Deck 15: Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders

Question 1

In statistical calculations,the square root of the variance is called the

A)standard deviation.
B)standard variation.
C)derived variation.
D)compensatory variance.

Answer 1

standard deviation.

Question 2

A potential problem for the interpretation of IQ scores is the observation that IQ scores in general are rising across generations.The phenomenon is known as the

A)IQ effect.
B)Flynn effect.
C)regression to the mean effect.
D)"We're Getting Smarter" effect.

Answer 2

Flynn effect.

Question 3

Which of the following is a similarity between intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders?

A)Both begin late in life.
B)Each leads to difficulties within a narrow range of life functioning.
C)Academic aptitude is impaired with both.
D)Both are initially a shock to parents.

Answer 3

Both are initially a shock to parents.

Question 4

You are watching the film Rain Man and,based on your course work in abnormal psychology,you recognize that an appropriate diagnostic category for the character Raymond,portrayed by Dustin Hoffman,is

A)Rett's disorder.
B)fetal alcohol syndrome.
C)neurosis.
D)autism spectrum disorders.

Question 5

What system was used in early intelligence tests to compute an IQ?

A)comparing a score to group norms
B)dividing chronological age by mental age
C)dividing mental age by chronological age
D)translating a score into standard deviations

Question 6

The statistic in which the differences from the mean are squared (to eliminate negative numbers)before they are added together and divided by their total number is called the

A)standard deviation.
B)mean deviations.
C)median.
D)variance.

Question 7

IQ scores are derived from standard scores,and to calculate a standard score,you need to know

A)the mode.
B)the normal distribution.
C)the mean and standard deviation.
D)the mode and the median.

Question 8

Both the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and DSM-5 recognize that

A)IQ scores define intelligence.
B)intelligence is more than an IQ score.
C)conceptual skills are part of IQ scores.
D)IQ measures social intelligence.

Question 9

According to DSM-5 criteria,a person can only be diagnosed as having intellectual disability if he or she has an IQ that is below approximately

A)25.
B)50.
C)70.
D)90.

Question 10

Which of the following is a DSM-5 criterion for intellectual disability?

A)unconfirmed (based on clinical judgment)limitation in intellectual functioning
B)significant limitation in adaptive functioning
C)significant perceptual impairment
D)onset after age 21

Question 11

The cutoff score for intellectual disability is approximately two standard deviations below the mean.If IQ scores were normally distributed,this would mean that approximately _____ percent of the population would fall below this cutoff?

A)0.5
B)2
C)9
D)15

Question 12

Al is 64 years old; he is currently a patient at a local hospital where a psychological battery revealed that he has subaverage intelligence and related deficits.Physicians and psychologists believe that his condition is the result of a degenerative brain disease.What is Al's most likely diagnosis?

A)dementia
B)delirium
C)emotional trauma
D)Asperger's disorder

Question 13

What do we call the midpoint of a frequency distribution?

A)mode
B)norm
C)mean
D)median

Question 14

What is the mean and standard deviation of most intelligence tests?

A)mean of 85,standard deviation of 15
B)mean of 100,standard deviation of 30
C)mean of 100,standard deviation of 15
D)mean of 115,standard deviation of 30

Question 15

The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD),as well as DSM-5,use the term ________ for what was previously called "mental retardation."

A)intellectually challenged
B)savantism
C)intellectual disability
D)learning disability

Question 16

29-year-old Brenda has an IQ of 67,yet she finished fourth grade.She lives with her boyfriend,pays her bills with money she earns as a factory worker,and is able to live without supervision.What is Brenda's most likely diagnosis in terms of the DSM-5 classification of intellectual disability?

A)intellectual disability,because of low IQ
B)not intellectual disability,because she is over 18
C)intellectual disability,because of low educational status
D)not intellectual disability,because she is functioning adaptively

Question 17

Many human characteristics,such as height,are distributed so the majority of scores fall in the middle of the distribution,with fewer extreme scores.What do we call this type of distribution?

A)bimodal curve
B)standardized curve
C)normal distribution
D)expected distribution

Question 18

A psychologist has collected some data on the number of friends that college students report they have.The data set follows: 6,4,3,2,7,3,8,5.If the psychologist reports 3 as a measure of central tendency,which measure was used?

A)mode
B)mean
C)median
D)standard deviation

Question 19

Which child is most likely to show a significant change in IQ score if retested five years later?

A)Anne,who is three years old
B)Bob,who is ten years old
C)Cara,who is thirteen years old
D)Darla,who is seventeen years old

Question 20

In the United States,the term "mental retardation" has been replaced by the term "intellectual disability" by

A)law.
B)some psychologists.
C)DSM-5 only.
D)all citizens for the last three decades.

Question 21

Which of the following events is the most likely reason that a person formerly classified as having an intellectual disability would no longer be classified as such a few years later?

A)The person turned 18.
B)The person's IQ increased significantly.
C)The person became financially independent.
D)The demands of work are different than the demands of school.

Question 22

By their 30s,individuals with Down syndrome develop brain pathology that is similar to that found in

A)Alzheimer's disease.
B)Parkinson's disease.
C)Huntington's disease.
D)Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 23

What is the most common known biological cause of intellectual disability?

A)PKU
B)Down syndrome
C)lead poisoning
D)fragile X syndrome

Question 24

IQ tests were originally designed to

A)detect the extraordinarily gifted.
B)assess level of adaptive functioning.
C)rank people according to intelligence.
D)measure the potential for school achievement.

Question 25

Intellectual disability is defined ________ in more industrialized countries than in less industrialized countries.

A)in broader terms
B)less often
C)differently
D)more often by the parents

Question 26

What evidence do psychologists put forth in support of the validity of intelligence tests?

A)The mean IQ score in the population is 100.
B)IQ scores precisely measure the potential for school achievement.
C)Estimates of the heritability of intelligence are approximately 50 percent.
D)IQ scores in preschool years are moderately correlated with IQ scores based on tests administered at the end of high school.

Question 27

In addition to an IQ test,which of the following instruments might be used to make a diagnosis of intellectual disability?

A)Scholastic Aptitude Test
B)Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
C)Halstead Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
D)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Question 28

Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon developed the first intelligence test in 1905 in response to a request by the French government to identify

A)men fit for the military.
B)extraordinarily gifted individuals.
C)civil service personnel needing further training.
D)children in need of special educational services.

Question 29

The statistic formulated by adding a group of scores together and then by dividing that sum by the total number of scores is called the

A)median.
B)mean.
C)mode.
D)variance.

Question 30

Even though more than 2.3 percent of people have IQs below the 70 cutoff,only about 1 percent of the population has an intellectual disability.The prevalence of intellectual disability is lower than the prevalence of low IQs because

A)IQ tests are not reliable.
B)most forms of intellectual disability have biological causes.
C)many adults with low IQs have adequate adaptive skills.
D)only people younger than age 18 can be diagnosed with intellectual disability.

Question 31

A culture-fair IQ test

A)is designed to be used with one particular culture.
B)contains material equally familiar to people from diverse backgrounds.
C)recognizes cultural differences in the definition of intelligence.
D)is impossible to construct,which is why IQ testing is invalid.

Question 32

A researcher is investigating the biological and psychological characteristics of a sample of individuals with XYY syndrome.Which of the following is he likely to find?

A)They have criminal records.
B)They experience delusions and hallucinations.
C)Their mean IQ is about 10 points lower than average.
D)Their behavior is likely to meet the criteria for pervasive developmental disorder.

Question 33

Which of the following individuals with intellectual disability is most likely to be diagnosed with a form that is due to a known biological origin?

A)Beverly,who has physical handicaps
B)Edward,whose family lives in a poor neighborhood
C)Sara,whose intellectual disability is in the mild range
D)Robert,who was six years old when his intellectual disability was diagnosed

Question 34

Approximately ____ percent of intellectual disability cases can be attributed to known biological abnormalities.

A)5
B)20
C)50
D)80

Question 35

A researcher has collected nationwide data for the age of mothers at the time they give birth and the incidence of Down syndrome.What relationship between maternal age and Down syndrome is this researcher likely to find?

A)a very weak relationship
B)incidence of Down syndrome increases among those born to mothers who are older
C)incidence of Down syndrome decreases among those born to mothers who are older
D)incidence of Down syndrome increases among mothers under the age 35

Question 36

Jim has been diagnosed with intellectual disability.In her report,a social worker notes that Jim is likely to need close supervision for community living over a long period.What term has traditionally been used to describe the type of intellectual disability that would require this level of support?

A)mild
B)moderate
C)severe
D)profound

Question 37

Trisomy 21 is another name for

A)Down syndrome.
B)Turner syndrome.
C)Kanner's syndrome.
D)fragile X syndrome.

Question 38

Fragile X syndrome is characterized by

A)an extra Y sex chromosome.
B)an extra X sex chromosome.
C)a missing X sex chromosome.
D)an abnormality on the X sex chromosome.

Question 39

In 1866,what did the British physician Langdon Down describe for the first time?

A)characteristics of autism
B)a subgroup of intellectual disabilities
C)the case of the "wild boy of Aveyron"
D)the condition of pervasive developmental disorder

Question 40

Due to a U.S.Supreme Court ruling that death constitutes "cruel and unusual punishment" for people with intellectual disabilities,an IQ score of 69 rather than 70 can mean

A)death.
B)retrial.
C)treatment.
D)exoneration.

Question 41

Phenylketonuria,Tay-Sachs disease,Hurler syndrome,and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are all included in the same section of your textbook because they are all

A)mild forms of intellectual disability.
B)prevalent only in boys.
C)caused by recessive gene pairings.
D)linked to chromosome 21.

Question 42

Which of these newborns represents the clearest example of a premature birth?

A)Sal,who has PKU
B)David,who weighs under 5 pounds
C)Barbara,who is 20 inches long
D)Eve,who was born after 40 weeks of gestation

Question 43

Up to _____ percent of the normal range of intelligence can be attributed to a genetic factor.

A)10
B)25
C)50
D)75

Question 44

What is one common cause of lead exposure in children?

A)insulation
B)canned foods
C)heating systems
D)chipping lead-based paint

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of the eugenics movement in the United States?

A)the selective breeding of people with high IQs
B)the investigation of the human genome
C)the forced sterilization of people with intellectual disabilities
D)the establishment of Head Start programs

Question 46

Rubella,human immunodeficiency virus,syphilis,and encephalitis are all included in the same section of your textbook because they are all

A)caused by recessive gene pairings.
B)infectious diseases that can cause intellectual disability.
C)the most common forms of death for people with severe and profound intellectual disability.
D)the result of per-natal and perinatal complications.

Question 47

Which disease can cause intellectual disability in children when it is transmitted from the mother to the child during delivery?

A)rubella
B)encephalitis
C)toxoplasmosis
D)genital herpes

Question 48

Between 1927 and 1979,more than ______ citizens of Virginia were forcibly sexually sterilized.

A)1,000
B)4,000
C)8,000
D)80,000

Question 49

Which of the following pairs of individuals shows the highest correlation in IQ scores?

A)an adoptive parent and child
B)a biological parent and child
C)monozygotic twins reared together
D)biological siblings reared together

Question 50

What types of intellectual disability are described by the term cultural-familial?

A)those due to drug abuse during pregnancy
B)those resulting from sexually transmitted diseases
C)those that run in families and are linked to poverty
D)those that are due to chromosomal abnormalities common in certain ethnic groups

Question 51

Which of the following causes of intellectual disability results from infection of the brain?

A)encephalitis
B)Turner syndrome
C)Klinefelter syndrome
D)fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 52

According to the recommendation of the Surgeon General of the United States,what level of alcohol consumption is safe for pregnant women?

A)1 ounce per day
B)1 ounce per week
C)1 ounce per month
D)zero alcohol

Question 53

A nurse in a pediatrician's office is instructing the new assistant.Together,they review files in order to help the assistant become familiar with the job and the terminology.When they review one file,they see the word "anoxia." What can they conclude about the child based on the inclusion of this term in his file?

A)The baby suffered oxygen deprivation and may have intellectual disabilities.
B)The child prefers to play by himself rather than in social groups.
C)The child has not developed language at the same rate as other children of his age.
D)The baby has a rare genetic disorder that predisposes him to develop behavioral difficulties.

Question 54

Which of the following occurs only in females?

A)XYY syndrome
B)Turner syndrome
C)fragile X syndrome
D)Klinefelter syndrome

Question 55

A researcher is describing a theory of the interaction of genes and the environment on intelligence and uses the term "reaction range." Which of the following is an example of this concept?

A)The effects of environment occur only at the lower ends of the distribution of intelligence scores.
B)An individual who may have genes for lower IQ can reach a higher level of intelligence in an enriched environment.
C)Psychologists are developing new tests of intellectual functioning that are thought to be more culture-free than previous tests.
D)There is a very specific level of intelligence that can be affected by genetic factors; the rest is the result of the environment.

Question 56

A mother's infection rubella (German measles)can cause her child to be born with severe intellectual disability,especially if the mother contracts the infection in the _________ of pregnancy.

A)first three months
B)last three months
C)second three months
D)last few days

Question 57

What is the problem in Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?

A)Chromosomal abnormalities cause intellectual disability.
B)Unmetabolized amino acids cause brain damage.
C)Brain infection causes damaging cranial pressure.
D)The mother's antibodies attack the blood cells of the fetus.

Question 58

What can a caretaker do to diminish the intellectual disability associated with PKU?

A)use long‑term behavior modification
B)schedule monthly blood transfusions
C)serve foods that are low in phenylalanine
D)teach the child to communicate via sign language

Question 59

Which of the following symptoms are associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A)severe intellectual disability and gaze aversion
B)profound intellectual disability and sensory deficits
C)mild intellectual disability and learning disabilities
D)moderate intellectual disability and motor dysfunctions

Question 60

Why does cultural-familial mental disability occur more frequently among the poor?

A)Poor nutrition causes PKU.
B)Impoverished environments can be less intellectually stimulating.
C)Chromosomal abnormalities are more common in the lower classes.
D)Sexually transmitted diseases are more common in the lower classes.

Question 61

A common problem with ASD is where the subtleties of speech production are unusual: speech is disturbed in rate,rhythm,and intonation.The child or adult with ASD sounds unusual to the normal listener,even when the speech content is normal.These disruptions are referred to as

A)aphonia.
B)dysprosody.
C)dysrythmia.
D)anhedonia.

Question 62

What would be the goal of a tertiary prevention program for people with intellectual disability?

A)to prevent pregnant women from abusing alcohol
B)to deal with the various social and motional difficulties faced by people with intellectual disability
C)to encourage the use of amniocentesis
D)to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases that can cause intellectual disability

Question 63

What is amniocentesis?

A)an untreatable brain infection
B)a failure of amino acids to bind
C)an inability to metabolize phenylalanine
D)a procedure for detecting genetic abnormalities of a fetus

Question 64

Why are the apparent sensory deficits seen in some people with ASD referred to as "apparent"?

A)There is no impairment in the sense organ,but the individual's response makes it appear otherwise.
B)There is no way to assess the sensory functioning of children with ASD.
C)What appears to be a deficit is often a form of willful behavior.
D)Parents incorrectly perceive these children as having deficits.

Question 65

A parent of an ASD child may remember that the child was ________ as a baby.

A)too easy
B)very interested in cuddling
C)very difficult
D)greatly interested in attention and stimulation

Question 66

Which of the following is one of the classic symptoms of ASD?

A)"mongoloid" facial features
B)delayed physical development
C)impaired communication ability
D)inability to metabolize phenylalanine

Question 67

What basic problem is reflected in the communication difficulties and impaired social relationships of ASD children?

A)motor impairments
B)perceptual impairment
C)depression and sleeplessness
D)lack of social imitation and reciprocity

Question 68

What is savant performance?

A)extreme sociability
B)self-injurious behavior
C)very high IQ and superior intelligence
D)an exceptional skill in a specific area

Question 69

Temple Grandin was diagnosed as autistic when she was young.What aspect of her life has been of special interest to psychologists?

A)She has given birth to children who show no signs of autism.
B)She has managed to live longer than most individuals with autism.
C)She earned a Ph.D.in animal science and has developed widely used techniques for animal management.
D)Her experience with autism has allowed her to become a clinician who has expertise in treating autistic children.

Question 70

Which of the following characterizes the physical appearance of children with ASD?

A)uncoordinated movements
B)small head circumference
C)normal physical appearance
D)"mongoloid" facial features

Question 71

What might explain the self-stimulation behavior of children with ASD?

A)It is probably a form of death wish.
B)It may help to make a terrifying world more constant and predictable.
C)There is really no explanation.
D)It is an effort to overcome social isolation.

Question 72

Why does Temple Grandin describe herself as "an anthropologist on Mars"?

A)Her autism has left her with difficulties in understanding normal human emotions,so she must rely on deliberate observations to infer others' feelings.
B)She can communicate with other autistic individuals using a code that she has developed.
C)Like most people with autism,she has unusual beliefs,including a belief that she has had a past life as an alien.
D)Like an anthropologist,the search for clues to understand the causes of autism requires digging deeply into one's past.

Question 73

You are attempting to design ways of observing young children that predict an increased risk for autism.Based on recent NIMH research,you would look for

A)exceptional artistic ability.
B)infants who orient to their names less than do others.
C)infants who use more gestures than other children use.
D)exceptional mathematical ability.

Question 74

How would a psychologist describe the behavior of children with ASD?

A)psychotic
B)restrictive and repetitive
C)manipulative and antisocial
D)dependent and emotionally needy

Question 75

Insuring that handicapped children are provided with educational opportunities in the least restrictive environment possible,generally in a regular classroom,is termed

A)regularizing.
B)residential schooling.
C)public schooling.
D)mainstreaming.

Question 76

What do psychologists mean when they say that an autistic individual lacks a theory of mind?

A)The individual's brain is so damaged there is no mind there.
B)These individuals fail to appreciate that other people have a point of reference that differs from their own.
C)The disorder is so devastating that there is no chance of recovery,and it affects the mental health of other family members.
D)The inability to bond to caretakers has left these individuals in an existential vacuum,without a way of explaining the complexity that surrounds them.

Question 77

What has research on the effectiveness of Head Start revealed?

A)long-term increases in IQ levels
B)no reduction in cultural-familial intellectual disability
C)short-term increases in IQ and academic achievement
D)improved health but no differences in academic performance

Question 78

Approximately _____ percent of children with classic autism remain mute.

A)5
B)10
C)25
D)50

Question 79

Uttering phrases back is known as

A)dysprosody.
B)normalization.
C)a motor coordination problem.
D)echolalia.

Question 80

Which of the following is an example of the primary prevention of a biological cause of intellectual disability?

A)vaccinations for rubella
B)medical screening for PKU
C)programs such as Sesame Street
D)enrollment of toddlers in Head Start programs