Deck 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy

Question 1

Piaget used the term _______ to describe changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.

A)accommodation
B)scheme
C)preoperational
D)assimilation

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Who was the Swiss psychologist who felt that infants learn according to the formula,"action = knowledge"?

A)Skinner
B)Watson
C)Piaget
D)Erikson

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Mark and Amanda just purchased some new toys for their 4-month-old baby.As soon as they put them in the baby's crib,the baby immediately tried to put the toys in his mouth,then picked up and shook the toys.Piaget would say that this is an example of a(n)

A)scheme.
B)assimilation.
C)operation.
D)accommodation.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Five-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo.While they were there,Alex's mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit.Alex saw many different types of squirrels,but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next,he pointed and said,"A bird with a tail." Considering Piaget's work,Alex is demonstrating an example of

A)scheme.
B)accommodation.
C)object permanence.
D)assimilation.

Question 5

In which of Piaget's substages of his sensorimotor stage do infants begin to coordinate what were separate actions into single,integrated activities?

A)secondary circular reactions
B)simple reflexes
C)tertiary circular reactions
D)first habits and primary circular reactions

Question 6

Piaget believed that the earliest schemes are limited to ________ that we have when we are born.

A)inherited abilities
B)senses
C)neuron and synapse developments
D)reflexes

Question 7

Beth normally breastfeeds her baby;however,during the workday Beth's mother watches her baby,and the baby must be fed with a bottle.Beth has noticed that her baby's approach to being bottle fed is somewhat different than when the baby is being breastfed.Piaget would say that this is an example of

A)scheme.
B)Substage 1: Simple reflexes of the sensorimotor stage.
C)accommodation.
D)assimilation.

Question 8

What is the term that Piaget used to explain the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking?

A)scheme
B)assimilation
C)accommodation
D)operational stage

Question 9

Piaget believed that the exact timing of a stage reflects an interaction between the infant's ________ and __________.

A)level of physical maturation;the environment in which the child is raised
B)level of physical maturation;the genetic predisposition of the child
C)level of cognitive development;the experiences that are provided by the child's genotype
D)level of physical maturation;cognitive development of the child

Question 10

Piaget believed that the basic building blocks of the way children understand the world are mental structures called

A)assimilation.
B)accommodation.
C)schemes.
D)memory.

Question 11

Piaget's theory of development assumed that all children pass through a series of ____ universal stages in a fixed order from birth to adolescence.These are ______.

A)5;sensorimotor,preoperational,formal operational,concrete operational,and maturation
B)4;sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,and formal operational
C)3;preoperational,concrete operational,and formal operational
D)6;sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,formal operational,assimilation,and accommodation

Question 12

What is the term for Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development,which can be broken down into six substages?

A)concrete operational
B)preoperational
C)sensorimotor
D)formal operational

Question 13

Piaget's Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions stage occurs for infants in the age range of

A)1-6 months of age.
B)1-8 months of age.
C)1-4 months of age.
D)4-8 months of age.

Question 14

A baby who shakes her rattle in different ways to see how the sound changes is demonstrating

A)secondary circular reactions.
B)goal-directed behavior.
C)object permanence.
D)primary circular reactions.

Question 15

Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through

A)sensation.
B)perception.
C)facts communicated by others.
D)direct motor behavior.

Question 16

In Piaget's sensorimotor period,the first substage is called

A)first habits and primary circular reactions.
B)schemes.
C)assimilation.
D)simple reflexes.

Question 17

Baby Alexander makes minor changes in his schemes each time his environment provides him with a new experience.This is the process of

A)accommodation.
B)simple reflexes.
C)assimilation.
D)secondary circular reactions.

Question 18

Four-year-old Alex and his mother visited the zoo.While they were there,Alex's mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit.Alex saw many different types of squirrels,but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to the next,he pointed and said,"A bird." Considering Piaget's work,Alex is demonstrating an example of

A)scheme.
B)accommodation.
C)object permanence.
D)assimilation.

Question 19

What is the term for an organized pattern of functioning that adapts and changes with mental development?

A)assimilation
B)scheme
C)reception
D)skill

Question 20

Piaget thought that ________ occurs when a stimulus or event is acted upon,perceived,and understood in accordance with existing patterns of thought.

A)assimilation
B)scheme
C)accommodation
D)learning

Question 21

Eight-month-old baby Lucy picks up a toy in her crib and accidentally hits her crib with the toy,making an interesting noise.She begins to drag the toy back and forth against the sides of the crib's railing,producing another different and interesting sound.This prompts Lucy to continue repeating the action over and over again.Piaget would say that this is an example of

A)Substage 1: Simple reflexes.
B)Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions.
C)Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions.
D)Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions.

Question 22

Piaget's Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions stage occurs for infants in the age range of

A)12-18 months of age.
B)8-12 months of age.
C)6-8 months of age.
D)12-14 months of age.

Question 23

At dinnertime,Baby Michael is seated in his high chair as his parents try to feed him;however,Michael repeatedly drops or throws his cup,spoon,and much of his dinner onto the floor while he watches the consequences of his actions.Which of Piaget's substages might explain Michael's behaviors?

A)Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions
B)Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
C)Substage 4: Coordination of circular reactions
D)Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions

Question 24

Piaget's Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions stage occurs for infants in the age range of

A)6 to 8 months of age.
B)8 to 12 months of age.
C)4 to 8 months of age.
D)5 to 8 months of age.

Question 25

When several schemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem,this is called

A)goal-directed behavior.
B)tertiary circular reaction.
C)secondary circular reaction.
D)object-directed behavior.

Question 26

Glada is 7 months old.Her mother has been playing with her using age-appropriate toys.Glada has begun to engage in the concepts of object permanence.Her mother feels she should have totally grasped the concepts of object permanence and is concerned her daughter may have developmental issues.What could a developmental specialist tell Glada's mother regarding this concept?

A)It takes several months for the concept to be fully comprehended,and Glada will make certain kinds of errors.
B)Unanticipated events are treated as interesting,and also as something to be explained and understood.
C)Glada will proceed at her own pace.
D)Imitation is a huge factor with this concept,and Glada's mother needs to present more attainable tasks.

Question 27

During which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage does the child "begin to act upon the outside world," a process by which infants seek to repeat enjoyable events in their environments if they happen to produce them through chance activities?

A)Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions
B)Substage 1: Simple reflexes
C)Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
D)Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Question 28

What is the term for Piaget's sensorimotor stage where an infant develops schemes that include deliberate variations of actions that bring about desirable consequences?

A)Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions
B)Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions
C)Substage 4: Coordination of circular reactions
D)Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions

Question 29

Piaget believed that _________ appears in Substage 4 and enables the infant to realize that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen.

A)accommodation
B)object permanence
C)assimilation
D)goal-directed behavior

Question 30

Piaget's Substage 6: Beginnings of thought occur for children in the age range of

A)12-18 months of age.
B)18-24 months of age.
C)8-14 months of age.
D)12-14 months of age.

Question 31

What is the major difference between primary circular reactions and secondary circular reactions in Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

A)An infant must first demonstrate the primary circular reactions before demonstrating the secondary circular reactions.
B)Primary circular reactions are based upon enjoyment activities,while secondary circular reactions are not.
C)Primary circular reactions bring about a desirable consequence,while secondary circular reactions do not.
D)Primary circular reactions involve activities where the infant is focused on its own body,while secondary circular reactions involve activities where the infant's actions relate to the outside world.

Question 32

Baby Jimmy's parent places a brand new rattle in his crib.Instantly,Jimmy picks up the rattle,tries to mouth the rattle,and notices that when it shakes,it makes noise.Jimmy immediately tries shaking the rattle different ways to see how the sound changes,and he seems to enjoy this activity.Piaget would say that this is an example of

A)Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions.
B)Substage 1: Simple reflexes.
C)Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions.
D)Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions.

Question 33

Baby Nicholas watches as his mother leaves the room,but he does not cry because he understands that his mother still exists even though he cannot see her.This is an example of which reaction concept?

A)Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions
B)Substage 1: Simple reflexes
C)Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
D)Substage 4: Object permanence

Question 34

Baby Dionne is playing in her crib and reaches to pull back a blanket that is partially covering the teddy bear that she wants to play with.Piaget would say that this is an example of

A)secondary circular reactions.
B)first habits and primary circular reactions.
C)coordination of secondary circular reactions.
D)tertiary circular reactions.

Question 35

Which of the following demonstrates the characteristics of Piaget's Substage 4: Coordination of secondary circular reactions?

A)an infant's independence from his/her parent
B)an infant's basic reflexes
C)an infant's lack of object permanence
D)an infant's skill in anticipating future circumstances

Question 36

According to Piaget,what is the major accomplishment of Substage 6?

A)Children understand that a person or object continues to exist even if it cannot be seen.
B)Children are able to show purposeful acts with deliberate variety.
C)Children employ goal-directed behavior.
D)Children exhibit the capacity for mental representation,or symbolic thought.

Question 37

Piaget believed that __________ are schemes reflecting an infant's repetition of interesting or enjoyable actions that focus on the infant's own body.An example of this might be an infant putting its thumb in its mouth and sucking.

A)primary circular reactions
B)circular reactions
C)secondary circular reactions
D)tertiary circular reactions

Question 38

What is the term for the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen?

A)magic
B)illusion
C)imagination
D)object permanence

Question 39

"Piaget observed his son Laurent dropping a toy swan repeatedly,varying the position from which he dropped it,[and] carefully observing each time to see where it fell." This is an example of

A)Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions.
B)Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions.
C)Substage 4: Coordination of circular reactions.
D)Substage 5: Tertiary circular reactions.

Question 40

Piaget thought that the repetition of a chance motor event that helps the baby start building cognitive schemes is a process called

A)first habits.
B)assimilation.
C)circular reaction.
D)accommodation.

Question 41

What is term for the lack of memory for experiences that occurred in infancy?

A)memory loss
B)infantile amnesia
C)storage
D)retrieval

Question 42

Which of the following is considered a basic aspect of information processing?

A)behavior
B)classical conditioning
C)storage
D)production

Question 43

What kind of memory is conscious and can be recalled intentionally?

A)explicit
B)encoded
C)retrieved
D)stored

Question 44

What term refers to the placement of material into memory?

A)storage
B)automatization
C)encoding
D)retrieval

Question 45

According to ___________,the quantitative changes in an infant's abilities to organize and manipulate information represent the hallmarks of cognitive development.

A)circular reactions
B)automatization
C)encoding
D)the information processing approach

Question 46

Processes that require relatively little attention are ___________;however,processes that require relatively large amounts of attention are ________.

A)controlled;automatic
B)encoded;stored
C)stored;encoded
D)automatic;controlled

Question 47

Memories in our unconscious that affect performance and behavior are known as ________ memories.

A)explicit
B)encoded
C)implicit
D)stored

Question 48

Information processing focuses on _________ changes in infants,while Piaget's theory focuses on _________ changes in infants.

A)quantitative;qualitative
B)effective;efficient
C)qualitative;quantitative
D)surreal;real

Question 49

What is the term for the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in,use,and store information?

A)information processing approach
B)memory model
C)automatization
D)encoding

Question 50

What is the term for the process by which information is initially recorded,stored,and retrieved?

A)encoding
B)automatization
C)categorization
D)memory

Question 51

What is the term for the process by which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory?

A)automatization
B)encoding
C)information processing
D)storage

Question 52

What term refers to the degree to which an activity requires attention?

A)automatization
B)encoding
C)information processing
D)retrieval

Question 53

Piaget calls an internal image of a past event or object a

A)mental representation.
B)memory.
C)scheme.
D)pretending.

Question 54

What two sources from neuroscience suggest that there are two separate systems involved in long-term memory?

A)automatization and storage
B)brain scan technology and studies of adults with brain damage
C)long-term clinical studies and surveys of children
D)clinical studies that include psychotropic medications

Question 55

What term refers to the process by which material in memory is located,brought to awareness,and used?

A)encoding
B)retrieval
C)storage
D)automatization

Question 56

The information processing approach emphasizes the types of ___________ that people use when they problem solve.

A)prediction skills
B)goal-directed behaviors
C)schemes
D)mental programs

Question 57

Infantile amnesia is defined as the lack of memory for experience that occurred prior to

A)6 months of age.
B)12 months of age.
C)3 years of age.
D)2 years of age.

Question 58

Baby Luke is playing with a bouncing ball in his playpen,and accidentally the ball bounces out of the playpen and rolls under a nearby chair.Luke tries to get his mother to retrieve his ball by pointing in the direction of where the ball went under the chair.Piaget would say this is an example of

A)mental manipulation.
B)attention.
C)mental representation.
D)scheme.

Question 59

A baby is in its crib while a swarm of relatives hovers,calling the baby's name,and making cooing sounds.There is a radio playing in the background and sounds emanate from the television in the living room.All the while,the baby's mother is trying to get the baby's attention to get ready for its feeding.The baby is most likely to attend to the mother's face and voice.This is an example of

A)automatization.
B)information processing.
C)encoding.
D)memory.

Question 60

Infants,like all people,are exposed to massive amounts of information,and therefore,they must focus their attention and select information so as not to be overwhelmed.This process is called selective

A)encoding.
B)automatization.
C)storage.
D)retrieval.

Question 61

Which developmental instrument looks to find how quickly an infant can retrieve a representation of a stimulus from memory? Presumably,the more efficient the infant is,the better the infant's information processing abilities.

A)visual-recognition memory measurement
B)developmental quotient
C)Gesell measurement test
D)Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Question 62

Baby Billy calls his favorite blanket a "blankie." When he sees other blankets in the house,however,he does not refer to them as a "blankie" because he uses that name only for his favorite blanket.This is an example of

A)underextension.
B)overextension.
C)referential style.
D)holophrasic speech.

Question 63

Baby Todd's mother notices that he makes a variety of sounds including cooing,crying,gurgling,and murmuring along with facial expressions,gestures,imitation,and other nonlinguistic means.Baby Todd is demonstrating

A)phonology.
B)morphemes.
C)semantics.
D)prelinguistic communication.

Question 64

The systematic,meaningful arrangement of symbols,which provides the basis for communication,is called

A)sign language.
B)talking or speaking.
C)language.
D)communication.

Question 65

Baby Allison is in her high chair while her father prepares her dinner.Baby Allison tries to get her father's attention by saying "eat" and "cookie," and this would be an example of a

A)semantic.
B)phoneme.
C)morpheme.
D)two-word phrase.

Question 66

Developmental psychologist Nancy Bayley developed the Bayley Scales of Infant Development to measure

A)four domains: motor skills,language use,adaptive behavior,and personal- social.
B)two domains: language skills and adaptive behavior.
C)visual-recognition and memory.
D)two areas: mental (senses,perception,memory,learning,problem solving,and language),and motor abilities.

Question 67

What term refers to the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences?

A)symbols
B)letters
C)alphabet
D)phonemes

Question 68

When Baby Sarah is riding in the car with her parents,she occasionally points at passing vehicles and calls out "see cars," even though some of the vehicles are buses and trucks.This is an example of _________.

A)overextension
B)rehearsal
C)holophrases
D)telegraphic speech

Question 69

The term used for the overly restrictive use of words,common among children just mastering spoken language,is called

A)holophrasic speech.
B)referential style.
C)overextension.
D)underextension.

Question 70

Developmental psychologist Arnold Gesell formulated a type of test that

A)measures the IQ of babies.
B)measures infant development to distinguish between normal and atypical development in babies.
C)measures only language skills in babies.
D)measures all other skills except language.

Question 71

What is the term for an overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains: motor skills,language use,adaptive behavior,and personal-social?

A)Gesell test
B)Bayley Scales of Infant Development
C)visual-recognition memory measurement
D)developmental quotient

Question 72

What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences?

A)phonology
B)semantics
C)morphemes
D)grammar

Question 73

If a baby is making speech-like,but meaningless,sounds,this is a universal phenomenon called

A)cooing.
B)babbling.
C)gurgling.
D)murmuring.

Question 74

What is the term for a style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects?

A)holographic
B)underextension
C)referential
D)overextension

Question 75

Climbing stairs,riding a bike,eating breakfast are all examples of what type of memory?

A)long term
B)implicit
C)explicit
D)short term

Question 76

What is the term for the overly broad use of words,overgeneralizing their meaning?

A)referential style
B)overextension
C)expressive style
D)telegraphic speech

Question 77

What is the term for the smallest language unit that has meaning?

A)morpheme
B)phonology
C)letter
D)symbol

Question 78

A baby's first use of words usually comes in the form of ___________,which are one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase,whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used.

A)phonemes
B)semantics
C)two-word phrases
D)morphemes

Question 79

Baby Misha scored at the average level on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development,performing at the average level for children of the same age.She received a score of

A)50.
B)100.
C)5.
D)10.

Question 80

By the age of two,most children can use two-word sentences and __________ speech where non-critical words of a sentence are left out.

A)holophrasic
B)telegraphic
C)phonemic
D)semantic