question 10

Intensity is to brightness as wavelength is to

A) accommodation.
B) frequency.
C) amplitude.
D) hue.

Question 11

The spectrum of electromagnetic energy includes on one end the short ________ and on the other end the mile-long waves of ________.

A) ultraviolet rays;radar
B) gamma rays;broadcast bands
C) X-rays;infrared rays
D) radar;ultraviolet rays

Question 12

Bipolar cells are located in the

A) optic nerve.
B) retina.
C) blind spot.
D) lens.

Question 13

The receptor cells that are concentrated in the fovea are called

A) bipolar cells.
B) ganglion cells.
C) cones.
D) feature detectors.

Question 14

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye is the

A) fovea.
B) iris.
C) cornea.
D) pupil.

Question 15

The iris is a doughnut-shaped ring of muscle that adjusts the size of the

A) cochlea.
B) cornea.
C) pupil.
D) lens.

Question 16

The amplitude of electromagnetic waves determines the ________ of light.

A) difference threshold
B) brightness
C) hue
D) wavelength

Question 17

Dilation and constriction of the pupil are controlled by the

A) optic nerve.
B) lens.
C) retina.
D) iris.

Question 18

The iris constricts in response to visible ________ light waves.

A) low frequency
B) low amplitude
C) high frequency
D) high amplitude

Question 19

Julie sees a friend's bright purple car.Compared with the entire range of visible light waves,the car is reflecting relatively ________ frequency and ________ amplitude light waves.

A) high;small
B) high;great
C) low;small
D) low;great

Question 20

Damage to the fovea would have the GREATEST effect on

A) night vision.
B) peripheral vision.
C) detecting fine detail.
D) sensory adaptation.

Question 21

Which of the following is one of the stages of color processing?

A) The retina's red,green,and blue rods respond in varying degrees to different color stimuli.
B) The cone's responses are processed by ganglion cells.
C) The retina's red,green,and blue rods respond in varying degrees to bipolar cells.
D) The cone's responses are processed by opponent-process cells.

Question 22

In most people with color-deficient vision,the red-sensitive or green-sensitive ________ do not function properly.

A) rods
B) cones
C) bipolar cells
D) feature detectors

Question 23

Ganglion axons forming the optic nerve run to the ________ where they synapse with neurons that run to the visual cortex.

A) hypothalamus
B) cerebellum
C) hippocampus
D) thalamus

Question 24

Under very dim levels of illumination

A) rods reach their maximum light sensitivity more rapidly than do cones.
B) rods are more light sensitive than cones.
C) it is particularly important to look straight at the objects we want to see.
D) all of these statements are true.

Question 25

Who first proposed the opponent-process theory of color vision?

A) Isaac Newton
B) Ewald Hering
C) John Locke
D) Herman von Helmholtz

Question 26

Compared with rods,cones are

A) more sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail.
B) less sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail.
C) more sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail.
D) less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail.

Question 27

Which of the following best describes the process of color processing.

A) The Young-Helmholz theory is correct.
B) The opponent-process theory is correct.
C) The Young-Helmholz theory and the opponent-process theory are correct.
D) Neither the Young-Helmhotz theory nor the opponent-process theory are correct.

Question 28

Which of the following is one of the stages of color processing?

A) The retina's red,green,and blue cones respond in varying degrees to different color stimuli.
B) The cone's responses are processed by ganglion cells.
C) The retina's red,green,and blue rods respond in varying degrees to bipolar cells.
D) The cone's responses are processed by bipolar cells.

Question 29

A person with normal color vision sees yellow when both red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones are stimulated simultaneously.This fact is most directly supportive of

A) the opponent-process theory.
B) Weber's law.
C) the Young-Helmholtz theory.
D) dissociation theory.

Question 30

Feature detectors in the visual cortex pass visual information received from ganglion cells to other cortical areas where complex patterns are processed by

A) bipolar cells.
B) supercell clusters.
C) the optic nerve.
D) opponent-process cells.

Question 31

The retina has three types of color receptors,each especially sensitive to one of three colors.The retina has no separate receptors especially sensitive to

A) green.
B) blue.
C) yellow.
D) red.

Question 32

When most people stare at a red square and then shift their eyes to a white surface,the afterimage of the square is

A) yellow.
B) red.
C) green.
D) blue.

Question 33

Any given area of the retina relays its information to a corresponding location in the

A) hypothalamus.
B) oval window.
C) occipital lobe.
D) cerebellum.

Question 34

The direct link between a single cone and a single ________ preserves the fine details in the cone's message.

A) rod
B) ganglion cell
C) blind spot
D) bipolar cell

Question 35

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory

A) the retina contains three kinds of color receptors.
B) color vision depends on pairs of opposing retinal processes.
C) the size of the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus.
D) certain nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of a stimulus.

Question 36

The nerve cells that respond to specific aspects of a visual stimulus,such as its shape or its movement,are

A) bipolar cells.
B) rods and cones.
C) ganglion cells.
D) feature detectors.

Question 37

According to the opponent-process theory,cells that are turned "on" by ________ light are turned "off" by ________ light.

A) red;blue
B) blue;green
C) yellow;green
D) yellow;blue

Question 38

Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by

A) the opponent-process theory.
B) trichromatic theory.
C) the Young-Helmholtz theory.
D) feature detection theory.

Question 39

People who lack color receptors for the wavelengths of red are unusually likely to experience

A) afterimages.
B) blindsight.
C) dichromatic vision.
D) cataracts.

Question 40

The most light-sensitive receptor cells are the

A) ganglion cells.
B) cones.
C) bipolar cells.
D) rods.

Question 41

When you look at a vertical line,you are probably activating different ________ than when you look at a horizontal line.

A) feature detectors
B) opponent processes
C) sensory thresholds
D) critical periods

Question 42

The tendency to see complete letters on a neon sign,even though some of the bulbs are burned out,illustrates the principle of

A) closure.
B) relative luminance.
C) proximity.
D) continuity.

Question 43

The ability to simultaneously recognize the color,shape,size,and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates

A) afterimages.
B) parallel processing.
C) opponent processes.
D) blindsight.

Question 44

If brain damage were completely limited to the brain tissue specifically devoted to visual face recognition,a person would still be able to visually recognize

A) chairs.
B) houses.
C) shoes.
D) all of these objects.

Question 45

A floating ship is to the ocean water as ________ is to ________.

A) closure;continuity
B) brightness constancy;relative height
C) figure;ground
D) proximity;interposition

Question 46

The ability to almost instantly recognize a familiar face best illustrates the value of

A) the phi phenomenon.
B) retinal disparity.
C) parallel processing.
D) afterimages.

Question 47

People are more likely to perceive a figure and ground illustration as reversible if they are told it is reversible.This best illustrates the importance of

A) interposition.
B) retinal disparity.
C) perceptual adaptation.
D) top-down processing.

Question 48

The role of feature detector cells in the processing of visual information was first demonstrated by

A) Young and Helmholtz.
B) Hering.
C) Hubel and Wiesel.
D) Gibson and Walk.

Question 49

The Gestalt principle of proximity refers to the way in which we

A) adapt to perceptual changes.
B) perceive depth and distance.
C) organize stimuli into coherent groups.
D) see objects in three dimensions.

Question 50

Which psychologists were first to focus on principles of perceptual organization?

A) behaviorists
B) psychoanalysts
C) Gestalt psychologists
D) evolutionary psychologists

Question 51

Who best illustrated that the perceived whole may exceed the sum of its parts?

A) evolutionary psychologists
B) psychoanalysts
C) behaviorists
D) Gestalt psychologists

Question 52

Because the football game was interrupted by a long half-time,5-year-old Mark mistakenly concluded that the first and second halves of play were two different games.His experience best illustrates the organizational principle of

A) continuity.
B) proximity.
C) interposition.
D) closure.

Question 53

The perceptual tendency to group together stimuli that are near each other is called

A) interposition.
B) continuity.
C) proximity.
D) closure.

Question 54

The principle of continuity refers to the perceptual tendency to

A) group things that are near each other.
B) group stimuli into smooth,uninterrupted patterns.
C) fill in gaps so as to perceive a complete,whole object.
D) generate reversible figure-ground patterns.

Question 55

After suffering stroke damage to specific areas of her brain,Mrs.M.cannot visually perceive the motion of objects,though she can visually perceive their form,color,and depth.Her experience best illustrates the role of ________ in visual perception.

A) stroboscopic movement
B) retinal disparity
C) parallel processing
D) opponent processes

Question 56

The principles of continuity and closure best illustrate the importance of

A) perceptual adaptation.
B) retinal disparity.
C) perceptual constancy.
D) top-down processing.

Question 57

The importance of parallel processing is best illustrated by

A) interposition.
B) feature detectors.
C) blindsight.
D) accommodation.

Question 58

The same stimulus pattern can trigger more than one perception.This is best illustrated by

A) transduction.
B) accommodation.
C) retinal disparity.
D) reversible figure-ground relationships.

Question 59

Although several students in the classroom are talking loudly,Jim's attention is focused on what his girlfriend is saying.In this instance,the girlfriend's voice is a(n)

A) figure.
B) gestalt.
C) opponent process.
D) perceptual adaptation.

Question 60

Gestalt psychologists emphasized that

A) perception is independent of sensation.
B) we learn to perceive the world through experience.
C) sensation and perception are identical processes.
D) we organize sensory information into meaningful forms.

Question 61

Perceiving objects as having consistent shape,size,and color regardless of the angle,distance,and lighting conditions from which we view them is known as

A) feature detection.
B) interposition.
C) perceptual constancy.
D) perceptual adaptation.

Question 62

Distant trees were located closer to the top of the artist's canvas than were the nearby flowers.The artist was clearly using the distance cue known as

A) linear perspective.
B) closure.
C) relative height.
D) interposition.

Question 63

The somewhat different images of objects received by our right and left eyes is known as

A) interposition.
B) accommodation.
C) retinal disparity.
D) linear perspective.

Question 64

Interposition is a cue for depth perception in which closer objects

A) create larger retinal images than do distant objects.
B) obstruct our view of distant objects.
C) reflect more light to our eyes than do distant objects.
D) appear lower in the horizontal plane than do distant objects.

Question 65

The illusion of movement in animated neon signs is known as

A) interposition.
B) relative motion.
C) blindsight.
D) the phi phenomenon.

Question 66

Infants are especially likely to avoid crawling over the edge of a visual cliff if they

A) have a lot of previous crawling experience.
B) have little previous experience with heights.
C) lack a capacity for perceptual constancy.
D) lack vision in one eye.

Question 67

The perception that a cartoon character is hopping across a movie screen best illustrates

A) afterimages.
B) retinal disparity.
C) accommodation.
D) stroboscopic movement.

Question 68

The seeming convergence of parallel lines provides the distance cue known as

A) interposition.
B) closure.
C) linear perspective.
D) continuity.

Question 69

A 3-D movie enhances our sense of depth perception by exaggerating normal

A) interposition.
B) retinal disparity.
C) linear perspective.
D) perceptual constancy.

Question 70

When viewing an object,we typically assume that the light originates from ________ the object.

A) behind
B) in front of
C) above
D) below

Question 71

Experiments with the visual cliff suggest that

A) infants experience no fear of heights.
B) binocular cues are more important than monocular cues.
C) depth perception is partly innate.
D) unlike other animals,humans do not perceive depth until about 8 months of age.

Question 72

During a radio ad,listeners are repeatedly asked,"What would life be without Fletchers Ice Cream?" At the end of the ad,the same question is cleverly interrupted immediately after the word "without." At that point,many listeners mentally respond with the words "Fletchers Ice Cream." Their response best illustrates the principle of

A) closure.
B) proximity.
C) interposition.
D) perceptual adaptation.

Question 73

The organization of two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions is called

A) retinal disparity.
B) depth perception.
C) perceptual constancy.
D) closure.

Question 74

Depth perception that uses information transmitted to only one eye depends on

A) relative luminance.
B) stroboscopic movement.
C) brightness constancy.
D) monocular cues.

Question 75

Relative motion provides a cue for perceiving the ________ of objects.

A) weight
B) speed
C) distance
D) shape

Question 76

If all the following oncoming vehicles were traveling at the same speed,which would most likely be perceived as moving the most slowly?

A) a car
B) a train
C) a bus
D) a motorcycle

Question 77

We compute motion based on the assumption that shrinking objects are

A) feature detectors.
B) retreating.
C) binocular cues.
D) fixation points.

Question 78

Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?

A) relative size
B) retinal disparity
C) relative motion
D) linear perspective

Question 79

The apparent narrowing of a river as it flows directly away from you into the distance best illustrates the depth cue known as

A) interposition.
B) closure.
C) relative motion.
D) linear perspective.

Question 80

Renny knew the red tulip was closer to her than the yellow tulip because the red one cast a larger retinal image than the yellow one.This illustrates the importance of the distance cue known as

A) relative size.
B) interposition.
C) proximity.
D) relative height.