Deck 4: Physical Development in Infancy

Question 1

When does the greatest increase in height and weight occur?

A)in the womb during gestation
B)during the first year of life
C)during toddlerhood
D)during adolescence

Answer 1

B

Question 2

_________ receive messages from other cells,and at their opposite end there is a long extension called a(n)________ which carries the messages.

A)Neurons;dendrite
B)Dendrites;axon
C)Axons;synapse
D)Synapses;neuron

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Neurons have a distinct ability to communicate with other cells using a cluster of fibers called

A)nucleus.
B)myelins.
C)synapses.
D)dendrites.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is the principle that is based on the Latin words for "near" and "far"?

A)proximodistal
B)cephalocaudal
C)hierarchical integration
D)independence of systems

Question 5

Which principle states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward?

A)cephalocaudal
B)independence of systems
C)proximodistal
D)hierarchical integration

Question 6

What is the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body?

A)cephalocaudal
B)principle of hierarchical integration
C)principle of the independence of systems
D)proximodistal

Question 7

Name the principle: Simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills.

A)cephalocaudal principle
B)proximodistal principle
C)principle of the independence of systems
D)principle of hierarchical integration

Question 8

What principle refers to the trunk of the body growing before the extremities of the arms and legs?

A)independence of systems
B)proximodistal
C)cephalocaudal
D)hierarchical integration

Question 9

The basic nerve cell of the nervous system is called

A)synapse.
B)dendrite.
C)neuron.
D)myelin.

Question 10

Communication with other neurons is done by means of _________,which travel across the small gaps called ________.

A)myelin;synapses
B)dendrites;myelin
C)neurotransmitters;synapses
D)axons;synapses

Question 11

What principle means that we would likely develop visual abilities (located in the head)well before we master the ability to walk (closer to the end of the body)?

A)independence of systems
B)hierarchical integration
C)cephalocaudal
D)proximodistal

Question 12

Synaptic pruning means

A)unused myelin is being removed in the brain.
B)unused dendrites are being removed in the brain.
C)unused axons are being removed in the brain.
D)unused synapses are being removed in the brain.

Question 13

If you examine the different growth patterns of a child's body size,nervous system,and sexual characteristics,you would apply which principle?

A)principle of the independence of systems
B)cephalocaudal principle
C)principle of hierarchical integration
D)proximodistal principle

Question 14

The gap at the connection between neurons,through which neurons chemically communicate with one another,is called a

A)synapse.
B)dendrite.
C)neuron.
D)myelin.

Question 15

During the first ____ year(s)of life,a baby's brain will establish billions of new connections between neurons.

A)5
B)2
C)1
D)3

Question 16

What is the name of the principle that is based on Greek and Latin roots meaning "head-to-tail"?

A)proximodistal
B)hierarchical integration
C)independence of systems
D)cephalocaudal

Question 17

What is the principle that different body systems grow at different rates?

A)principle of the independence of systems
B)cephalocaudal principle
C)principle of hierarchical integration
D)proximodistal principle

Question 18

By the infant's first birthday,the average infant's birth weight has

A)quadrupled.
B)doubled.
C)tripled.
D)increased only slightly in comparison to later months.

Question 19

Like all cells in the body,________ have a cell body containing a(n)________.

A)synapses;axon
B)neurons;nucleus
C)myelin;nucleus
D)dendrites;axon

Question 20

A baby grasps for his/her rattle at 3 months of age but cannot quite get hold of it.However,by 11 months the baby is holding and moving the rattle with total control.This is an example of

A)the principle of hierarchical integration.
B)the proximodistal principle.
C)the cephalocaudal principle.
D)the principle of the independence of systems.

Question 21

What does the American Academy of Pediatrics suggest to prevent SIDS?

A)back-to-sleep guidelines
B)autostimulation
C)no blankets or toys in the crib
D)frequent naps

Question 22

What is the term for repetitive,cyclical patterns of behavior?

A)training
B)cycles
C)rhythms
D)patterns

Question 23

What is the term for the period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming?

A)rapid eye movement (REM)
B)sleep-wake transition
C)active sleep
D)active-quiet transition

Question 24

What term refers to an infant's various levels of wakeful behaviors,such as alertness,fussing,and crying,and different levels of sleep?

A)sensitive period
B)state
C)rhythm
D)alternation

Question 25

SIDS strikes about __________ infants in the U.S.each year.

A)2,500
B)10,000
C)100,000
D)1,000,000

Question 26

_________ is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience.

A)Synaptic pruning
B)The principle of the independence of systems
C)Myelination
D)Plasticity

Question 27

The elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation is called

A)the independence of systems.
B)synaptic pruning.
C)myelination.
D)hierarchical integration.

Question 28

What else does the American Academy of Pediatrics suggest to prevent SIDS?

A)autostimulation
B)use of a monitor
C)frequent naps
D)giving the baby a pacifier during naps and bedtime

Question 29

Why have the incidents of SIDS dropped dramatically in the U.S.?

A)the U.S.population has decreased dramatically
B)better prenatal care
C)back-to-sleep guidelines
D)reduction of low birthweight babies born in the U.S.

Question 30

The American Academy of Pediatrics now suggests that babies sleep on their backs rather than on their sides or stomachs to prevent

A)rhythms.
B)SIDS.
C)autostimulation.
D)state.

Question 31

What is the fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses?

A)dendrites
B)axons
C)myelin
D)synapse

Question 32

Some researchers think that _________ provide(s)a means for an infant's brain to stimulate itself.

A)SIDS
B)rhythms
C)autostimulation
D)state

Question 33

What is a specific,but limited,time usually early in an organism's life,during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development?

A)latent period
B)sensitive period
C)critical period
D)plasticity period

Question 34

One of the most important ways that behavior becomes integrated is through the development of

A)plasticity.
B)synapses.
C)neurons.
D)rhythms.

Question 35

The subcortical levels regulate activities such as breathing and heart rate.These levels are most fully developed at birth.The cells in the cerebral cortex become more developed and interconnected.The synapses and myelination experience a growth spurt at around 3 to 4 months in the area of the cortex involving the ____________ and the ____________.

A)visual cortex;dendrites
B)cell body;auditory cortex
C)neurotransmitters;dendrites
D)auditory cortex;visual cortex

Question 36

A baby demonstrates behaviors of both wakefulness and sleep;there is generalized motor activity;the baby's eyes may be closed,or they may open and close rapidly.What is the term for this state,which occurs when the baby is awakening?

A)alert
B)daze
C)active sleep
D)sleep-wake transition

Question 37

What is the term for the degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation?

A)rhythm
B)attention
C)sensitive period
D)state

Question 38

Bart and Muriel put their infant to bed for her regular afternoon nap.When they go to check on her several hours later the baby is unresponsive and never wakes up.What is the term for this?

A)REM
B)autostimulation
C)sleep decline
D)SIDS

Question 39

Waking,eating,sleeping,and elimination are important parts of a baby's

A)patterns.
B)cycles.
C)training.
D)rhythms.

Question 40

As we age,the proportion of REM sleep _________ as the proportion of non-REM sleep ________.

A)decreases;declines
B)decreases;stays the same
C)increases;declines
D)increases;stays the same

Question 41

What is the term for the reflex where the baby moves its legs when held upright with feet touching the floor?

A)stepping
B)rooting
C)Babinski
D)Moro

Question 42

What is the possible function of the swimming reflex in infants?

A)prepares the infant for independent locomotion
B)unknown
C)avoidance from danger
D)protection

Question 43

What is the term for the reflex that does not disappear,and is demonstrated when an infant tries to clear his or her throat?

A)sucking
B)rooting
C)gag
D)startle

Question 44

What is the term for the reflex that makes a baby,who is lying face down in a body of water,paddle and kick?

A)rooting
B)swimming
C)Moro
D)Babinski

Question 45

Many of the reflexes that infants are born with have ________ value.

A)limited
B)no
C)survival
D)fleeting

Question 46

Which of the following is an explanation as to why a newborn's body lacks easy mobility?

A)The baby's head is disproportionately larger than its body.
B)Babies cannot get enough nourishment to increase their strength.
C)The baby's limbs are relatively long in relation to the rest of the body.
D)Babies' bodies are mostly muscle,so they lack the flexibility to pick their head up.

Question 47

What is the term for the reflex that disappears around 6 months of age,and is activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed? The arms of the infant are thrust outward and then appear to grasp onto something.

A)Babinski
B)rooting
C)Moro
D)startle

Question 48

Mary is preparing to breast feed her infant daughter,and,in doing so,the baby's cheek brushes across her mother's blouse.The baby immediately turns its head toward Mary's chest in preparation for feeding.This is called the _______ reflex.

A)Babinski
B)rooting
C)Moro
D)startle

Question 49

What is the possible function of the Babinski reflex in infants?

A)prepares the infant for independent locomotion
B)unknown
C)similar to primates' protection from falling
D)protection

Question 50

What is the term for the reflex that protects the eye from too much direct light that might damage the retina?

A)Babinski
B)rooting
C)eye-blink
D)Moro

Question 51

What is the term for the reflex that does not disappear,and is demonstrated by the infant's tendency to suck at things that touch its lips?

A)rooting
B)sucking
C)gag
D)startle

Question 52

What is the possible function of the Moro reflex in infants?

A)prepares the infant for independent locomotion
B)unknown
C)similar to primates' protection from falling
D)protection

Question 53

Babies are typically able to crawl between _______ months of age.

A)6 and 10
B)5 and 8
C)10 and 12
D)8 and 10

Question 54

By the age of ____ months,babies can move themselves in different directions.

A)4
B)6
C)9
D)12

Question 55

What is the term for the reflex that disappears around 8-12 months,and occurs when an infant fans out its toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot?

A)Babinski
B)Moro
C)startle
D)stepping

Question 56

What is the term for the reflex in which the neonate tends to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek?

A)Babinski
B)Moro
C)startle
D)rooting

Question 57

As William is laying his infant down in the crib at bedtime,he gently removes his hand from the back of the baby's head and neck,and the baby thrusts its arms outward appearing to grasp onto something.This is known as the _______ reflex.

A)Moro
B)Babinski
C)startle
D)swimming

Question 58

What is the leading cause of death of children under the age of 1 year?

A)SIDS
B)autostimulation
C)REM
D)being born prematurely

Question 59

What is the term for the reflex that scientists feel represents a leftover response that humans inherited from their nonhuman ancestors?

A)Babinski
B)rooting
C)swimming
D)Moro

Question 60

What is the term for unlearned,unorganized,involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli?

A)autostimulation
B)reflexes
C)rhythms
D)cycles

Question 61

At what age is a baby able to grasp with its thumb and fingers?

A)8 months
B)10 months
C)6 months
D)4 months

Question 62

Babies are typically able to walk independently around _______ months of age.

A)12
B)11
C)9
D)8

Question 63

At approximately what age is a baby able to prominently open its hand and grasp a rattle?

A)6 months
B)10 months
C)3 months
D)at birth

Question 64

At what age are babies able to hold a cup to their lips and take a drink without spilling a drop?

A)8 months
B)12 months
C)16 months
D)24 months

Question 65

When a child has some deficiency in his/her diet,this is called

A)malnutrition.
B)undernutrition.
C)starvation.
D)obesity.

Question 66

The disease that affects older children due to malnutrition that causes their stomachs,limbs,and face to swell with water,is called

A)nonorganic failure to thrive.
B)rickets.
C)marasmus.
D)kwashiorkor.

Question 67

The condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients is called

A)starvation.
B)malnutrition.
C)obesity.
D)undernutrition.

Question 68

Alex and Nadine watch their 8-month-old baby as he tries to pick up an item.What type of grasp is the baby likely to use?

A)whole hand
B)pincer
C)3-finger
D)5-finger

Question 69

The average performance of a large sample of children of a given age is called

A)standard.
B)median.
C)typical.
D)norm.

Question 70

At about what age can a child build a tower of two cubes?

A)12 months
B)8 months
C)11 months
D)15 months

Question 71

What is one of the most widely used techniques to determine infants' normative standing,that includes 27 categories of responses that constitute four general aspects of infants' behavior?

A)cultural dimensions of motor development
B)Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale
C)dynamic systems theory
D)Apgar

Question 72

Baby Janice is just over 8 months of age.It is likely that she is just beginning to

A)walk while supporting herself on furniture.
B)walk by herself.
C)sit without support.
D)crawl.

Question 73

Babies are typically able to walk by supporting themselves at around ______ months of age.

A)6
B)12
C)9
D)11

Question 74

Severe malnutrition during the first year can produce __________,a disease in which infants stop growing.

A)kwashiorkor
B)nonorganic failure to thrive
C)marasmus
D)rickets

Question 75

Infants are able to pick up small objects like marbles off the ground at

A)11 months.
B)12 months.
C)8 months.
D)14 months.

Question 76

Infants should consume about ___ calories per day for each pound they weigh.

A)100
B)25
C)50
D)125

Question 77

At about what age can a child stand alone well?

A)14 months
B)10 months
C)11 months
D)8 months

Question 78

Babies are able to sit upright without additional support at _______ months of age.

A)8
B)6
C)4
D)12

Question 79

All but which of the following constitute four general aspects of infants' behavior,as measured by the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale?

A)interactions with others
B)motor behavior
C)physiological control
D)response to the mother

Question 80

Thomas is 6 months of age.It is likely that he is able to

A)walk while supporting himself on furniture.
B)walk by himself.
C)sit without support.
D)crawl.