Deck 5: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

Mary has had two episodes of major depression with no other periods of psychological disturbance.What is the appropriate description of her symptoms?

A)dysthymia
B)double depression
C)bipolar mood disorder
D)depressive disorder

Answer 1

depressive disorder

Question 2

The case of Cathy presented in your text is an example of major depressive disorder.One of the aspects of her case that clearly tells us her mood was more than just normal sadness is that Cathy

A)had become impaired in her ability to work.
B)did not have any manic or hypomanic symptoms.
C)had been separated from her husband for five years.
D)felt unworthy of her latest promotion at work.

Answer 2

had become impaired in her ability to work.

Question 3

As was the case of Debbie in the textbook,it is often the case that symptoms of mania are initially

A)very frightening.
B)quite pleasant.
C)triggered by some specific life stress.
D)indistinguishable from depression.

Answer 3

quite pleasant.

Question 4

Which one of these characteristics of clinical depression helps to distinguish it from normal sadness?

A)altered brain chemistry
B)caused by an identifiable precipitant
C)occurs only in people who suffered early losses
D)accompanied by a cluster of signs and symptoms,including cognitive features

Question 5

Harold has just been diagnosed as suffering from major depressive disorder.In planning his treatment,the mental health professionals will discover that he has a comorbid condition.Which of the following is the most likely comorbid condition?

A)alcoholism
B)hypochondriasis
C)paranoid schizophrenia
D)histrionic personality disorder

Question 6

Betty believes she is less capable than her coworkers,even though she has won many awards for her performance.She often feels lonely and believes no one wants to be her friend.Her future seems empty and meaningless.These traits characterize

A)cyclothymia.
B)psychotic depression.
C)the "depressive triad."
D)somatic deficits in depression.

Question 7

Which of the following is the most typical course of depressive disorder?

A)a single episode of mania
B)repeated episodes of major depression
C)a single episode of major depression
D)cycling episodes of depression and mania

Question 8

People who are clinically depressed frequently note that their thinking is slowed down,while manic patients commonly report that their thoughts are __________.

A)unrealistic
B)very focused
C)speeded up
D)focused on the future

Question 9

Which of the following describes the term affect?

A)a state of arousal
B)subjective feelings
C)observable behaviors associated with subjective feelings
D)physiological changes associated with subjective feelings

Question 10

Which of the following is a clinical feature of mania?

A)elated mood
B)criminality
C)dissociation
D)blunted affect

Question 11

Which of the following is the term that psychologists use for a pervasive and sustained emotional response that can color the person's perception of the world?

A)affect
B)mania
C)depression
D)mood

Question 12

Euphoria is characterized by

A)elated mood.
B)labile affect.
C)depressed mood.
D)inappropriate affect.

Question 13

Depressed patients often walk and talk as though they are in slow motion; this quality is described by the term

A)hypomania.
B)psychomotor retardation.
C)dysphoria.
D)morbid preoccupation.

Question 14

In the DSM-5 classification of mood disorders,an emphasis is placed on the distinction between

A)depressive and bipolar disorders.
B)disorders with and without psychotic features.
C)conditions precipitated by an identifiable stressor and conditions without identifiable stressor.
D)disorders with somatic symptoms and disorders without somatic symptoms.

Question 15

Which of the following is an important consideration in distinguishing clinical depression from normal sadness?

A)In clinical depression the mood change always occurs in the absence of any precipitating event.
B)A clinically depressed mood is often accompanied by an enhanced ability to function in usual social situations.
C)Engaging in pleasant activities may temporarily lift a clinically depressed mood.
D)A clinical mood change is usually accompanied by a cluster of additional signs and symptoms.

Question 16

One of your patients has been diagnosed with depressive disorder and alcohol addiction.Which of the following do you need to consider in this light?

A)For some people alcoholism develops first; for others,it is the depression that comes first.
B)Neither disorder tends to run in families.
C)Alcohol is actually good for some schizophrenic patients as it dampens their hallucinations.
D)Marijuana use is also correlated with alcoholism.

Question 17

What is dysphoric mood?

A)elated mood
B)labile mood
C)depressed mood
D)inappropriate mood

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a somatic symptom of depression?

A)suicidal thoughts
B)sleeping problems
C)feelings of low self-worth
D)pessimistic thoughts about the future

Question 19

Robert has just experienced an episode of mania.Which diagnostic label best describes his condition?

A)dysthymia
B)bipolar mood disorder
C)depressive disorder
D)dysphoric mood disorder

Question 20

You were asked to give a talk to illustrate the problems caused by depression for youth as compared to their parents' generation.Which of the following could be an accurate way to start your talk?

A)The younger generation is experiencing rates of depression higher than previous generations.
B)The younger generation is experiencing rates of depression lower than previous generations.
C)The younger generation is experiencing depression at a later age than previous generations.
D)The younger generation is experiencing rates of depression at the same rate as previous generations.

Question 21

Jane has recently become very depressed,and her doctor is explaining to her that she has a mood disorder with postpartum onset.If her doctor is correct,what do we know about Jane?

A)Her depression will end very soon.
B)She has given birth within the past four weeks.
C)Her depression is linked to an identifiable environmental stressor.
D)She has recently suffered the loss of someone she loves.

Question 22

For the past two years,Nick has experienced poor appetite,insomnia,fatigue,and several other symptoms.These symptoms have kept him from feeling happy,and yet they do not indicate a major depressive episode.When assessing Nick,what disorder is the psychologist most likely to consider?

A)bipolar I disorder
B)dysthymia
C)cyclothymia
D)seasonal affective disorder

Question 23

Andy has just experienced his first episode of major depression; if Andy is average for someone with depressive disorder,how many additional episodes is he likely to experience in his lifetime?

A)none; recurrence is uncommon
B)one or two
C)five or six
D)none unless he also experiences a manic or hypomanic episode

Question 24

Which of the following sets of symptoms suggests the presence of melancholia?

A)weight gain,dysphoria,and hallucinations
B)anxiety,excessive guilt,and depression worse in the evening
C)difficulty getting to sleep,psychomotor agitation,and significant weight gain
D)absence of any feelings of pleasure,early morning awakening,and marked psychomotor retardation

Question 25

Other than the presence of manic episodes in bipolar mood disorder,what is the main distinguishing factor between depressive disorder and bipolar mood disorder?

A)later onset and more episodes in bipolar mood disorder
B)later onset and fewer episodes in bipolar mood disorder
C)earlier onset and more episodes in bipolar mood disorder
D)earlier onset and fewer episodes in bipolar mood disorder

Question 26

What is one way that dysthymia differs from major depression?

A)Dysthymia is more severe.
B)Dysthymia usually lasts longer.
C)Dysthymia responds better to medication.
D)Dysthymia usually has a precipitating event.

Question 27

For the past two weeks Barbara has experienced serious symptoms including weight loss,feelings of worthlessness,insomnia,and difficultly in concentrating.She is also experiencing depressed mood and loss of interest in doing much of anything.What is the DSM-5 term for what Barbara is experiencing?

A)dysthymic disorder
B)bipolar I disorder,mixed episode
C)cyclothymic disorder
D)major depressive episode

Question 28

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder is characterized by

A)many mood shifts per day.
B)a seasonal pattern of symptoms.
C)at least four episodes of mania,hypomania,or major depression within a year.
D)the development of a manic episode in less than a week.

Question 29

According to the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,the approximate percentage of individuals diagnosed with a major mood disorder in the past 12 months who received adequate treatment for that disorder was

A)10 percent.
B)20 percent.
C)40 percent.
D)60 percent.

Question 30

Which of the following patients exhibits depression with psychotic features?

A)Ann,who wakes up early in the morning and cannot get back to sleep
B)Kathy,who finds that food is unappealing,so she has been eating less
C)Pete,who believes his digestive tract is dust and hears voices telling him he is evil
D)Ted,who comes from a family with several depressed close relatives who committed suicide

Question 31

Melancholia is a term for

A)dysthymia.
B)neurotic depression.
C)a severe type of depression.
D)normal sadness unrelated to clinical depression.

Question 32

For several years,Greg has experienced alternating episodes of very severe depression and episodes of hypomania.What is the most appropriate DSM diagnosis?

A)bipolar I disorder without psychotic features
B)bipolar II disorder
C)cyclothymic disorder
D)mixed bipolar disorder

Question 33

The return of active symptoms in a person who has recovered from a previous episode of a disorder is known as

A)remission.
B)relapse.
C)refraction.
D)rapid cycling.

Question 34

Henry has a serious episode of depression that is diagnosed as major depressive disorder.A year later he experiences an episode of mania.What is his diagnosis after this event?

A)cyclothymia
B)bipolar I disorder
C)dysthymic disorder
D)cyclical major depressive disorder

Question 35

Which of these individuals is at the average age for the onset of depressive disorder?

A)Al,who is 15 years old
B)Sid,who is 21 years old
C)Sally,who is 32 years old
D)Veronica,who is 65 years old

Question 36

Generally your patient of the past two years has exhibited depression.She did,however,have one quite dramatic symptom that rules out a diagnosis of both major depressive disorder and dysthymia.This symptom is

A)alcohol addiction.
B)extreme sadness.
C)mania.
D)comorbidity.

Question 37

Despite differences among epidemiological surveys in samples,methods,and definitions of mental disorders,what is one common finding concerning mood disorders?

A)Bipolar disorder occurs in fewer people than major depressive disorder.
B)Dysthymic disorder is the most common form of mood disorder.
C)Mood disorders are the most common form of mental disorders.
D)Bipolar and depressive disorders are equally common in the general population.

Question 38

A chronic but less severe form of bipolar disorder is

A)dysthymia.
B)dysphoria.
C)cyclothymia.
D)depressive disorder.

Question 39

What is the most typical seasonal pattern in mood disorders?

A)mania in summer,recovery in winter
B)mania in winter,recovery in spring
C)depression in winter,recovery in spring
D)depression in summer,recovery in winter

Question 40

Hypomania is an episode involving

A)high energy,but less severe than mania.
B)high energy,but more severe than mania.
C)low energy,but less severe than depression.
D)low energy,but more severe than depression.

Question 41

Mary fails a calculus exam.Although other students who failed the same exam complain that the exam was too hard and that the professor has a reputation for tough grading,Mary is convinced that she failed because she is incapable of understanding the material.How might we characterize Mary's attribution style?

A)global
B)stable
C)primary
D)internal

Question 42

Severe events are clearly related to the onset of depression,but they do not provide a complete account of who will become depressed.Studies that examine factors that might explain which people are most likely to become depressed are seeking evidence for what psychologists call

A)fragmentation.
B)vulnerability.
C)retrospective exposure.
D)prospective exposure.

Question 43

You are given the topic of age and mood disorders for a term paper in abnormal psychology and instructed to write the paper in the format of a newspaper report for the general public.Which of the following titles would be the best choice?

A)"Mania Runs Wild in Older Generations"
B)"Age and Mood Disorders: A Positive Correlation"
C)"High Rates of Depression in the Elderly: Correcting a Myth"
D)"Age Trends in Prevalence of Mood Disorders Obscured by Gender Effects"

Question 44

What is a schema?

A)a role played in a relationship
B)an example of a cognitive distortion
C)a point of contention in a relationship
D)an organized cognitive representation of prior experience

Question 45

With respect to the link between stress and the onset of manic and depressive episodes,it appears that

A)the types of stress are very similar.
B)the types of stress tend to be different.
C)stress is linked to depressive episodes but not manic ones.
D)stress is linked to manic episodes but not depressive ones.

Question 46

A report in the newspaper describes the common epidemiological finding that the rate of depression is higher among women than among men.How have researchers evaluated the validity of this finding?

A)Men and women differ in their willingness to talk about their depressive symptoms.
B)Mental health professionals are more prone to diagnose depression in women than in men.
C)This gender difference is an artifact that occurs only in samples of patients that seek treatment.
D)This gender difference exists,but it cannot be explained by methodological or sampling differences.

Question 47

What did Brown and Harris find when they followed women over a one-year period to study the link between depression and stressful life events?

A)None of those who experienced a severe life event became depressed.
B)Most of those who experienced a severe life event became depressed.
C)Although life events and depression were related,most people who experienced such events did not become depressed.
D)Although life events and depression were related,the results suggested that depression actually caused the life events.

Question 48

What do the results of the epidemiological studies tell us about changes over time in the frequency of depression?

A)Rates of depression appear to be decreasing.
B)Rates of bipolar disorder appear to be increasing.
C)Rates of depression appear to be increasing and with earlier onset.
D)Rates of depression appear to be increasing but with later onset.

Question 49

A researcher investigating the link between stressful life events and depression has decided to use a prospective research design.This means that the researcher will have to

A)select subjects with the prospect of becoming depressed.
B)select subjects with the prospect of experiencing stress.
C)follow subjects over time to see if stress predicts the onset of depression.
D)question subjects carefully to see if their depression has always followed some identifiable stress.

Question 50

The research by Brown and Harris on the cause of depression in women has suggested that types of events that have a greater likelihood of contributing to the cause of depression are

A)an accumulation of many small,daily hassles.
B)severe events that are particularly threatening.
C)family events such as the loss of a parent.
D)particularly related to the cause of depression.

Question 51

Comparisons of rates of emotional disorder across cultural boundaries encounter many problems.One such problem is that

A)each culture has different words and concepts for describing illness.
B)emotional disorders don't exist in every culture.
C)there is no agreement on which diagnostic criteria to use.
D)it is not ethical to study people from cultures different from our own.

Question 52

Research shows that depression is often preceded by stressful life events,although not all such events lead to depression.What characteristics of a stressful life did Brown and Harris identify as more likely to lead to depression?

A)devaluation and loss
B)preexisting and dangerous
C)biological and unpredictable
D)feeling trapped and devalued

Question 53

According to cognitive theories of depression,various types of cognitive errors,or distortions in thinking,are partly responsible for the disorder.Which of the following is one of the cognitive distortions mentioned in your textbook?

A)assigning specific,impersonal meaning to an experience of failure
B)a tendency to overgeneralize conclusions about the self based on positive experiences
C)a tendency to turn suspicion toward others toward the self
D)a tendency to recall selectively events with negative consequences

Question 54

You are asked to consult about a patient who may be depressed.What you notice is that the focus of his symptoms is mostly somatic: on headaches,sleep disorder,and lack of energy.You ask if this patient happens to be from __________ the country where these symptoms are more generally seen in depression.

A)The United States
B)England
C)Australia
D)China

Question 55

What do cross‑cultural studies of psychopathology suggest concerning depression?

A)DSM categories are culture-free.
B)Chinese psychiatrists often mistake depression for a form of schizophrenia.
C)There are very different rates of mood disorder in Western and non-Western countries.
D)Depression is a universal phenomenon that may be expressed differently depending on cultural factors.

Question 56

The rate of depression in women is about what percentage of the rate for men?

A)10 percent
B)50 percent
C)100 percent
D)200 percent

Question 57

According to the hopelessness theory of depression,what are depressed persons likely to do?

A)make external causal attributions
B)make unstable causal attributions
C)believe that their fate is not determined at birth
D)believe that aversive events will occur regardless of what they do

Question 58

A good example of the type of cognitive distortions that lead to depression,according to the textbook,would include

A)over generalized conclusions about one's self based on negative experiences.
B)drawing inferences about one's self with ample evidence to back them up.
C)exaggerating one's own sense of intellectual ability.
D)exaggerating the importance of positive events over negative.

Question 59

Robert strikes out during a softball game,causing his team to lose the game.He begins to brood about his failure,and concludes that not only is he a failure in sports,but in all areas of his life.How might we describe Robert's attribution style?

A)stable
B)global
C)external
D)magnified

Question 60

A strong correlation exists between stressful life events and the onset of depression,but it is difficult to interpret this relationship because

A)there haven't been enough studies.
B)stress can cause depression,but depression can cause stress.
C)depression is a very subjective state and thus very difficult to measure.
D)people are usually aware of any connection between their depression and stress in their lives.

Question 61

A study by Kendler and his colleagues involving twins was designed to investigate the etiology of depression.What was one of the major conclusions?

A)Genetics plays a small role in depression.
B)The environment plays a major role in depression.
C)Genetic factors seem to influence the effect the environment may have on depression.
D)Twins are relatively immune from depression as a result of the close bond that they form with each other.

Question 62

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter?

A)catecholamine
B)hypothalamus
C)norepinephrine
D)dorsolateral

Question 63

Failure to suppress production of the hormone cortisol in response to the dexamethasone suppression test has implicated a dysfunction of which system in the etiology of depression?

A)genetics
B)MAO inhibition
C)neurotransmitter system
D)hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 64

Using brain imaging techniques to examine activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)in depressed patients,researchers have reported finding

A)decreased activity.
B)increased activity.
C)decreased activity in some PFC regions and increased activity in others.
D)decreased activity in patients with depressive disorder and increased activity in patients with bipolar depression.

Question 65

The activity at the synapse of which of the following is most especially enhanced by medications like Prozac?

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)activity of the amygdala
D)activity of the cingulate gyrus

Question 66

Some research evidence suggests that persons who show a ruminative style by writing in a diary or talking extensively with friends about their depressed moods show

A)increased empathy.
B)longer and more severe depressed moods.
C)shorter and less severe depressed moods.
D)good ability to distract themselves from their bad moods.

Question 67

What two response styles are emphasized by Nolen-Hoeksema in her research designed to understand the duration and severity of depression?

A)social and individual
B)internal and external
C)distracting and ruminative
D)predictable and unpredictable

Question 68

The best evidence for the influence of nongenetic factors in the cause of mood disorder is in the

A)concordance rates for MZ twins,which are less than 100 percent.
B)concordance rates for DZ twins,which are less than 100 percent.
C)concordance rates for MZ twins,which are less than for DZ twins.
D)concordance rates for DZ twins,which are less than for MZ twins.

Question 69

A hypothesis with regard to the response style model that attempts to explain the difference in rates of depression between men and women is

A)men are more likely to respond to depression with rumination,which prolongs and intensifies the depression.
B)women are more likely to respond to depression with rumination,which prolongs and intensifies the depression.
C)women are more likely to respond to depression with rumination,which has the effect of reducing their level of depression.
D)men are more likely to respond to depression with rumination,which has the effect of reducing their level of depression.

Question 70

Studies of the concordance rates for depressive disorder and bipolar mood disorder in monozygotic (MZ)and dizygotic (DZ)twins suggest

A)a larger role of genetic factors in bipolar mood disorder.
B)a larger role of genetic factors in depressive disorder.
C)similar concordance rates for bipolar mood disorder in MZ and DZ twins.
D)similar concordance rates for depressive disorder in MZ and DZ twins.

Question 71

Which of the following lists mood disorders from the one with the highest degree of heritability to the one with the smallest degree of heritability?

A)dysthymia,cyclothymia,major depressive disorder
B)bipolar disorder,major depressive disorder,dysthymia
C)major depressive disorder,bipolar disorder,dysthymia
D)dysthymia,bipolar disorder,major depressive disorder

Question 72

Brain imaging studies have identified elevated levels of resting blood flow and glucose metabolism in which area of the brain?

A)amygdala
B)cerebellum
C)parietal lobes
D)temporal lobes

Question 73

What is the primary advantage of analogue studies in research on mood disorders?

A)They can use animals rather than humans.
B)They can employ an experimental procedure.
C)They are not subject to Ethics Review Boards.
D)They are highly generalizable to situations outside the laboratory.

Question 74

Genetic factors seem to

A)play a stronger role in bipolar than depressive disorders.
B)play a stronger role in depressive than bipolar mood disorders
C)play an insignificant role in the cause of mood disorders.
D)be almost impossible to pinpoint with current technology.

Question 75

A report in a research journal describes the symptoms of a mental disorder along with information on its etiology,including a heritability of 50 percent.How should this finding be interpreted?

A)Genetic factors and the environment contribute about equally to this disorder.
B)Half of the people who suffer from the disorder have a genetically caused disorder.
C)Half of the children of carriers of this disorder will actually develop the disorder.
D)Geneticists have identified half of the genes thought to be responsible for this disorder.

Question 76

You are running a clinical trial on a method of stimulating regions of the brain in order to relieve symptoms of depression.Given the evidence that underacting in this region is associated with depression,you decide to start clinical trials in the

A)reticular activating system.
B)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
C)posterior occipital cortex.
D)amygdala.

Question 77

The endocrine system and the central nervous system may be linked in the etiology of depression through which substance?

A)cortisol
B)dopamine
C)HPA
D)dexamethasone

Question 78

Studies suggest that the heritability factor for bipolar disorder is approximately

A)20 percent.
B)40 percent.
C)60 percent.
D)80 percent.

Question 79

Meredith is depressed.According to the concept of depressogenic attributional style,what is a likely description of Meredith?

A)She makes internal,stable,and global causal attributions.
B)Her interpersonal style may alienate others.
C)Her grief over early childhood losses was not resolved.
D)She erroneously believes that her relationships are inadequate.

Question 80

What is the estimated heritability for depressive disorder?

A)5 percent
B)25 percent
C)50 percent
D)75 percent