Deck 13: Disorders

Question 1

Which statement is true about anhedonia?

A)It is found in schizophrenia and also in severe depression.
B)Anhedonia is a transitory feature for most people with schizophrenia.
C)It refers to the inability to understand speech.
D)Anhedonia is unique to schizophrenia.

Answer 1

It is found in schizophrenia and also in severe depression.

Question 2

The phase of schizophrenia in which the most dramatic symptoms of psychosis have improved,but in which the person continues to be impaired in various ways,is labeled

A)prodromal.
B)active.
C)residual.
D)acute.

Answer 2

residual.

Question 3

Ted is taking notes in an abnormal psychology course; the topic today is the diagnosis of schizophrenia.When Ted reviews the material next week,how might he summarize the material on the symptoms used to identify schizophrenia?

A)No single symptom is indicative of schizophrenia.
B)Delusions and hallucinations define the disorder.
C)Psychosis is not found in any condition other than schizophrenia.
D)The negative symptoms indicate the absence of schizophrenia.

Answer 3

No single symptom is indicative of schizophrenia.

Question 4

In January,Rita was beginning to perform poorly at work; she was neglecting her appearance,becoming withdrawn,and exhibiting odd behaviors.In June,Rita showed the full‑blown symptoms of schizophrenia.Her behavior in January can be considered part of which phase of the disorder?

A)active
B)residual
C)prodromal
D)undifferentiated

Question 5

How do positive and negative symptoms compare in terms of their course over time?

A)Negative symptoms fluctuate.
B)Negative symptoms are more stable.
C)Positive symptoms get steadily worse.
D)Positive symptoms steadily improve.

Question 6

When patients who are suffering delusions are confronted with contradictory evidence,they

A)defend their beliefs with conviction.
B)concede their error but then develop new delusions.
C)defend their beliefs but only half-heartedly,knowing they are in error.
D)are unable to engage in coherent speech.

Question 7

Monty,who has been diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia,shows only the slightest smile when happy or the slightest frown when upset.His limited emotional expressiveness is called

A)catatonia.
B)anhedonia.
C)dissociation.
D)diminished emotional expression.

Question 8

What are delusions?

A)examples of disorganized speech
B)rigidly held,idiosyncratic beliefs
C)sensory experiences in the absence of external stimuli
D)lifelong convictions that are limited to one's cultural group

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A)flat affect
B)hallucinations
C)social withdrawal
D)lack of initiative

Question 10

Marvin has a long history of schizophrenia.His doctors say that he is currently in the residual phase; from this we can conclude that he

A)has recovered.
B)has recently suffered an acute relapse.
C)continues to be impaired in various ways.
D)is experiencing hallucinations but not delusions.

Question 11

When does the prodromal phase of schizophrenia occur?

A)after the active phase
B)at the point of greatest disturbance
C)before active psychotic symptoms are present
D)when the patient is treated with neuroleptic medications

Question 12

During an interview,a patient says he frequently hears the voice of his sister coming from his image in the bathroom mirror.The psychologist who is conducting the interview most likely writes that the patient presents evidence of

A)delusions.
B)hallucinations.
C)negative symptoms.
D)loose associations.

Question 13

The most common age when symptoms of schizophrenia may initially appear is

A)before age three.
B)between six and ten years old.
C)in adolescence and early adulthood.
D)after age 40.

Question 14

What term is used to describe patients who feel no joy or excitement,even while doing things they formerly enjoyed?

A)anhedonia
B)blunted affect
C)affective disorder
D)inappropriate affect

Question 15

What is the long-term outcome for people with schizophrenia?

A)Most people recover.
B)Most people do not recover completely.
C)Males have a higher recovery rate than females.
D)Those who develop the disorder while young rarely recover completely.

Question 16

The experience of most schizophrenics may be seen as falling into three phases: prodromal,active,and

A)terminal.
B)residual.
C)acute.
D)chronic.

Question 17

The feature that hallucinations in schizophrenia share in common is

A)visual experience.
B)auditory experience.
C)the voice of God.
D)sensory experience.

Question 18

Schizophrenic symptoms,sometimes called psychotic symptoms,that include hallucinations and delusions are known as

A)positive symptoms.
B)negative symptoms.
C)aberrant symptoms.
D)hallucinatory symptoms.

Question 19

Which of the following is considered one of the earliest signs that someone may eventually meet the criteria for schizophrenia?

A)insomnia
B)social isolation
C)loose associations
D)auditory hallucinations

Question 20

Avolition refers to

A)indecisiveness and a lack of willpower.
B)lack of speech.
C)loose associations.
D)inappropriate affect.

Question 21

What aspect of the symptoms of schizophrenia is described by the term "loose associations"?

A)social withdrawal
B)shifting topics too abruptly
C)disruptions in neurotransmitter functioning
D)lack of relation between cognitive and emotional symptoms

Question 22

In order to diagnose schizophrenia,DSM-5 requires that active-phase symptoms be present for a significant portion of time during a period of

A)one week.
B)one month.
C)three months.
D)one year.

Question 23

During an interview,a patient suffering from schizophrenia gives answers that seem to be responses to the questions but are entangled in irrelevant details.What term is used to describe this phenomenon?

A)alogia
B)hallucination
C)perseveration
D)tangentiality

Question 24

Catatonic behavior refers to disturbances in

A)speech.
B)motor function.
C)emotional expression.
D)capacity for intimacy.

Question 25

Which of these individuals is most likely to receive the diagnosis of delusional disorder?

A)Beverly,whose behavior is normal apart from the fact that she believes the pope is trying to poison her food
B)Carol,who meets the full symptomatic criteria for schizophrenia
C)David,who displays disorganized speech
D)Eileen,who displays catatonic and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 26

Mark is a patient who has been diagnosed with catatonic behavior.Which of these symptoms might characterize his condition?

A)He appears frozen,like a mannequin.
B)He answers "Bohemia" to every question asked.
C)He believes he sees his dead father in the room.
D)He writes to the CIA about Napoleon's attempts to capture him.

Question 27

DSM-5 requires a minimum of _____ symptom(s)in order to diagnose schizophrenia.

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)five

Question 28

The term "schizophrenia" was coined by

A)DSM-5.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)B.F.Skinner.
D)Eugen Bleuler.

Question 29

If the physiological effects of a drug of abuse are involved in the disturbance,the DSM-5 diagnosis

A)is still schizophrenia.
B)should be schizophreniform disorder.
C)cannot be schizophrenia.
D)would be bipolar disorder.

Question 30

Which of the following individuals exhibits behavior that would be described by the term disorganized speech?

A)Harold,who uses words in peculiar ways
B)Pat,who tends to overuse the past tense
C)Susan,whose speech contains some grammatical errors
D)Rebecca,who discusses strong convictions about preposterous ideas

Question 31

To diagnose an illness as schizophrenia,DSM-5 requires that ________ be ruled out.

A)hallucinations
B)silly,child-like behaviors
C)negative symptoms
D)other medical conditions that could cause the disturbance

Question 32

Mood disorders present ________ need not be ruled out for a DSM-5 diagnosis of schizophrenia.

A)for a majority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness
B)for the total duration of the illness
C)for a minority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness
D)concurrently with active-phase symptoms for the length of the illness

Question 33

In terms of duration,schizophreniform disorder falls between ________ and schizophrenia.

A)autism spectrum disorder
B)the residual phase of schizophrenia
C)brief psychotic disorder
D)major depression

Question 34

If a person displays psychotic symptoms for at least one month but less than six months,the DSM-5 diagnosis would be

A)schizophrenia.
B)grossly disorganized disorder.
C)autism spectrum disorder.
D)schizophreniform disorder.

Question 35

Adrian,a graduate student,is learning to use DSM-5 and is surprised to find that there are no official subtypes of schizophrenia given,even though he remembers seeing them in previous DSM versions.Which of the following statements is true regarding this discrepancy?

A)The previous subtypes were strong predictors of the course of the disorder.
B)Recent genetic evidence showed that the subtypes were etiologically distinct syndromes.
C)Evidence has shown that the previous subtypes were not qualitatively different disorders.
D)The subtypes were valid.

Question 36

DSM-5 states that continuous signs of the disturbance,which can include prodromal or residual symptoms as well as active-phase symptoms,must persist for at least _____ month(s)in order to diagnose schizophrenia

A)one
B)three
C)six
D)nine

Question 37

"Schizophrenia" refers to the splitting of mental associations.As an unfortunate result of this choice of terms,laypeople often think "schizophrenia" refers to

A)major depression.
B)memory loss.
C)anorexia nervosa.
D)dissociative identity disorder.

Question 38

Melissa begins giggling when discussing a recent car accident in which her brother was killed,and she cries when telling a joke she heard on television.What term do we for this behavior?
a.anhedonia
b.catatonia
c.delusional thinking
d.inappropriate affect

Question 39

Tania suffers from schizophrenia,and hospital staff have observed that she has been purposelessly pacing back and forth and rubbing her hands together in a special pattern for several hours.Tania is exhibiting

A)paranoia.
B)catatonic behavior.
C)motor fluidity.
D)dementia.

Question 40

What is another term for disorganized speech?

A)delusion
B)catatonia
C)thought disorder
D)tardive dyskinesia

Question 41

Cross-cultural studies of the rate of schizophrenia show

A)higher rates in Western cultures.
B)higher rates in rural populations.
C)higher rates in urban populations.
D)higher rates in poor societies.

Question 42

What do studies of concordance rates for schizophrenia in monozygotic (MZ)and dizygotic (DZ)twins show?

A)almost 100 percent concordance in MZ twins,0 percent in DZ
B)very low rates of concordance in either type of twin
C)consistent evidence of higher concordance in DZ than MZ
D)consistent evidence of higher concordance in MZ than DZ

Question 43

Schizoaffective disorder involves

A)split personality.
B)emotionally-based delusions.
C)"cut off" emotions and lack of expressiveness.
D)the overlapping of symptoms of schizophrenia with those of mood disorder with psychotic features.

Question 44

After reviewing the results of the follow-up research conducted by Manfred Bleuler,what conclusion could we reach concerning the outcome of schizophrenia?

A)The long-term prospects for people with this disorder remains dismal in most cases.
B)About half of those diagnosed with schizophrenia will either recover or exhibit at least some significant improvement.
C)Contrary to general opinion,schizophrenia is more of an episodic disorder from which recovery rates tend to be quite high.
D)The deterioration that occurs in schizophrenia is not reversible,and consequently few,if any,people will make any meaningful recovery.

Question 45

Rich always heard that there are no gender differences in the rate of schizophrenia; however,he has just been told that closer inspection yields certain differences of interest.Which of the following describes some of those differences?

A)Men have more positive symptoms and a more chronic course.
B)Men develop the disorder earlier and have a more chronic course.
C)Women develop the disorder later and have a more chronic course.
D)Women have more negative symptoms and a less chronic course.

Question 46

In the search for genetic contributions to schizophrenic disorders,attention is being paid to a form of the COMT gene (called the Val allele),which seems to

A)decrease the rate of apoptosis.
B)alter the functioning of the amygdala.
C)affect the transmission of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex.
D)alter GABA activity.

Question 47

Your textbook suggests that there is a great irony involved in research on schizophrenia,noting that

A)the original physician who developed the diagnostic category was later diagnosed with schizophrenia himself.
B)for over 100 years,we have known that the diagnostic category we now recognize as schizophrenia may well be composed of many different kinds of mental disorders.
C)we have had a clear model of the cause of schizophrenia for over 100 years,but we have still not identified an effective treatment.
D)schizophrenia is really another name for bipolar disorder.

Question 48

A research report refers to the "spectrum of schizophrenia disorders." Which of the following best illustrates this concept?

A)Mood disorders with psychotic features are similar to schizophrenia.
B)The rate of schizophrenia depends on the types of viruses that are prevalent in a given environment.
C)A family with a member suffering from schizophrenia is at higher risk for disorders such as schizoaffective disorder.
D)Efforts to understand one's place in the world lead many to experience an existential crisis that appears similar to schizophrenia.

Question 49

Two patients are in the local mental hospital: one is diagnosed with delusional disorder and the other with schizophrenia.What is the major difference between these two patients?

A)The patient with delusional disorder shows evidence of a mood disorder.
B)The patient with schizophrenia has negative,but not positive symptoms.
C)The patient with schizophrenia has no history of schizophrenia in the family.
D)The behavior of the patient with delusional disorder is not bizarre,and other than in areas related to his delusions,he experiences no social or occupational impairment.

Question 50

Leonard Heston conducted an adoption study of the possible causes of schizophrenia.What was the major finding in his study?

A)There was no evidence of a genetic influence on schizophrenia.
B)Adopted individuals had higher rates of schizophrenia regardless of the mental health status of their parents.
C)An individual's childhood environment has a much greater impact on the incidence of schizophrenia than do genetic factors.
D)Adopted children whose birth mothers were schizophrenic developed schizophrenia at a higher rate than did children born to normal mothers.

Question 51

According to DSM-5,brief psychotic disorder refers to psychotic symptoms lasting how long?

A)less than twenty-four hours
B)one day to one month
C)one month to six months
D)six months to twelve months

Question 52

What diagnostic category is used to describe individuals who experience transient symptoms of schizophrenia and then complete recovery?

A)catatonia
B)anhedonia
C)split personality
D)brief psychotic disorder

Question 53

The best predictor of schizophrenia symptom severity at follow-up is

A)the age of the patient.
B)the severity of psychotic symptoms at initial assessment.
C)previous social adjustment.
D)the subtype of schizophrenia.

Question 54

Cross-cultural studies of the rate of schizophrenia in various types of communities found that clinical outcomes were significantly better in developing countries such as Nigeria and India.What aspect of life in these cultures has been hypothesized to account for these outcomes?

A)less stressful lifestyles
B)milder forms of schizophrenia
C)greater tolerance and acceptance of people with schizophrenia
D)racial differences in response to medication and dietary factors

Question 55

What have researchers discovered from their examinations of the pregnancy and birth records of people who later develop schizophrenia?

A)Their mothers experienced more complications at the time of labor and delivery.
B)Their mothers experienced fewer complications at the time of labor and delivery.
C)Their mothers experienced more complications during pregnancy but not at the time of labor and delivery.
D)Their mothers experienced fewer complications during pregnancy.

Question 56

Worldwide,how many people out of every 100 will experience or display symptoms of schizophrenia at some time during their lives?

A)1
B)5
C)10 d 15

Question 57

The long-term prognosis for patients who experience brief psychotic disorder is

A)very poor.
B)guarded.
C)fair.
D)good.

Question 58

What is one of the indirect lines of evidence supporting the hypothesis that viral infections play a role in the etiology of some cases of schizophrenia?

A)The rates of schizophrenia tend to be elevated during periods of famine.
B)There is a slightly elevated rate of schizophrenia among people born in the winter months.
C)There is a correlation between indices of air pollution and rates of schizophrenia around the world.
D)High doses of drugs designed to fight viral infections can reduce some of the symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 59

What evidence suggests that the development of schizophrenic disorders is not entirely explained by genetics?

A)None of the twin studies have found a concordance rate that even approaches 100 percent.
B)DZ twins are not 100 percent concordant.
C)Concordance rates for MZ twins are less than for DZ twins.
D)Concordance rates for DZ twins are less than for MZ twins.

Question 60

What has research shown concerning the link between schizophrenia and the lateral ventricles of the brain?

A)On average,schizophrenics have enlarged lateral ventricles.
B)All patients with schizophrenia have enlarged lateral ventricles.
C)Enlarged lateral ventricles are found only in schizophrenia.
D)Enlarged lateral ventricles predict early onset of schizophrenia.

Question 61

A study was done in the Netherlands following World War II that looked at the causes of schizophrenia.Based on the finding of this study,a logical social policy would be one that

A)assisted pregnant mothers with nutrition.
B)taught communication skills to young families.
C)provided housing for poor families.
D)discouraged pregnancy during wartime.

Question 62

High rates of schizophrenia are found in groups that have

A)migrated to a new country.
B)stayed in the same small town or village for their whole lifetime.
C)moved within a given country frequently.
D)frequently changed career goals.

Question 63

Current neurochemical hypotheses regarding schizophrenia focus on

A)dopamine deficiencies.
B)excessive levels of dopamine.
C)a broad array of neurotransmitters.
D)dietary deficiencies.

Question 64

Which of the following conclusions about expressed emotion (EE)is most accurate?

A)EE is a significant cause of schizophrenia.
B)EE is a poor predictor of relapse in schizophrenic patients.
C)EE is a better predictor of outcome for mood and eating disorders than it is for schizophrenia.
D)EE is a significant cause of both schizophrenia and mood disorders.

Question 65

Which of the following describes the relationship between the rate of schizophrenia and social class found in studies done in Chicago over 70 years ago?

A)The highest rates are found in the upper classes.
B)The highest rates are found in the lower classes.
C)The highest rates are found in the middle classes.
D)The rates of schizophrenia are similar across classes.

Question 66

Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is most difficult for family members to accept and tolerate?

A)delusions
B)withdrawal
C)hallucinations
D)disorganized speech

Question 67

The neurological impairments found in schizophrenic patients have also been studied in the unaffected twins of schizophrenic patients.Compared to the neurological impairments of "well" twins,the neurological impairments in their schizophrenic twins are

A)marked by more activity in the occipital lobe.
B)marked by a larger hippocampus and smaller amygdala.
C)marked by a smaller hippocampus and amygdala.
D)about the same as the "well" twin.

Question 68

One of the first neurochemical theories of schizophrenia focused on altered activity of which of the following systems?

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)norepinephrine
D)estrogen

Question 69

In a study of identical twins by the National Institute of Mental Health,when one twin had schizophrenia and the other did not,the schizophrenic twin always showed reduced activity in which lobe of the brain when compared to the unaffected co-twin?

A)occipital
B)frontal
C)parietal
D)medulla

Question 70

According to the social selection hypothesis,the rate of schizophrenia is higher in the lower classes in the United States because

A)the stresses of living in poverty trigger schizophrenic symptoms.
B)poor health care and nutrition trigger schizophrenic symptoms.
C)schizophrenics are less able to find or hold good jobs.
D)only poor schizophrenics are labeled as mentally ill.

Question 71

What does the social causation hypothesis propose as the cause of the high rate of schizophrenia in the lower classes in the United States?

A)inappropriate mothering
B)labeling and rejection by society
C)stressful events and poor health care
D)high negative emotions in lower class families

Question 72

Expressed emotion in families is thought to influence the

A)development of schizophrenia.
B)probability of relapse by schizophrenic patients.
C)content of delusions shown by schizophrenic patients.
D)display of positive or negative symptoms by schizophrenic patients.

Question 73

Based on the results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),what areas of the brain have been found to be smaller in people with schizophrenia as compared to those without the disorder?

A)corpus callosum and pons
B)parts of the limbic system
C)cerebellum and basal ganglia
D)prefrontal cortex and medulla

Question 74

What conclusion is warranted concerning the causal role of disturbed communication in families?

A)Disturbed communication is a significant cause of schizophrenia.
B)Disturbed communication does not cause people to develop schizophrenia.
C)Disturbed communication is responsible for the onset of schizophrenia,but not for its continuation.
D)Disturbed communication is a cause of schizophreniform disorder but not schizophrenia.

Question 75

Expressed emotion refers to

A)family members being negative and intrusive.
B)family members showing acceptance and caring.
C)the appropriateness of a schizophrenic person's affect.
D)the schizophrenic person's stated desire to engage in social relations.

Question 76

Evidence for the role of the environment in the etiology of schizophrenia is

A)non-existent.
B)questionable.
C)anecdotal.
D)compelling.

Question 77

The newspaper contains a report of a research team in Europe that has found a brain area in a group of schizophrenic patients that is smaller than the same area in normal individuals.The article was written by a well-known science writer who has a keen understanding of schizophrenia.What is he likely to conclude?

A)Dietary factors account for most differences in brain size.
B)A complex disorder such as schizophrenia is not likely to be traced to a single brain site.
C)The differences are probably the result of differences in the size of the individuals that made up the respective groups.
D)Most such differences have been found to be the result of drug treatments for the disorder and not reflections of some underlying cause.

Question 78

Studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)have found diminished size of structures in the limbic systems of schizophrenics' brains.Why is this finding potentially important?

A)The limbic system integrates cognition and emotion.
B)The limbic system coordinates eye tracking and visual perception.
C)The limbic system is the seat of consciousness and sense of identity.
D)Abstract reasoning and problem solving are organized in the limbic system.

Question 79

The current emphasis on using brain imaging procedures with patients suffering from schizophrenia is based on the belief that such procedures

A)can assist with diagnosis.
B)might help identify the neuropathology that causes schizophrenia.
C)allow us to determine which medication will be of greatest benefit to the patients.
D)will show that schizophrenia is actually a form of split personality.

Question 80

Measures of blood flow in various areas of the cerebral cortex show that while working on various tasks,schizophrenic patients do not show expected increases in blood flow to the

A)cerebellum and corpus callosum.
B)occipital lobes and parietal lobes.
C)prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes.
D)lateral ventricles and corpus callosum.